1、寫作（結(jié)構(gòu)）Part A文章的結(jié)構(gòu)文章常常由篇首段、主體段和結(jié)論段三部分組成。引言段揭示主題，正文部分對(duì)主題分點(diǎn) 闡述，結(jié)論段對(duì)全文歸納總結(jié)。同時(shí)，要遵循一致性和連貫性的原則。.篇首段目的在于揭示主題，也就是說，引出文中要討論的核心問題，從而起到統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文 的作用。通常，篇首段由引語句和中心思想句兩部分組成。前者目的是引起讀者的興趣，同時(shí) 使讀者對(duì)文章要討論的問題在心理上有所準(zhǔn)備。后者向讀者交待該文的主題或?qū)懽髂康摹？?之，篇首段的作用就是使讀者順利地進(jìn)入正文。.主體段一般由若干段落組成，它們從不同的側(cè)面對(duì)文章的主題展開討論。各段闡述的內(nèi) 容必須與主題一致，有助于說明中心思想，但是只涉及主題的一

2、個(gè)方面。主體段一般先寫一個(gè) 過渡句，起到承上啟下的作用（有時(shí)候過渡句也可以省略）。然后再寫兩個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，而每個(gè)分論 點(diǎn)之后一般都有兩個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)論證，細(xì)節(jié)論證可以是作為論據(jù)支撐分論點(diǎn)，也可以是對(duì)分論點(diǎn)的進(jìn) 一步的闡釋。.結(jié)尾段概括全文的內(nèi)容，使讀者對(duì)全文有一個(gè)完整、清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。它往往使用不同的話 重新闡述中心思想，從而與篇首段相呼應(yīng)。【課堂精講】（A）下表提供了你所心儀的南、北兩所大學(xué)的招生信息。通過比較作出選擇，并結(jié)合個(gè)人情 況說明理由。南方大學(xué)北方大學(xué)學(xué)費(fèi)8000元/年5000元/年招生人數(shù)20人10人優(yōu)惠政策無加20分【思路點(diǎn)撥】題目要求是針對(duì)自己心儀的兩所大學(xué)（南方大學(xué)和北方大學(xué)），通過比較做

3、出選擇，并 說明理由。像這個(gè)文章，很顯然，其話題（topic）就是關(guān)于選擇南方大學(xué)和北方大學(xué)的事情， 而中心句必然就是“我的選擇”的是什么。明白了這一點(diǎn)，本文就很容易開頭了，比如可以 這么寫：Whether to go to the north for college or to enter a southern university has become a practical and significant issue facing the Senior Three students in Shanghai. As for me, after some careful considerat

4、ion, I have decided to stay in the north for the coming four years university life.接下來，來一個(gè)過渡。My reasons are as follows.接著寫第一個(gè)原因及其細(xì)節(jié)支撐：First, in terms of tuition fee, the northern university is preferable as it only charges 5000 yuan a year. By contrast, the southern university is 3000 yuan more expe

5、nsive. Since I dont come from a rich family and my parents have already been trying their best to put me through high school, I will do what I can to ease their burden.再寫第二個(gè)原因及其細(xì)節(jié)支撐：Second, the northern university has a preferential policy of adding 20 bonus points to my raw score. This will conside

6、rably increase my chances of being accepted. However, its southern counterpart doesnt promise any additional points, rendering it unattractive to potential applicants.最后總結(jié)。Although the northern university will only enroll ten students as opposed to twenty students promised by the southern university

7、, I have confidence in myself that I will become one of the lucky ten.(B)以“禮物”為主題寫一篇文章，該文章必須包括一下內(nèi)容：1、你送禮物的對(duì)象以及所送的禮物。2、該禮物對(duì)他(她)可能產(chǎn)生的影響或帶來的變 化。【思路點(diǎn)撥】這是一篇議論文，其中心就是分析一下“禮物對(duì)一個(gè)人的影響”。所以在文章的開頭 首先應(yīng)該引出“禮物”這個(gè)話題，比如可以這么寫：It is universally acknowledged that a good present is of great value to a person and even pr

8、one to change his or her life. (1) As for me, one of the most meaningful presents I have given to others is a watch which had been given to Tom, one of my best friends. (2)此處第句引出了 “禮物”這個(gè)話題，并且契合文章的主題，即禮物對(duì)一個(gè)人有著重 要意義甚至改變一個(gè)人的生活。第(2)句話則引出了中心句，即禮物是什么，給了誰。接下來要進(jìn)行第二段也就是主體段落的寫作。首先做一個(gè)過渡:I wish that the present

9、 will bring him a number of influences.接著寫第一個(gè)論點(diǎn)及其細(xì)節(jié)論證：First, hopefully, with the watch, he will pay more attention to punctuality, which is an important merit of a person. In the past, diligent and warm-hearted as he was, he sometimes had no sense of time, which caused him to be late for many things

10、 and led to some trouble in work. In the future, the watch will always remind him of the time so that he will be able to do everything on time.再寫第二個(gè)論點(diǎn)及其細(xì)節(jié)論證：Whafs more, I hope this watch will bring happy memories to him in the future. He used to tell me that he might feel lonely in the future after

11、leaving high school and entering a completely new environment. The gift will surely bring him back to the good old days we gaily spent together and make him feel better when he misses the old friends in high school.最后的總結(jié)一般用一句話即可，可以是對(duì)全文觀點(diǎn)的歸納，也可以順帶提出自己的一 個(gè)建議或者希望。I do wish that Tom will like this prese

12、nt, which will bring him a profound influence and motivate him to fight for a better future.(C)父母的言傳身教在孩子的成長(zhǎng)過程中往往起到重要的作用。請(qǐng)結(jié)合自身的經(jīng)歷，描述一 件印象深刻的事例，并談?wù)劯惺?。【思路點(diǎn)撥】本文是一篇夾敘夾議的文章。首先，可對(duì)父母的言傳身教的影響進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要描述。Parents words and behaviors have a great influence on their children. Patents are their childrens role models.

13、 By observing and communicating, children usually follow their parents9 examples, and form proper values.題目要求結(jié)合自身經(jīng)歷，所以，接下來，用一個(gè)過渡句引出“我”父母的言傳身教。There is no doubt that my parents play an important role in my life and its certain that they influence me in many aspects.然后具體描述事例。I can still remember when

14、I was four, out of interest, I began to play the piano. It was, of course, amusing at first. However, later on I found that I had to spend a lot of time practising if I wanted to play a short piece of music. It was tough and I almost wanted to give up. However, my mother told me, “If you want to pla

15、y the piano well, perseverance is very important. Remember: no pains, no gains.最后總結(jié)，重申父母言傳身教的作用。What my mum said that day is still very clear in my mind now. Thanks to her encouragement,I can play the piano excellently and I wont give up easily.【隨堂檢測(cè)】請(qǐng)根據(jù)題目要求列出提綱，并寫出首段、主體及總結(jié)段的關(guān)鍵詞句。有的人認(rèn)為多給予孩子表揚(yáng)和鼓勵(lì)有助于他

16、們的成長(zhǎng)，有的人則相信及時(shí)指出孩子的 缺點(diǎn)并適當(dāng)懲罰能幫助他們改正錯(cuò)誤。你支持哪一種教育方式，請(qǐng)談?wù)勀愕目捶ê屠碛?。One possible versionMost of us can remember the days when we made mistakes and punished by our parents in our childhood. By this method of teaching, most of us can find out faults and correct them. Thus, I totally agree with the view that par

17、ents should point out children5s mistakes timely and subject them to some punishments when necessary.First of all, all parents in the whole world love their children and want to give them a promising and bright future. The aim of criticism is to help children improve themselves. Whafs more, children

18、 are too young and naive to correctly deal with most difficulties and troubles. Only when parents and teachers adopt a serious approach and never tolerate the wrong doing of the young, can they avoid making mistakes again and grow up healthily in the right way.It is a pleasant thing to hear others p

19、raise you, yet criticism can often bring you the most valuable thing. I regard this educational method as an efficient way to help children improve their performance.Part B段落處理.主題句與推展句.主題句主題句(topic sentence)是表達(dá)段落主題的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他 文字都圍繞它展開。請(qǐng)看下例：My mother has passed along to me certain rules for

20、getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules

21、, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.主題句中提出的“certain rules”指的是什么？展開句中通過四個(gè)Dont argue“逐一 加以交代。從結(jié)構(gòu)來看，這是一個(gè)比較典型的段落，它包括了主題句，推展句和結(jié)論句(即 本段中的末句)。.推展句主要推展句主要推展句（major supporting statement）的主要特點(diǎn)是：圍繞段落主題句展開的每一個(gè)推 展句本身都不要求作進(jìn)一步的說明或證明，句與句之間的關(guān)系是相互獨(dú)立又是互相連接的。例 1 ：（主題句）There are several factors affectin

22、g climate.（推展句 l）One factor is the mount of sunlight received.（推展句 2）Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate.（推 展句 3）The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land.（推展句 4）In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.主題句指出影響氣候的幾個(gè)因

23、素。然后用四個(gè)擴(kuò)展句說明四種因素。第一種是太陽光的 接收量，第二種是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分別是海洋和大氣環(huán)流因素。次要推展句次要推展句（minor supporting statement）是指對(duì)主要推展句作進(jìn)一步的事實(shí)分析和舉例 說明。它從屬于某一個(gè)或某幾個(gè)推展句。例 2：（主題句）I dont teach because teaching is easy for me.（主要推展句 1） Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, car

24、penter, writer. （主要推展句 2）For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession.（次要推 展句 1） Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.（次要 推展句 2） Sweaty-palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out

25、 for the fool that I am.（次要推展句 3） Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.從屬于主要推展句2的三個(gè)次要推展句起著解釋說明作用，分別解釋red-eye, sweaty- palm, sinking-stomach的含義，這就更加形象生動(dòng)地證明了 teaching is not easy?,這個(gè)主題。過渡與銜接.起始段首句常用句式As the proverb says:n.H 如諺語說：

26、It goes without saying that.不用說.There is no doubt that.無疑.This can be expressed as follows. 這可以從以下幾點(diǎn)說明To take. for an example. 以為例.We have reasons to believe that.我們有理由相信Anyway, I agree with the idea of.不管怎樣，我同意I side with the latter opinion.我同意后一個(gè)觀點(diǎn).推展段首句常用句式Another special consideration in this ca

27、se is that. 對(duì)這個(gè)問題的另一考慮是Besides, we should not neglect that.除此之外，我們還不能忽視On the other hand,.另一方面The main reason that can be seen by everyone is that.每個(gè)人都注意到，最主要的原因是 What is also with noticing is that.另一個(gè)值得注意的是.結(jié)尾段首句常用句式In a word.總而言之In conclusion.由此得出結(jié)論On account of this we can find that.由此我們可以知道The r

28、esult is depend on.結(jié)果視.而定Therefore, the findings reveal the following information.因此，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了 以下信息【隨堂檢測(cè)】請(qǐng)擴(kuò)展如下主題句。The reasons why modern people are tied up with computers are as follows.One possible versionOn the one hand, there is no denying that the computer is currently the most efficient tool to m

29、eet the needs of their work or to entertain themselves. But on the other hand, many people admit that they are too much addicted to computers to maintain face-to-face contact with their friends and colleagues.As far as I am concerned, I am eager to join Sports club because of the following reasons.O

30、ne possible versionFirst and foremost, not only should we go to all lengths to study hard in order to acquire more and more knowledge, but we also should do exercises to strengthen physical fitness. In the second place, the reason why I prefer Sports club is that doing sports is one of the most useful ways to have a relaxation after studying for a long period. Last but not least, doing sports that are in need of coop