1、專題二概要寫作研考題題型突破I解讀考題特點(diǎn)盤點(diǎn)解題技法高考題型解讀概要寫作作為浙江英語(yǔ)高考新題型， 就是對(duì)所讀過(guò)的文章簡(jiǎn)要概括，寫出文章的中心大 意，也稱之為摘要。寫概要時(shí)，讀者要把文章的具體信息用一些具有概括功能的詞和句表述 出來(lái)，而不是抄襲文章的原句，更不是把細(xì)節(jié)性信息作為中心，而是要通過(guò)對(duì)文章中的單詞、 詞組和句子進(jìn)行合理轉(zhuǎn)換，對(duì)文章的具體信息進(jìn)行概括，再用合適的語(yǔ)言表述出來(lái)。這一題型主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章主旨大意的概括和準(zhǔn)確獲取關(guān)鍵詞的能力，同時(shí)考查學(xué)生用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言概括文章重要信息的能力以及對(duì)文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。因此，概要寫作是基于閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的，是二者的有機(jī)結(jié)合體，是閱讀理解和

2、書面表達(dá)的溝通橋梁。選材/I點(diǎn)1 .所需閱讀的短文詞數(shù)在 350以內(nèi)；2 .所選材料體裁沒有限制，以說(shuō)明文、議論文和記敘文為主。評(píng)分參考閱卷時(shí)主要考慮以下內(nèi)容：1 .對(duì)原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；2 .應(yīng)用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；3 .上下文的連貫性；4 .對(duì)各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況。注意：理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要求，完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言，準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，得分相應(yīng)比較高。相反，如果概要寫作部分出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象，得分檔次將會(huì)大大降低；所寫內(nèi)容與所提供內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)不得分?？紙?chǎng)解題攻略寫作步驟1 .仔細(xì)閱讀原文，掌握文章的主旨大意。在閱讀過(guò)程中，要注意搜尋要點(diǎn)，如議論文 中的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)，

3、記敘文中的發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局等。2 .列出文章的要點(diǎn)和各段落的主題句?？梢杂孟聞澗€標(biāo)記，也可做筆記，將要點(diǎn)逐一 列出。3 .分析原文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，將內(nèi)容分項(xiàng)扼要表述，并注意在結(jié)構(gòu)上的順序。4 .寫出初稿。根據(jù)列出的要點(diǎn)和對(duì)原文的理解，用自己的語(yǔ)言組織內(nèi)容，嘗試寫出概要。5 .修改、定稿。認(rèn)真閱讀初稿，對(duì)照原文，檢查是否漏掉重要內(nèi)容。檢查并確定拼寫、 語(yǔ)法、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確無(wú)誤。檢查是否符合規(guī)定的詞數(shù)要求。方法技巧在掌握一定的解題步驟后，為了順利完成概要寫作，學(xué)生在寫作時(shí)還需要注意以下方法 技巧。1 .要點(diǎn)齊全。概要寫作主要考查學(xué)生概括文章主旨大意和準(zhǔn)確獲取關(guān)鍵信息的能力， 關(guān)鍵信息獲取不準(zhǔn)確往往導(dǎo)致所寫

4、概要要點(diǎn)不齊全。要點(diǎn)全面是評(píng)分的重要方面，因此學(xué)生要訓(xùn)練自己的語(yǔ)篇能力和閱讀能力，既把握文本的整體和部分又把握它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系。2 .精練簡(jiǎn)潔。精練指的是概括的內(nèi)容要高度濃縮。學(xué)生可以利用概括的方法對(duì)文本內(nèi) 容進(jìn)行提煉，用刪略的方法去換不重要或者不必要的細(xì)節(jié)。簡(jiǎn)潔指的是所使用的語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練。 學(xué)生可以用抽象的、概括性的語(yǔ)言代替具體形象的語(yǔ)言。3 .靈活轉(zhuǎn)換。語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換就是用不同的詞或句式來(lái)表達(dá)與原有表達(dá)內(nèi)容相同的意義，且 重新表達(dá)后能做到簡(jiǎn)單易懂。靈活轉(zhuǎn)換包括語(yǔ)言換說(shuō)和句子重構(gòu)。語(yǔ)言換說(shuō)可以通過(guò)同義、 近義和反義變換來(lái)替換需要被替換的詞匯；句子重構(gòu)可以改變?cè)芯渥又袀€(gè)別詞和詞組在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)法成

5、分或變換句式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。概要寫作四項(xiàng)原則1 .概要寫作時(shí)，一定要使用第三人稱。2 .概要寫作時(shí)，一定不可加入自己的觀點(diǎn)。3 .概要寫作時(shí)，一定不可對(duì)原文內(nèi)容加以評(píng)論。4 .概要寫作時(shí)，一定不要引入與原文內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)的信息。典型案例剖析寫作要求閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Getting rid of dirt , in the opinion of most people , is a good thing.However there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century , peop

6、le thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease , as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie inpublic baths.By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did th

7、e King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poorthe attack of diseasein Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry IV, King of France , was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath , the King ordered that , to avoid,the nobleman should not go out.T

8、hough the belief in the merit （ 好處 ） of dirt was long-lived ， dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking ， cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet ， it seems that

9、 standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War n .Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea ： Clothes need to be whiter than white ， cloths ever softer ， surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt ， however， gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first - tim

10、e parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt ， which might be responsiblefor the spread of disease.On the contrary ， Mary Ruebush ， an American immunologist （ 免疫學(xué)家） ， encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immunesystem.And the latter （ 后者 ） position is gaini

11、ng some ground.【經(jīng)典范文】People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.（要點(diǎn) 1）For a long time inhistory ， people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.（ 要點(diǎn) 2）However ， people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been to

12、ld that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.（ 要點(diǎn) 3） Yet， some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.（ 要點(diǎn) 4）【范文點(diǎn)撥】（一 ） 要點(diǎn)分析1 文章第一段就是本篇文章的主題句，亮明了總的觀點(diǎn)：“ However， there is nothingfixed about attitudes to dirt. ”換句話說(shuō)：“ Different people have different attitudes

13、towards dirt. ” 再 結(jié) 合 下 文 談 到 的 主 題 可 知 “ Different people have dif ferent attitudes towards dirt on the skin. ”范文中的要點(diǎn) 1“ People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. ”概括非常精練。2第二段主要談到了在16 世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為“dirt on the skin was a means to blockout disease ”尤以英、 法兩國(guó)的貴族為代表。結(jié)合第三段第一句“Though the belief in t

14、hemerit（ 好處 ） of dirt was lon g-lived ， dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since th e 18 century. ”可知，直到 18 世紀(jì)之前，人們都認(rèn)為dirt 是很“友好的”，有助于預(yù)防疾病。范文中的要點(diǎn)2“ For a long time in history ， people ofsome European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地總結(jié)了這些要點(diǎn)。3 第

15、 三 段 用 “ Though” 引 出 人 們 對(duì) dirt 觀 點(diǎn) 的 轉(zhuǎn) 變 “ .sincethe 18thcentury.Scientifically speaking , cleaning away dirt is good to health.“ 再結(jié)合本段最后一部分"Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea.”可得出要點(diǎn)3 "However,people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been to

16、ld that washing dirt off our body cankeep us healthy. ”4 .文章最后一段第一句指出，現(xiàn)在人們對(duì)于dirt的態(tài)度還是有所不同，"On thecontrary ”引出專家的觀點(diǎn)，一位免疫學(xué)家認(rèn)為dirt有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)。這一觀點(diǎn)得到了些支持。 范文中的要點(diǎn) 4 "Yet, somescientists believe that exposure to somedirt may help our immune system. ” 表達(dá)很恰切。（二）要點(diǎn)連接文章概要，在寫完了要點(diǎn)之后，下一步的工作就是要把這些要點(diǎn)用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接

17、詞進(jìn)行連接，使上下句之間具有連貫性。本篇文章整篇結(jié)構(gòu)是總分結(jié)構(gòu)，要點(diǎn)2和要點(diǎn)3在觀點(diǎn)上截然相反，因此，兩者之間需要表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連接詞，范文用了 “However'恰到好處。要點(diǎn) 3和要點(diǎn)4在觀點(diǎn)上又存在不同，因此，范文用了連接詞“ Yet”。提考能高效訓(xùn)練I考題型強(qiáng)化課堂即學(xué)即用A（2016 衢州二中期中檢測(cè)）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Are you shy? If you are , you are not alone.In fact , close to 50 percent of people are shy.Almost 80 percent of pe

18、ople feel shy at some point in their lives.These days, shyness is becoming more and more common.Now , scientists are trying to understand shyness.They have some interesting ideas about why people are shy.Is it possible to be born shy? Many scientists say yes.They say 15 to 20 percent of babies behav

19、e shyly.These babies are a little quieter and more watchful than other babies.Interestingly , these shy babies usually have shy parents.As a result,scientists think that some shyness is genetic.Family size might cause people to be shy as well.Scientists at Harvard University studied shy children.The

20、y found that 66 percent of them had older brothers and sisters.As a result , they became shy.At the same time , children with no brothers and sisters may be shy as well.Growing up alone , they often play by themselves.They are not able to learn the same social skills as children from big families.,m

21、ostYou may also be shy because of where you were born.When scientists studied shyness in different countries.They found surprising differences.In Japanpeople said they were shy.But in Israel,only one of three people said so.Whatexplains the difference? One scientist says the Japanese and Israelis ha

22、ve different opinions of failure.In Japan, when people do not succeed , they feel bad aboutthemselves.They blame themselves for their failure.In Israel, the opposite istrue.Israelis often blame failure on outside reasons, such as family , teachers ,friends , or bad luck.In Israel , freedom of opinio

23、n and risk taking are strongly supported.This may be why Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy.For shy people , it can be difficult to make friends, speak in class , and evenget a good job.But scientists say you can get over your shyness.They suggest trying new things and practicing con

24、versation.And don't forgetif you are shy, you arenot the only one.【寫作指導(dǎo)】本題要求學(xué)生給本篇說(shuō)明文寫概要。這篇文章的主題段是第一段，主要告訴人們害羞是一種普遍的現(xiàn)象。因此，在概括時(shí)要把文章主題段的中心詞（shy , common why）用自己的話概括出來(lái)。為了避免雷同，用自己的話概括時(shí)要注意同義詞的轉(zhuǎn)換，如原文中的why可用the reason 轉(zhuǎn)述。其次，學(xué)生還應(yīng)注意不能遺漏要點(diǎn)，即害羞的原因，不同國(guó)家間的原因 是不一樣的以及專家給出的克服害羞的建議等。最后，注意詞數(shù)在 60詞左右，恰當(dāng)使用過(guò) 渡詞與亮點(diǎn)句型，以

25、使行文連貫?！緟⒖挤段摹縎hyness is commonand some reasons mayaccount for it according to scientists.（ 要 點(diǎn) 1） They think shyness may come from genetics , family size and birth place.For instance , younger children or the only child are more likely to be shy; Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their d

26、ifferent attitudes towards failure.（ 要 點(diǎn) 2） To help people suffering from shyness, scientists also give some usefulsuggestions.（要點(diǎn) 3）【導(dǎo)學(xué)號(hào)：85602002】B閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。In 1971 we were living in Wichita , Kansas Lincoln was about seven, Brendan was three and Kristen was a baby.Mom was staying w

27、ith us during the holidays.On ChristmasEve I stayed up very late.I was totally alone with my thoughts , alternating between joy and sorrow , and I got to thinking about my paper route（往返送報(bào)），that tree ,what my mother had said to me and how Dad had tried to make things better.I heard a noise in the ki

28、tchen and discovered that it was Mom.Shecouldn'tsleepeither and had gotten up to make herself a cup of hot teawhich was her treatmentfor just about everything.As she waited for thewater to boil , she walked into theliving room and discovered me there.She saw my openBible and asked me what I wasr

29、eading.When I told her , she asked if I would read it to her and I did.When the kettle began to whistle , she went and made her tea.She came back , and we started to talk.I told her how happy I was that she was with us for Christmas and how I wished that Dad could have lived to see his grandchildren

30、 and to enjoy this time because he always loved Christmas so.It got very quiet for a moment and then she said , “ Do you remember that time on Twelve Mile Road when you bought that tree with your paper route money ?”“Yes," I said. "I've just been thinking about it you know.”She hesitat

31、ed for a long moment , as though she were on the verge of something that was bottled up so deeply inside her soul that it might take surgery to get it out.Finally , great tears started down her face and she cried , “Oh, son, please forgive ” me.“That time and that Christmas have been a burden on my

32、heart for twenty- fiveyears.I wish your dad were here so I could tell him how sorry I am for what I said.”【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文是一篇記敘文。寫好記敘文的概要需找到以下兩個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案：(1)誰(shuí)做了什么？(2)結(jié)果如何？如果是夾敘夾議文，還要加上這個(gè)故事給我們的啟示或教育意義。就本文而言，本文的要點(diǎn)應(yīng)該從作者和母親聊天的時(shí)間、內(nèi)容和結(jié)果這幾個(gè)方面來(lái)概括，然后用自己的語(yǔ)言將其串聯(lián)起來(lái)。【參考范文】The passage tells us one of the author's talks w

33、ith his mother.（要點(diǎn) 1） OneChristmas Eve， （ 要點(diǎn) 2） both the author and his mother couldn't fall asleep because they remembered something happened 25 years ago when the author bought a tree with his paper route money.（ 要點(diǎn) 3） His mother remembered what she said that day to his father and felt sorry f

34、or that.（要點(diǎn) 4）C（2016 臺(tái)州市六校質(zhì)檢）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60 詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush.It appearsthat people have got used to being in a hurry.However， it is better for people totake their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.T

35、he main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrongs in a rush.When people do their jobs or take actions in a hurry ， they cannot make a sound decision and probably regret later.As the saying goes， “ Haste makes waste. ” We should think carefully before

36、 making a decision and do our work less quickly.We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better.For example， taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane.However ， taking a train makes people hav

37、e enough time to get to know a lot of new friends.Besides， it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery alongthe way.On the contrary ， being in a hurry will make us lose chances in enjoying our life.Finally ， slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us.As is known to all ， ta

38、king actions in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress.Peoplethinkif they are not in a hurry ， they will become a loser and that annoys them.Being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally.According to some studies，people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases， tend to be

39、 happier and livemuchlonger than those whose life is tense ， even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter.In short ， working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make oursociety more advanced.However ， muchstress can't bring enjoyment ， friends and health ， which are

40、much more important than money and other material advantages.Therefore，take your time and live your life at a slower pace.【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文是一篇議論文。 本文的要點(diǎn)應(yīng)主要包括以下內(nèi)容： 一是解釋作者的觀點(diǎn)： 生活節(jié)奏 慢要比生活節(jié)奏快好， 有三個(gè)原因；二是將上述提到的三個(gè)原因當(dāng)作三個(gè)要點(diǎn)分別闡述：一是做事情匆忙會(huì)增加犯錯(cuò)的可能性； 二是匆匆忙忙的生活無(wú)法讓人享受生活的樂趣； 三是做 事情匆忙會(huì)增加人的壓力，這對(duì)人的健康有害；最后一個(gè)要點(diǎn)是進(jìn)行總結(jié)：簡(jiǎn)而言之，生活節(jié)奏慢要比生

41、活節(jié)奏快好?！緟⒖挤段摹縏o live life at a slower pace is better than to live life in a hurry.There arethree reasons for this.（ 要點(diǎn) 1） Firstly , doing things in a hurry will raise the possibility of making mistakes要1點(diǎn) 2） Secondly , being in a hurry will not givepeople enough time to enjoy their life.（要點(diǎn) 3） Thirdl

42、y , doing things in a hurryraises people's pressure and therefore is bad for their health.（要點(diǎn) 4） In brief ,it is better for people to live life at a slower pace than to live life in a hurry.（ 要 點(diǎn)5）D閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Winter sports can help you burn calories , increase your cardiovascular

43、fitness , and strengthen muscles.Being outdoors and getting exercise are great for your mental health.Exercise boosts mood and sunlight seems to help beat back the winter blues.So slap on some sunblock and go.Winter is a great time to experiment with new sports.If you like to walk , keep walking on

44、snowshoes.If you want to try an endurance sport, go for cross - countryskiing.And snowboarding is just plain fun.Runners can also train during the winter , although be ware of wet or slippery roads.Or slip on a pair of snowshoes.One of the easiest sports around , snowshoeing can be excellent cold -w

45、eather cross - training for runners and cyclists or anyone wanting to take a wintry walk in the woods.canWhatever sport you choose, don't rely on a friend for instruction.You wouldn't let an amateur perform brain surgery on you; why let one teach you to ski or skate ?That's what instructors are for to help newcomers start out right.Instructor