1、ModifierSubjectVerbObjectModifiernoun modifieradverbial modifiernoun modifiernoun modifier1. Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nations third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer. (A) ranks as the nations third leading cause of death, surpas

2、sed only (B) rank as the nations third leading cause of death, only surpassed (C) has the rank of the nations third leading cause of death, only surpassed (D) are the nations third leading causes of death, surpassed only (E) have been ranked as the nations third leading causes of death, only surpass

3、edOG17#675Only的位置課堂練習(xí) (PREP12#12）Shliapentokhs study indicated that, in the Soviet Union, womens absenteeism from their jobs, despite their home duties and their child-care responsibilities, were only a fifth of men.(A) were only a fifth of men(B) were only a fifth of mens (C) was only a fifth of me

4、ns (D) was only a fifth of men(E) was a fifth only of that of the men 放在句首的修飾語常見形式：VING / VED / 形容詞 / 名詞 / 介詞 是否和句子主語搭配合理Opening Modifier2. Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chin

5、as first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete. (A) the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36

6、years to complete (B) Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, was protected in his afterlife by an army of terra-cotta warriors that was created more than 2,000 years ago by 700,000 artisans who took more than 36 years to complete it (C) it took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to create an army of

7、terra-cotta warriors more than 2,000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife (D) more than 2,000 years ago, 700,000 artisans worked more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife

8、 (E) more than 36 years were needed to complete the army of terra-cotta warriors that 700,000 artisans created 2,000 years ago to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlifeOG18#748VING / VED放句首3. Delighted by the reported earnings for the first quarter of the fiscal year, it was d

9、ecided by the company manager to give her staff a raise. (A) it was decided by the company manager to give her staff a raise (B) the decision of the company manager was to give her staff a raise (C) the company manager decided to give her staff a raise (D) the staff was given a raise by the company

10、manager (E) a raise was given to the staff by the company managerOG16 Verbal分冊分冊#94. The largest of all the planets, not only is Jupiter three times so massive as Saturn, the next larger planet, but also possesses four of the largest satellites, or moons, in our solar system. (A) not only is Jupiter

11、 three times so massive as Saturn, the next larger (B) not only is Jupiter three times as massive as Saturn, the next largest (C) Jupiter, not only three times as massive as Saturn, the next largest (D) Jupiter not only is three times as massive as Saturn, the next largest (E) Jupiter is not only th

12、ree times so massive as Saturn, the next larger OG18#788名詞放在句首5. Native to South America, when peanuts were introduced to Africa by Portuguese explorers early in the sixteenth century they were quickly adopted into Africas agriculture, probably because of being so similar to the Bambarra groundnut,

13、a popular indigenous plant.(A) when peanuts were introduced to Africa by Portuguese explorers early in the sixteenth century they were quickly adopted into Africas agriculture, probably because of being(B) peanuts having been introduced to Africa by Portuguese explorers early in the sixteenth centur

14、y and quickly adopted into Africas agriculture, probably because of being(C) peanuts were introduced to Africa by Portuguese explorers early in the sixteenth century and were quickly adopted into Africas agriculture, probably because they were(D) peanuts, introduced to Africa by Portuguese explorers

15、 early in the sixteenth century and quickly adopted into Africas agriculture, probably because they were(E) peanuts, introduced to Africa by Portuguese explorers early in the sixteenth century and having been quickly adopted into Africas agriculture, probably because they wereOG18 Verbal分冊分冊#195形容詞放

16、在句首6. As well as heat and light, the sun is the source of a continuous stream of atomic particles known as the solar wind.(A) As well as heat and light, the sun is the source of a continuous stream(B) Besides heat and light, also the sun is the source of a continuous stream(C) Besides heat and light

17、, the sun is also the source of a continuous streaming(D) The sun is the source not only of heat and light, but also of a continuous stream(E) The sun is the source of not only heat and light but, as well, of a continuous streamingOG18 Verbal分冊分冊#236介詞結(jié)構(gòu)放句首什么時候需要看成opening modifier？ 搭配特定的主語。什么時候看成adv

18、erbial modifier修飾全句（為句意提供發(fā)生的背景）？ 不需要搭配特定的主語。Right:In 1993, I graduated from high school. （）Right:In 1993, Dupont Manual High School issued me a diploma. （） Right: With sufficient course credit to skip my first year of college afterward, I graduated from high school. Wrong:With sufficient course cred

19、it to skip my first year of college afterward, Dupont Manual High School issued me a diploma. With no natural predators and expanses of green suburban neighborhoods that allow no hunting, wildlife officials estimate the New Jersey deer population to have grown to exceed 175,000. (A) With no natural

20、predators and expanses of green suburban neighborhoods that allow no hunting, wildlife officials estimate the New Jersey deer population to have(B) With no natural predators and with expanses of green suburban neighborhoods that do not allow hunting, wildlife officials estimate of the deer populatio

21、n in New Jersey has(C) With no natural predators and with expanses of green suburban neighborhoods where there is no hunting, the deer population in New Jersey, wildlife officials estimate, has(D) Without natural predators and no hunting allowed in expanses of green suburban neighborhoods, New Jerse

22、y has a deer population that wildlife officials estimate to have(E) Without natural predators and with expanses of green suburban neighborhoods where there is no hunting, wildlife officials in New Jersey estimate a deer population that has課堂練習(xí)(PREP07 PART2#50)7. The nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote t

23、he only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius in two letters to the historian Tacitus.(A) The nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius in two letters to the historian Tacitus.(B) To the historian Tacitus, the nephew of Pliny the Eld

24、er wrote two letters, being the only eyewitness accounts of the great eruption of Vesuvius.(C) The only eyewitness account is in two letters by the nephew of Pliny the Elder writing to the historian Tacitus an account of the great eruption of Vesuvius.(D) Writing the only eyewitness account, Pliny t

25、he Elders nephew accounted for the great eruption of Vesuvius in two letters to the historian Tacitus.(E) In two letters to the historian Tacitus, the nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius.OG18 Verbal分冊分冊#231為什么看到為什么看到E E選項(xiàng)后會排除選項(xiàng)后會排除ADAD？形容詞/副詞

26、名詞名詞 代詞代詞形容詞：名詞和代詞副詞：除了名詞和代詞以外的部分8. Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance.(A) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, ea

27、ch specifically targeted at(B) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically to(C) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, all specifically targeted at(D) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, all of them targeted specifically to(E) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies,

28、each targeted specifically atOG12#40課堂練習(xí) (PREP07 PART1#133)In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars. (A) most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle(B) most of them as larg

29、e or larger than Jupiter and circling(C) most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling(D) mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle(E) mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling形容詞+形容詞+名詞（兩個形容詞并列修飾這個名詞）副詞+形容詞+名詞（副詞修飾形容詞，形容詞修飾名詞）兩個結(jié)構(gòu)的修飾關(guān)系不同，一定要選出合理且清晰的句意作為正確選項(xiàng)。Maxs grandmother is

30、his SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.Maxs grandmother is his SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.James Joyce is Maxs SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.James Joyce is Maxs SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.9. As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi aband

31、oned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited. (A) whose access to water was less limited (B) where there was access to water that was less limited (C) where they had less limited water access (D) with less limitations on water access (E) having less limitations to wate

32、r access OG16#108more & less 可以用作副詞可以用作副詞/形容詞形容詞課堂練習(xí) (PREP07 PART2#131) Todays technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their production history. (A) small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their (B) small cars that are more fuel-e

33、fficient than they were at any time in their (C) small cars that are more fuel-efficient than those at any other time in (D) more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their (E) more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in任何短語或者從句能用來修飾名詞或者代詞的名詞修飾語形容詞：a lazy cat介詞： a cat

34、 on the table過去分詞： the tired cat / the cat, tired(無論有無逗號，均作為 noun modifier)現(xiàn)在分詞（沒有逗號的）： a sleeping cat / a cat sleeping關(guān)系代詞：the cat，which loves fish名詞：A lover of fish, my cat名詞修飾語的位置名詞修飾語的位置 (modifier placement)1.所有的名詞修飾語都遵循“就近修飾”的原則（跳躍修飾的情況后續(xù)會講）；2. 根據(jù)句意以及結(jié)構(gòu)考慮該名詞修飾語的修飾對象；3. 如果該名詞修飾語就近修飾錯誤的名詞，該錯誤用法就稱

35、為misplaced modifier.10. Although a number of excellent studies narrate the development of domestic technology and its impact on housewifery, these works do not discuss the contributions of the women employed by manufacturers and utility companies as product demonstrators and publicists, who initiall

36、y promoted new and unfamiliar technology to female consumers.(A) by manufacturers and utility companies as product demonstrators and publicists,(B) to be product demonstrators and publicists by manufacturers and utility companies,(C) to demonstrate and publicize their products by manufacturers and u

37、tility companies(D) by manufacturers and utility companies to be demonstrators and publicists of their products(E) by manufacturers and utility companies to demonstrate and publicize their productsOG18#770為什么為什么a tool for private conversation不能被認(rèn)為是用于修飾不能被認(rèn)為是用于修飾telephone？11. Marconis conception of t

38、he radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience. (A) Marconis conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is

39、(B) Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, but which is (C) Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has become (D) Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool fo

40、r private conversation, a substitute for the telephone, which has become (E) Marconi conceived of the radio to be a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, other than what it is,OG18#778課堂練習(xí)（PREP08 PART1#237）Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and

41、 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve metropolitan Boston. (A) Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve (B) Concerns about public health have led to the construction of three separate sewer systems between 1876 and 1

42、904 to serve (C) Concerns about public health have led between 1876 and 1904 to the construction of three separate sewer systems for serving (D) There were concerns about public health leading to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems serving (E) There were concerns l

43、eading between 1876 and 1904 to the construction of three separate sewer systems for servingThere beThere be結(jié)構(gòu)有什么缺陷？結(jié)構(gòu)有什么缺陷？課堂練習(xí)（PRE07 PART1#8）The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern

44、 and southern Indian alphabets.(A) the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and (B) the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the (C) with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the (D) with it the Aramaic script, from w

45、hich derives both northern and (E) with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and E E選項(xiàng)的錯誤是什么？選項(xiàng)的錯誤是什么？A A選項(xiàng)中選項(xiàng)中whichwhich是否有可能跳躍修飾是否有可能跳躍修飾scriptscript？為什么？為什么？背靠背修飾 (back to back modifier)形式 noun modifier 1, noun modifier 2, noun noun, noun modifier 1, noun modifier 2必錯 nou

46、n modifier 1 和 noun modifier 2 共同修飾noun正確 noun modifier 1修飾noun noun modifier 2 修飾noun modifier 1內(nèi)部的名詞一共有多少個修飾語修飾一共有多少個修飾語修飾technique？為什么需要平行？為什么需要平行？12. Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elemen

47、ts in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology. (A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destro

48、ying it, (B) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission (C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced

49、 X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, (D) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quic

50、kly and without destroying it, (E) A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton-induced X-ray emission, OG16#122Minivans carry as many as

51、 seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, get better gas mileage, allow passengers to get in and out more easily, and have a smoother ride. (A) Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, (B) Minivans, which

52、 carry as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles, they cost less, (C) Minivans carry as many as seven passengers, in comparison with most sport utility vehicles, and have a lower cost, they (D) Minivans, carrying as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport util

53、ity vehicles, cost less, (E) Minivans, which carry as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles the cost is lower, and they課堂練習(xí)（PREP08 PART1#247 ）A A選項(xiàng)為什么要在選項(xiàng)為什么要在carrycarry后面多補(bǔ)出一個后面多補(bǔ)出一個“andand”？課堂練習(xí)（PREP07 PART1#110）The federal immigration station on Ellis Island, which w

54、as first opened in 1892, then rebuilt in 1900, processing nearly three quarters of all immigrants entering the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century. (A) The federal immigration station on Ellis Island, which was first opened in 1892, then rebuilt in 1900, processing nearly thr

55、ee quarters of all immigrants entering the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century. (B) Having processed nearly three quarters of all immigrants who enter the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island first opened

56、 in 1892 and then was rebuilt in 1900. (C) Processing nearly three quarters of all immigrants to enter the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island first opened in 1892, being rebuilt in 1900. (D) First opened in 1892, then rebuilt

57、in 1900, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island processed nearly three quarters of all immigrants entering the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century. (E) Of all immigrants to enter the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century, the federal immigration

58、 station on Ellis Island processed nearly three quarters of them, having first opened in 1892 and rebuilt in 1900.這道題為什么背靠背修飾正確了？這道題為什么背靠背修飾正確了？back to back modifier必錯情況下的exception兩個修飾成分足夠簡短：兩個單詞：a insightful, innovative technique兩個極短的詞組 Ving / Ved放在句首時，需要考慮Ving / Ved部分是否能直接/間接的引出后面句子的內(nèi)容。E.g. Slippi

59、ng on the ice, Tom broke his ankle. （）Breaking his ankle, Tom slipped on the ice. （）課堂練習(xí)（PREP07 PART1#32）Initiated five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World on Columbus Day 1992, Project SETI pledged a $100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. (A) Initiat

60、ed five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World on Columbus Day 1992, Project SETI pledged a $100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. (B) Initiated on Columbus Day 1992, five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World, a $100 million investment in t