1、v1.0可編輯可修改2018年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀真題選詞填空Part m Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefull

2、y before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passa

3、ge.Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26 occurring in the developing world. The figures include a number of costs 27 with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billi

4、on a year. The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution.1v1.0可編輯可修改Indoor pollution, which includes 28 like home heating and cooking, has remained 29 over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in ind

5、ustry and transportation. Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray 30 it as an “urgent call to action. ” “One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little 31,“ he said. Theeffects of air pollution are worst in the deve

6、loping world, where in some places lost-labor income 32 nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low-and middle-income countries live in places where they 33 experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.But the problem is not limited 34 to the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in

7、 the . as a result of related 川nesses. In many European countries, where diesel( 柴油)35 have become more commonin recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.A)ability B)associated C)consciously D)constant E)control F)damage G)described H)equals I)exclusively J)innovated 2v1.0可編輯可修改K）regularl

8、y L）relates M）sourcesN）undermine O）vehicles答案： 26. F damage （ 損害）27. B associated （ 與有聯(lián)系）28. M sources （ 來(lái)源）29. D constant （ 不斷 的,常存在的）30. G described （ 描述）31. E control（控制）32. H equals （ 等同于）33. K regularly （ 經(jīng)常 地）34. I exclusively （ 僅僅，唯一地）35. O vehicles （車(chē)輛）解析：26. F damage空格所在句子的含義為：空氣污染每年在福利費(fèi)用方面

9、給全球經(jīng)濟(jì)造成5萬(wàn)多億損失，最大的.發(fā)生在發(fā)展中國(guó)家。根據(jù)上下文可知這里應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)跟損 失有關(guān)聯(lián)的詞匯，另外在語(yǔ)法上這里應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)名詞 devastating , “具有破壞力的”修飾，所以我們應(yīng)該可以 確定答案為damage,“損害” n.27. B associated空格所在句子的含義為：這個(gè)福利數(shù)字包含許多與空氣污染.的福利費(fèi)用，比如健康與消費(fèi)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)法上判斷，這里應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞做costs的后置定語(yǔ)，另外從語(yǔ)義上判斷， associated with air pollution做cost的后置定語(yǔ)，表示與空氣污染相關(guān)的費(fèi)用，語(yǔ)義上 也符合上下文語(yǔ)境。28. M source

10、s空格所在的句子的含義為：室內(nèi)污染，包括像暖氣和做飯一樣的。從語(yǔ)法上判斷這里應(yīng)該填 入名詞，并且這個(gè)名詞是一個(gè)大范圍的詞可以包括暖氣和做 飯, 另夕卜從語(yǔ)義上判斷 sources like home heating and cooking表示像暖氣和做飯一樣的來(lái)源也符合上下文語(yǔ)境。Part m Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to each statement

11、contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You maychoose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Food-as-Medicine Movement Is

12、Witnessing ProgressA Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralph ' s market in Huntington Beach,California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving he

13、r some idea on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning” heasks her. "The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain.Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can ta

14、ke the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning. ”B Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The center ' s 'Shop with Your Doc

15、9; program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.C Nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni （ 通心 粉）-and- cheese boxes in Scott ' s shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole grain m

16、acaroni and realcheese. "So I ' d have to make it " she as ks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it."I ' m not surethey ' d eat it. They just won ' t eat it. ”D Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big c

17、ontributors to the rising diabetes rates among children.“In America, over 50 percent of our food isprocessed food, " Nadeau tells her.“And only 5percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse that. " Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make

18、real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.E Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it ' s making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of

19、 treatment, rather than relying solely on medications （藥物）.By prescribing nutritional changes or launching programs such as 'Shop with your Doc ', they are trying to prevent, limit or even reversedisease by changing what patie nts eat.“There' s noquestion people can take things a long wa

20、y toward reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food choices, " Nadeau says.F In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of ST. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to beco

21、ming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. T

22、he program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive trai ning in how to cook it. "We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food, “ says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital ' s medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives

23、."We want peopleto understand what they' re eating, how to prepare it, the ro le food plays in their lives. ”7v1.0可編輯可修改G In Southern California, Loma Linda UniversitySchool of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicinethatis a formal special

24、ty in using food to treat disease.Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every 川ness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the c

25、ollective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation ' s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused

26、 by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.H "It ' s a different paradigm （范式）of how to treatdisease, " says Dr. Brenda Rea, who helps run the family and preventive medicine residency program at LomaLinda University School of

27、 Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent 8v1.0可編輯可修改and treat disease, in part, by changing patients'nutritional habits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only le

28、arn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.I Many people don ' t know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepa

29、re them, she says, can actually transform a patient ' s life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and livesof that patient ' sfamily.“What people eat can be medicine or poison, ”Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the e

30、ffects of long- term disease. ”J Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation（炎癥）,for example, or make thebody inhospitable to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-baseddiet particularly for people with diabetes or other inflamma

31、tory conditions.K "As what happened with tobacco, this will requirea cultural shift, but that can happen,“ says Nguyen.“In the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice in it. ”36. More than

32、 half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various 川nesses.39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easi

33、ly.40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.10v1.0可編輯可修改42. Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.43. Diabetes pati

34、ents are advised to eat more plant-based food.44. Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.45. Americans' high rat es of various 川nesses result from the way they eat.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Eachpassage is followed by

35、 some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.ii

36、California has been facing a drought for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution system. The problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand. Newresearch has found deep water reserves under the state which could

37、help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling of wells could only reach depths of 1,000 feet, but due to new pumping practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted （抽取）.The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers（ 地下蓄水層 ）below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was

38、 previously thought.It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently inCalifornia has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and

39、 there are other concerns. The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep in the gradual settling down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant space left is compacted by the weight of the earth above. 12v1.0可編輯可修改Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is

40、still cheaper than desalinating(脫鹽)the oceanwater in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible, but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answe

41、r to their severe water shortage.One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study of groundwat

42、er from over 950 drilling logs has just been published.New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2,700 billion cubic meters of freshwater.46. How could California ' s drought crisis be solved according to some researchersA) By building more reserves of groundwater.B) By drawing water from

43、 the depths of the earth.C) By developing more advanced drilling devices.D) By upgrading its water distribution system.can be inferred about extracting water from deep aquifersA) It was deemed vital to solving the water problem.B) It was not considered worth the expense.C) It may not provide quality

44、 freshwater.D) It is bound to gain support from the local people.48. What is mentioned as a consequence of extracting water from deep undergroundA) The sinking of land surface. C) The damage to aquifers.B) The harm to the ecosystem. D) The change of the climate.49. What does the author say about dee

45、p wellsA) They run without any need for repairs.B) They are entirely free from pollutants.C) They are the ultimate solution to droughts.D) They provide a steady supply of freshwater.50. What may happen when deep aquifers are used as water sourcesA) People ' s health may improve with cleaner wate

46、r.B) People' s water bills may be lowered considerably.C) The cost may go up due to desalination.D) They may be exhausted sooner or later.答案By drawing water from the depths of the earth.It was not considered worth the expense.The sinking of land surface.49. D) They provide a steady supply of fre

47、shwater.50. C) The cost may go up due to desalination.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The AlphaGo program ' s victory is an example of how smart computers have become.But can artificial intelligence (AI) machines act ethically, meaning can they be honest and fair

48、One example of AI is driverless cars. They are already on California roads, so it is not too soon to ask whether we can program a machine to act ethically. As driverless cars improve, they will save lives. They will makefewer mistakes than human drivers do. Sometimes, however, they will face a choic

49、e between lives. Should the cars be programmed to avoid hitting a child running across the road, even if that will put their passengers at risk What about making a sudden turn to avoid a dog What if the only risk is damage to the car itself, not to the passengersPerhaps there will be lessons to lear

50、n from driverless cars, but they are not super-intelligent beings.Teaching ethics to a machine even more intelligent than we are will be the bigger challenge.About the same time as AlphaGo' s triumph, Microsoft ' s 'chatbot ' took a bad turn. The software, namedTaylor, was designed t

51、o answer messages from people aged 18-24. Taylor was supposed to be able to learn from the messages she received. She was designed to slowly improve her ability to handle conversations, but some people were teaching Taylor racist ideas. When she started saying nice things about Hitler, Microsoft tur

52、ned her off and deleted her ugliest messages.AlphaGo' s victory and Taylor ' s defeat happened at about the same time. This should be a warning to us.It is one thing to use AI within a gamewith clear rules and clear goals. It is something very different to use AI in the real world. The unpredictability of the real world may bring to the surface a troubling software problem. Eric Schmidt is one of the bosses of Google, which ow