1、閱讀理解專題訓(xùn)練一主旨大意題解題指導(dǎo)及訓(xùn)練一.做主旨大意題容易犯的錯誤：1 .以偏概全。干擾項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，也就是文章的局部信息。2 .斷章取義。干擾項(xiàng)常常以文章中的個別信息或個別字眼作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文 的主要觀點(diǎn)。3 .主題擴(kuò)大。干擾項(xiàng)所歸納、概括的范圍過大，超過文章實(shí)際所討論的內(nèi)容。4 .張冠李戴。命題者有意地把屬于A的特征放在B的身上，構(gòu)成一個干擾項(xiàng)?？忌蛔⒁獾那闆r下，會造成錯選答案。5 .無中生有，似是而非。有的干擾項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞語好似在文章中談到了，但認(rèn)真分析之后你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這類干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。二.主旨大意題的出題類型.1）

2、. 主題型（topic、subject、main idea、general idea）主旨大意題的題干表現(xiàn)形式：The main idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?What is the passage mainly about?2） .目的（purpose）類主旨大意題The passage is meant to .The purpose of this article

3、 is to3） .標(biāo)題（topic 或title） 類主旨大意題The best title for the passage might be三.認(rèn)識基本的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)typeThe position of the topicAt the beginningAt the endIn the middleNo clear topic sentence四。方法指導(dǎo)在做主題型試題時，可先尋找主題句。一般情況下，主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾。但有時也可能不會出現(xiàn)主題句, 需要讀者自己去概括或歸納。一.文首找主題句新聞報道，二,文尾找主題句三.首尾呼應(yīng)展現(xiàn)主題句議論文總四.整合每一段的主題句五.從段落中歸

4、納要點(diǎn)抓大意,提煉文章標(biāo)題；說明文 ，議論文,提煉標(biāo)題或歸納大意,瞻前顧后歸納大意-分-總，歸納大意記敘文 ;有些文章或段落無明顯的主題句，只是暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題 .這就要求考生在閱讀過程中根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實(shí) 或提供的線索 來概括總結(jié)主旨大意。五.練習(xí)鞏固Passage 1 :Everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men's minds decline more than women's, according to the results of a worldwide survey.Cer

5、tain differences seem to be inherent in male andfemale brains: Menare better at maintaining and dealing with mental images （useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills）, while women tend to excel （擅長 ） at recalling information from their brain's files（helpful with language skills and rem

6、embering the locations of objects）Q : The author aims to tell us that .A. women s minds perform better than men sB. men s minds decline more with ageC. everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get olderD. a survey on human s mind decline was done recently.Passage 2 ：BostonThieves dressed as

7、police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including majorworks by Rembrandt, Dagas, Manet and Vermerr, FBI （ 美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局） and the museum officials said.The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police sp

8、okes-man Jim TordanWilliam Bobinson, of Hardvard University's Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen“major works. ”Q: What is the best headline for this newspaper article ?A. A Theft Took Place in BostonB. B. Artworks stolen by ThievesC. Major WorksD. Investigation into the TheftPassage 3:Read

9、ing is the key to school success and, like any skill it takes practice. A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other. A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately（精確 ）, without thinking. Tennis players call th

10、at“ being ” in the zone. ” Educators call it “ automaticity （ 自動性 ）.Q: The first paragraph tells us .A. what automaticity isB. how accuracy is acquired （ 獲得 ） C. how a child learns to walkD. how an athlete is trained.六突破難點(diǎn) : 如何做沒有主題句的主旨大意題 ?做此類題目時，首先要搞清是問某一段還是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，進(jìn)行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標(biāo)題

11、，標(biāo)題中的蘊(yùn)含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中 心。 習(xí)題精選1. It seems that politicians around the world are thinking about the health of their countries. Whilein China, Chen Zhu has announced his plans for a universal health service and reform across healt

12、h services. Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister, has also announced he is planning to make some changes in our health service.The crux of Mr. Brown's proposals are related to giving the NHS （National Health Service） a greater focus on prevention, rather than just curing patients.He is planning t

13、o introduce increased screening for common diseases .Q: The author of this passage intends to tell us.A. the NHS should be reformed right away.B. more and more people are dying from diseases.C. the plan to reform the NHS in the UK.D. the criticism of Mr. Brown's proposals.2. In the 1930s, a lot

14、of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named AlfredButts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “ Lexico ” . However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed

15、its name from “ Lexico ” to“ Alph ” and then to “ Criss Cross ” . He wanted to make some money from hisnew game but he didn t have any real commercial（ 商業(yè)性的 ）success.Q: The text is mainly about.A. LexicoB. Three menC . A word gameD. Alfred Butts.3. As prices and building costs keep rising, the“ do-i

16、t-yourself ” （DIY） trend in the U.S. continuesto grow. John and Jim are not unusual people. Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living. If you want to become a“do-it-yourself , you can goto DIY classes. And for those who don t h

17、ave time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.Q: What would be the best title for the text?A. The Joy of DIYB. You can Do it Too!C. Welcome to Our DIY Course!D. Ross and Hatfield: Believers in DIY4 You dream each night, even though you may not remember your

18、dreams. While you dream your eyes move and your heart beats faster. Even your brain-wave pattern changes. Somescientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health. They claim that without dream, people would go crazy.Q: What does the passage mainly tell us?A. How people stay healthyB.

19、How sleep is necessaryC. Why dreams are importantD. When people remember their dreams5. In America we have Halloween. In Mexico they have Todos Santos, which means“ All Saints ” . This isthe day in which people remember family and friends who have died. They visit the cemetery instead of going out t

20、o trick-or-treat. But they do have pictures of skeletons and ghosts hanging around. They also have many candy skulls to eat.Q: What does the story mainly tell ?A. What holidays are likeB. What Halloween is like in MexicoC. What happens during Todos SantosD. What we do on Halloween七定時訓(xùn)練Something in c

21、hocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers.Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present.The Imperial College London re

22、searchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment.“ While coughing is not necessarily harmful（有害的 ） it can havea major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem, ” said Professor

23、Peter Barnes.Ten healthy volunteers（ 志愿者 ） were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains nomedicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to caus

24、e coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine are stopping coughs.The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin need to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levers of caps

25、aicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a verve activity（神經(jīng)活動 ）, which causecoughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness. （ 2009 年全國卷閱讀理解D 篇）56. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Codeine: A New MedicineB. Choc