1、 Synopsys 20121Chapter 2AMERICAN AND BRITISH Education Synopsys 201222.3 Higher Education2.3.1 Higher Education in the USA2.3.2 Higher Education in the UK2.2 Primary and Secondary Education2.2.1 Primary and Secondary Education in the USA2.2.2 Primary and Secondary Education in the UK2.1 A Brief Outl

2、ine of American and British Educational Systems2.1.1 A Brief Outline of American Educational System2.1.2 A Brief Outline of British Educational SystemContents Synopsys 201232.1.1 A Brief Outline of American Educational Systems Education has been greatly respected throughout the history of the USA. E

3、ven before the Revolution, several outstanding colleges were founded. The distinctive feature of the American educational system is its “emphasis on education of the masses rather than on education of the intellectuals.” Most American appreciate the principle that each citizen should receive the bes

4、t education possible and everyone should get equal opportunity to receive at least some education. Synopsys 201242.1.1 A Brief Outline of American Educational Systems Each state in the USA has its own laws about education. All state require young people to attend school. The age limits vary from sta

5、te to state. 32 states - age 16 8 states - age 18 Schools are required to take up many of their duties, such as the training in good habits, social morality, and direction of social and recreational activities, etc. the nuclear family - the extended family Synopsys 201252.1.1 A Brief Outline of Amer

6、ican Educational Systems Free Choices:Public schools - supported by American taxpayers. 90% of American students attend public schools. (Religious instruction is not given.)Private schools - run by churches, or other religious groups. The other 10% attend private schools and pay special attendance f

7、ee. Religious teaching is a part of the curriculum. Synopsys 201262.1.2 A Brief Outline of British Educational Systems Synopsys 20127Public SchoolIt is a private secondary school in the UK, a wholly or partly boarding school, which is administered by a governing body and financed by the pupils fees

8、and income from endowments.The 1944 Education ActIt changed the education system for secondary schools in England and Wales. This Act, commonly named after the Conservative politician R.A. Butler (巴特勒教育法巴特勒教育法), introduced the Tripaitite System of secondary education (grammar school, secondary techn

9、ical school, secondary modern school) and made secondary education free for all pupils.The 1988 Education Act It makes education more commercial, Good schools attract good pupils and therefore attract more funding. More funding means they can hire better teachers, buy more books and produce even bet

10、ter pupils. It also forms the basis for the US No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. 1. Grant-maintained school 2. Local Management of Schools 3. National Curriculum 4. Key Stage 5. Element of choice Synopsys 201282.1.2 A Brief Outline of British Educational SystemsIn the early 19th centuryvoluntary / c

11、hurches2% under 1440% of those aged 10went to school regularlygovernment educationby the industrial revolution & movements for social an political reformthe Education Act 1944all childrenfree secondary educationthe Education Act1988a National Curriculumfor 5-16 year-olds& regular examinations By Sep

12、. 199113 city technology collegesmore powergiven to schools Synopsys 201292.1.2 A Brief Outline of British Educational Systems State schools operate within a general framework which state laws provide. The central government provides a large part of the money, but there is only fairly loose state co

13、ntrol over the schools throughout the country. Public schools are quite independent. Each has a board of governors separately constituted. They control the finances and appoint the headmaster, who in his turn appoints the other teachers. The government operates no schools, employs no teachers; nor d

14、oes it control universities. Synopsys 2012102.2.1 Primary and Secondary Education in the USA Synopsys 2012112.2.1 Primary and Secondary Education in the USAChildren begin their school education at 6 and graduate from high school at 18. 5-year-old children have 1 year of preschool training.The academ

15、ic year: 9 months, from September to June, with winter & spring vacations.Classes: 5 days a week, from Monday to Friday.Courses in primary schools: reading, writing, social courses (e.g. history, geography, and civics of government), science, art and music. Also, cooking, manual skills, physical exe

16、rcises.Teachers in primary schools: a BA degree with a major in education; be qualified in one state may not be qualified in another; pay and prestige are low in comparison with the general workforce. Synopsys 2012122.2.1 Primary and Secondary Education in the USAWhen a pupil has finished his primar

17、y middle school education, he goes to high school automatically. There is no entrance exam.Courses in high schools: English literature and composition, social science, mathematics, laboratory experiments, foreign languages, art, music, physical education. In addition, vocational training for specifi

18、c occupations.Teachers in high schools: a MA degree in education; majored in the field of his special interest Synopsys 201213S A TMost colleges require the test for admissions and use it to award scholarships. The SAT is given 7 times per year. The test lasts for 3 hours, 45 minutes. It consists of

19、 three sections: Critical Reading, Math and Writing sections (200-800 points per section). Recent additions to the SAT include an essay, grammar, and mathematics. Synopsys 2012142.2.2 Primary and Secondary Education in the UK Synopsys 2012152.2.2 Primary and Secondary Education in the UKComprehensiv

20、e schools in the UK take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude, provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district, but entry into grammar schools is usually competitive. Public schools in the UK are very famous private schools. But unlike prep schools

21、, are not private in the fullest sense. They do not try to make any financial profits, but only to balance their budgets. Their income is partly from profits and endowments, but mainly from fees paid by parents. Most public schools are called by the name of the town or village in which they are loca

22、ted. Every public school has many rules and customs peculiar to itself. They prescribe their own uniform, special clothes, ties, hats, rituals, and traditions, and to some extent use a special language to describe its own institutions. Colleges include teacher-training colleges, technical colleges,

23、and general colleges of further education. Synopsys 2012162.2.2 Primary and Secondary Education in the UKGrammar school: emphasizes academic studies and requires to study a wide range of subjects; requires pupils to get the General Certificate of education at “A” level; graduates are normally admitt

24、ed to universities.Secondary Modern Schools: provide practical instructions which are considered to be of help in the pupils future work; are of relatively lower academic level to train pupils into common workers; divide students into 2 streams (classes): “A” level and “O” level, “A” level - enter u

25、niversity, “O” level - common workers Synopsys 201217 Rugby School Eton CollegePrep school It is a private school in the educational system of Britain. It is the shortened form of preparatory school for entrance to a public school at the age of 13. It is a famous public school in the UK, which is no

26、t a college at all because it is a private school at the secondary education level. It is often referred to without the word “college” at all. 18 British Prime Ministers studied in Eton. It is a famous public school in the UK, which is a private school at the secondary education level. The same is t

27、o Harrow School and Winchester College. Synopsys 201218Examinations in Britain and the US In Britain, there are two important types of qualified examinations for the students to take: GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) and A-Level (Advanced Level) examinations. These examinations are

28、not marked by school teachers, but by a special agency called “Examining Board”. At the age of 15 or 16, students can take the GCSE examination, which shows whether they have successfully reached the level of secondary education. At 18, some students take A-Level, usually in not more than 3 subjects

29、. And the A-Levels are necessary for anyone who wants to go to college or university. In the US, students also take examinations, both inside and outside school. But the inside examinations are not very important. Students do have examinations in the last two years of high school study. But the exam

30、ination results are considered along with the other work that the students have done during the school years. For the students who hope to go to a university, they must take the SATs (the Scholastic Aptitude Tests), which are set as national examinations. A students SAT results are presented to univ

31、ersities or colleges when students apply for entry, along with a record of the students achievements at high school. Synopsys 2012192.3.1 Higher Education in the USA America is said to have the best higher education in the world. Also the number of American colleges is the biggest. The beginning of

32、higher education - the founding of Harvard College in 1636 Four categories of institutions:- the university- the four-year undergraduate institution (the college)- technical training institution- two-year community college Synopsys 2012202.3.1 Higher Education in the USA College - undergraduate inst

33、itution conferring a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or a Bachelor of Sciences (B.S.) degree University - a group of colleges, each serving a special purpose Function of higher education- teaching- research-public service Education governed by state and local governments, not by the national government; no

34、national ministry of education. Each state has its own laws regulating education. Synopsys 2012212.3.1 Higher Education in the USAThe BoardThe board of trustees (理事) - carrying out administration of colleges and universitiesComposed primarily of laymen - laymen represent the public interests rather

35、than professionalsLegal body, responsible for the institutionResponsibilities: -choosing the president; - establishing policies for administrators and faculty; - approving the budget - the purchase and sale of real estate and other major property items, etc.Emphasis on the basic nature of knowledge

36、and learning- Scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known;- Learning is an enterprise of exploration, experimentation, analysis, and synthesis;- The goal of education is to teach students how to learn and help them reach thei

37、r maximum potential. Synopsys 2012222.3.1 Higher Education in the USAAdmissionNo annual college entrance examinationApplicants are chosen on the basis of the following 4 aspects:high school recordshigh school teachers recommendationsthe impression they make during interviews at the universityscores

38、on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)1234 Synopsys 2012232.3.1 Higher Education in the USA College gradesfrom highest to lowest, run A, B, C, D, FF is a failing grade. A student does not get credit for having taken a particular course if he receives an F in that course.College students must maintain

39、 at least a low C average in order to remain in school CostThe rapidly rising cost of higher educationHarvard University (private): tuition + housing and food + personal expenses = $24,000 + $8,000 + $8,000Arizona State University (public): tuition + housing and food + personal expenses = $7,000$8,0

40、00 + $2,000$3,000 + $4,000$5,000 Synopsys 2012242.3.1 Higher Education in the USA Campus Life A college community is an interesting and lively place. Students become involved in many different activities-extracurricular, religious, social and athletic.- Extracurricular activities are college newspap

41、ers, musical organizations, dramatic clubs, and political groups.- Student union where students can get together for lunch, study sessions, club meetings and socializing.- At many schools, campus life revolves around fraternities and sororities. Synopsys 2012252.3.1 Higher Education in the USA Homework (group work for most) Hard work in study Discussion and debate Synopsys 2012262.3.1 Higher Educati