1、Legal Translation:Problems and SolutionsIntroductionWhat is legal translation?Definitions and ClassificationslDouble operation of language transfer and legal transferlDiscursive/Litigation-related/Normative legal translationProblems in Legal TranslationlFailure in understanding legal terminologylFai

2、lure in finding equivalents across the social, cultural and legal differenceslPoor management of both source and target languagelFrustrations in dealing with long and complicated legal sentenceslFailure in maintaining the unique stylistic features of legal writingTranslation Problems of Legal Termsl

3、not provenlprincipallcontributory negligence/ comparative negligenceltheft/stealing/larceny/shoplifting/burglary/ robbery/trespasslLaw/Act/Code/Ordinance/Regulation/Rule/ Interpretation/Decision/Provision/MeasurePoor Understanding of Source TextlPlease translate the two English sentences into Chines

4、e1.The remainder of the testators property should be devided equally between all of our nephews and nieces on my wifes side and my niece.2.The Charter required that directors shall be elected on a vote of the stockholders representing not less than two-thirds of outsdanding capital stock of the corp

5、oration.Poor Understanding of Source Text1.The remainder of the testators property should be devided equally between all of our nephews and nieces on my wifes side and my niece.Feedback: key prep.between/among?l參考譯文1：立遺囑人的遺產應在雙方的外甥外甥女中平均分配。 l參考譯文2：立遺囑人遺產的一半應當歸其妻子的外甥外甥女所有，另一半歸其本人的外甥女所有。lThe remainder

6、 of the testators property should be divided equally between all of our nephews and nieces on my wifes side as one party and my niece as another Poor Understanding of Source Text2.The Charter required that directors shall be elected on a vote of the stockholders representing not less than two-thirds

7、 of outsdanding capital stock of the corporation.Feedback: key prep.on/by?l參考譯文1：公司章程規(guī)定，當選董事者至少應有持有三分之二公司已發(fā)行股票的股東投票贊成。 l參考譯文2：公司章程規(guī)定，董事選舉時必須有代表已發(fā)行公司股權三分之二的股東出席。 Poor Management of Target Languagel“.no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under

8、this Agreement to.”(引自孫萬彪英漢法律翻譯教程 )Poor Management of Target Languagel原文為：Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party. However, Party B shall have the right to assign its right

9、s and interests and delegate its responsibilities hereunder to an affiliate; provided that Party B shall continue to warrant that such affiliate will complete the purchase of the equity interest in the manner contemplated by this Agreement. Poor Management of Target Languagel譯文1:任何一方不得將其在本協(xié)議項下的任何和全部

10、權利和權益讓與及將其在本協(xié)議項下的責任委托給（孫萬彪譯文）l譯文2：任何一方不得將其在本協(xié)議下的任何和全部權利、利益或責任轉讓給 Poor Management of Target Languagel英文對于權利和利益的轉讓，義務和責任的轉讓的用詞是不同的，如此例中前者用assign，后者用delegate，但在漢語中，我國1999年合同法第五章“合同的變更與轉讓”在立法語言中先是做了這種區(qū)分，在第七十九條、第八十條、第八十一條使用“合同權利的轉讓”的表述，第八十四條、第八十五條、第八十六條、第八十七條使用“合同義務的轉移”的表述；但其后又在第八十八條中未加區(qū)分，使用了“合同中的權利和義務一并

11、轉讓”的表述。Poor Management of Target Languagel合同法的相關規(guī)定中的用詞選擇如下：l第七十九條債權人可以將合同的權利全部或者部分轉讓給第三人，但有下列情形之一的除外：l第八十四條債務人將合同的義務全部或者部分轉移給第三人的，應當經債權人同意。l第八十八條當事人一方經對方同意，可以將自己在合同中的權利和義務一并轉讓給第三人。Poor Management of Target Languagel The progress to the statute book of the necessary legal infrastructure for electroni

12、c commerce has in many countries been delayed by a difficult and politically sensitive debate created by the concerns of law enforcement authorities that the widespread use of strong encryption may facilitate crime and terrorism to a degree that will de-stabilize civilized governments The progress t

13、o the statute book of the necessary legal infrastructure for electronic commerce has in many countries been delayed by a difficult and politically sensitive debate created by the concerns of law enforcement authorities that the widespread use of strong encryption may facilitate crime and terrorism t

14、o a degree that will de-stabilize civilized governments參考譯文：l在許多國家，執(zhí)法機關擔心嚴格加密的廣泛使用，會給犯罪分子和恐怖活動提供方便，從而破壞文明政府的穩(wěn)定。這種擔心引起了一場難以解決的、政治上敏感的辯論。而這場辯論則延誤了必要的電子商務法律歸入法典的進程。 Translation Problems of Long Legal SentenceslThe Covenantor hereby undertakes to procure that the Customer will comply with all the Custom

15、ers obligations to you, the beneficiaries of this deed, (jointly and severally) but should the Customer default in the payment when due of any payment or default in complying with any other obligation, the Covenantor will, without the need for any demand, make immediate payment or performance thereo

16、f as the case may be, at the place, in the funds and currency andor in the manner required of the Customer and without any withholding or deduction whatsoever PROVIDED ALWAYS HOWEVER that no time for limitation of liability in respect of this Deed shall begin to run in favor of the Covenantor unless

17、 and until one or both of you shall have made demand on the Covenantor, and if more than one demand is made, then only from the date and to the extent of each demand respectively Translation Problems of Long Legal Sentencesl訂約人茲保證：促致客戶履行其對貴方，即本契約之共同或單獨受益人，所有應盡之義務。但是假如客戶未支付任何到期的款額或未能履行任何其他責任，訂約人將在無需要

18、求的情況下，在對客戶指定的地點、以所要求的資金及貨幣形式及或付款方式，立即作出支付或履行有關的付款責任(根據具體情況而定)，所付款額不得有任何扣留和減少。但除非組成貴方之一公司或兩公司已經向訂約人提出要求，否則有關本契約之債務時效任何時候都不得按有利于訂約人一方的方式開始計算；如果貴方向訂約人提出一項以上的要求，則分別按每項要求提出的日期及具體狀況開始計算債務時效。 Sources of Difficulties in Legal Translation Can Be Summarized As:1.The nature of legal language (normative nature,

19、 performative nature, technical nature, indeterminate nature)2.Different legal systems and laws( Unlike pure science, law remains a national phenomenon.)3.Linguistic differences (absence of an exact correspondence between legal concepts and categories in different legal systems)4.Cultural difference

20、s (A legal culture is historically conditioned.)Law as abstract concept is universal as it is reflected in written laws and customary norms of conduct in different countries.lHowever, legal systems are peculiar to the societies in which they have been formulated. Each society has different cultural,

21、 social and linguistic structures developed separately according to its own conditioning. Legal concepts, legal norms and application of laws differ in each individual society reflecting the differences in that society. Legal translation involves translation from one legal system into another. Unlike pure science, law remains a national phenomenon.lEach national law constitutes an independent lega