1、第七章語流 重音 弱讀 節(jié)奏 停頓 Chapter seven: Connected Speech Foreign Languages College Zhang Li1Speech Imitation A Speech at the Welcome Ceremony in Xian (Bill Clinton)2Exercise checkingP90-953Content Syllable1 Word stress 2 Sentence stress3 Strong and Weak Forms4 Rhythm and Rhythm group5 Pausing 64Stress and

2、rhythmStress and rhythm are two more essential elements in English pronunciation. Stress is such an important feature of spoken English that it determines not only the rhythmic flow of words, but also the quality of the vowels. Correct word and sentence stress in spoken English can mean the differen

3、ce between good communication and no communication at all.51. Syllables; StressSyllablesWith a vowelStressed syllablesLong and powerfulA Stressed syllable may contain any one of the vowel sounds except /, but any vowel except the diphthongs /i/and /au/ can be reduced to / and /i/.This explains why t

4、he two vowels/ and /i/, are the more frequently used vowel sounds in spoken English.Unstressed syllablesShort and weak62. Word stressMonosyllable：all stressed!he, good, learn.Most words of English origin receive the strong stress on the first syllable.letter-study-sister-morning-。Some words could st

5、ress on both syllables: detail72. Word stressDisyllabic(雙音節(jié)的) words with a meaningless prefix like: a-, be-, de-, re-, ad-, ap-, com-, con-, dis-, en-, im-, in-, ex-, pre-, have the strong stress on the second syllable:about, academy, agreement, apartment, award, advance, adventure, appear, apply, b

6、egin, believe, beneath, command, consist, concern, decide, deceive, degree, desire, dessert, determine, disagree, dislike, disadvantage, enrich, entire, explain, experience, expression, exactly, include, indeed, prefer, insurance, international, introduce, report, research, reliable, recover, reques

7、t, believe, relyWords with suffix like: -self and selves have the strong stress on the second syllable. myself，himself，yourselves, themselves。8Some words with stress in both syllables: Place: Beijing，ShanghaiWith prefix re-: rewrite，retellSome compound words:：inside，upstairsNumerals from 1319: thirt

8、een，nineteen 2. Word stress92. Word stressWhen we join two nouns to form a compound word, we usually stress the first noun more than the second.blackboard, handbagWhen the first element of a compound adjective is an adjective, equal stress is used. middle-aged, old-fashioned, softhearted.102. Word s

9、tressCompound proper nouns(專有名詞) normally have a primary stress on the second elements, except for the names of stress, like Forest Street. p100112. Word stressWords of French origin are usually strongly stressed on the final syllable or the suffix. machine, regime, employee.122. Word stressWords of

10、 three syllables have the strong stress either on the first or the second syllable. socialist, phonetic, remember, misfortune.Words of three syllables ending in “-ize, -fy, -ate” are usually stressed on the third syllable from the last. modernize, exercise, beautify, specify.132. Word stressMost wor

11、ds of four syllables are stressed on the third syllable form the last. E.g. development, similitude, phenomena.hospital-experiment -university -possibility-nationality -opportunity -vocabulary disadvantage southeasternAmsterdamQomolangma 142. Word stressWords with certain suffixes( except able) bear

12、 the strong stress on the syllable immediately preceding them. GenerationEconomical peculiarphotographytranslation -scientific-decision -expression152. Word stress有些詞雖然拼法相同，但往往由于重音不同而引起詞性的變化。一般規(guī)律是，名詞和形容詞重音落在第一個(gè)音節(jié)上，動(dòng)詞重音落在第二個(gè)音節(jié)(詞根)上1) 拼法相同，重音不同，詞性不同。如：increase n. v.增加perfect adj. 完美的 v. 使完美rebel adj.

13、反叛的 v. 反叛transport n. vt.運(yùn)輸，運(yùn)送2) 拼法相同，重音不同，詞性詞義都不同。如：subject n. 學(xué)科 v.使隸屬object n. 物體 v. 反對(duì)refuse n.垃圾 v.拒絕 162. Word stress practiceadvert/advertisement popular/popularityphotograph/photographer celebrate/celebrityorganize /organization music/musicianevacuate/evacuation publish/publicity173.Sentence

14、 stressSentence stress refers to the word or words in a sentence that receive a strong accent. In most sentences you will find a series of both stressed and unstressed words. 183.Sentence stressWhat to stress in a sentence?In an English utterance, stressed words give information to the listener and

15、unstressed words join the information words together. 19Most sentences have two types of word: Content words 實(shí)義詞 Structure words 結(jié)構(gòu)詞20Content words （實(shí)義詞） include: Main verbs 主動(dòng)詞 go, sleepNouns 名詞 book, classAdjectives 形容詞 good, strongAdverbs 副詞 slowly, loudlynegative auxiliaries 否定助動(dòng)詞 isnt, dont21St

16、ructure words （結(jié)構(gòu)詞） include:Pronouns 代名詞 he, she, themPrepositions 前置詞 at, on, behindArticles 冠詞 the, a, anConjunctions 連接詞 but, and, becauseauxiliary verbs 助動(dòng)詞 is, am, are, have22The basic rules of sentence stress are:content words are stressed 實(shí)義詞是被強(qiáng)調(diào)的。structure words are unstressed 結(jié)構(gòu)詞是被減弱的。the t

17、ime between stressed words is always the same.隔在實(shí)義詞之間的時(shí)間是相同的。233.Sentence stressNotesIn Chinese, almost every word is stressed. But if you stress all the English words in an utterance, you may sound unpleasant or even cause misunderstanding because:1) You are giving too much information, 2) English

18、speakers usually stress all words only when they are impatient or angry.24PHONOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES - RHYTHMIn the example above the 5-syllable segment /approximately/ takes almost the same time to be pronounced as the 1-syllable segment /old/.253.Sentence stress講話者認(rèn)為重要的重讀：Whats Jane doing?Jane is re

19、ading.Who is reading?Jane is reading.Ive never been to the Great Wall. But I will go there someday,新的概念重讀：Where are you going?New York.Where is New York? Queens or Manhattan?Neither.263. Sentences with a different stress1. I want two return tickets to London. I want two return tickets to London. I w

20、ant two return tickets to London.2. Are you angry with me? Are you angry with me? Are you angry with me?3. We heard John talking. We heard John talking. We heard John talking.273.Sentence stress-example Two newly- married couples walked quietly along the river. He spoke into the telephone, wrote dow

21、n a name and hung up the re ceiver.Come on! They put on their coats and stepped out of the hall.283. Exercise: Mark out the stressed syllablesI need a couple of shirts, grey terylene please.I need a couple of shirts, grey terylene please.Certainly, sir, Ill just get some out. Would you mind taking a

22、 seat for a moment? I shant be long.Certainly, sir, Ill just get some out. Would you mind taking a seat for a moment? I shant be long.294. Strong and Weak Forms實(shí)詞重讀，如動(dòng)詞、名詞、副詞等； 虛詞(功能詞)弱讀，如介詞、代詞等 弱讀的規(guī)則一般是：元音音節(jié)弱化成 或 比如說如下幾個(gè)單詞:for/to/some/does/of (書本p105-107) 查字典會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些詞都至少有兩種讀音，如for: 重讀時(shí)f: , 弱讀時(shí) f I wil

23、l bring you up-to-date on what weve learned these days. What does it mean? 305. Rhythm and Rhythm Group 一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)和不等數(shù)目的非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成一個(gè)節(jié)奏群。實(shí)詞重讀、虛詞弱讀的規(guī)則，使句子有音樂感。Go homeGoing homeGoing back homeGoing straight back home31In order to achieve a good rhythm in English, you need to slow down, stretch out, and very c

24、learly pronounce 1-syllable content words and the stressed syllables of longer words. At the same time, you must compress all the unstressed syllables in between and reduce unstressed function words.325. Rhythm and Rhythm GroupPut on your coat.Take off your hat.Make up your mind.Eat up your pudding.

25、 Put it on.Take it off.Make it up.Eat it up.33Practice: RainIt was raining, raining, raining hard. It was falling on my head. It was falling on the stars. It was falling on the sun. It was falling on my shoes. I got soaking wet. I got soaking wet. But I stayed outside. I stayed outside. The rain was

26、 soft. The rain was warm. The rain was soft. It reminded me of home. It was raining, raining, raining hard. It was falling, falling, falling on the stars. It was raining, raining, raining hard. It was falling, falling, falling on the stars. Soft rain Raining, raining. Sweet rain Raining, raining. Wa

27、rm rain Raining, raining. Sweet soft Raining, raining. Warm rain Raining, raining. Sweet soft Raining, raining. Warm rain Raining, raining. 346. Pausing下雨,天留客,天天留,我不留（天天下雨，我已經(jīng)不想留） 下雨天,留客天,天留,我不留!（主人不讓留） 下雨天,留客天,天!留我不?留!（自己做不了主，主人和天留客了） 下雨，天留客？天！天留我？不留！下雨天留客？天天留？我不！留？（猶豫不決型的客人） 下雨天留客？天！天留我不留?。ㄖ魅朔遣蛔屃簦?/p>

28、 下雨天，留客天，天留我不？留?。ㄟ€是天讓留啊?。?下雨,天留客,天天留,我不留（天天下雨，我已經(jīng)不想留） 下雨天,留客天,天留我?不留!（下雨與天留人無關(guān)） 下雨天,留客天,天留,我不留!（主人不讓留） 356. Pausing 停頓意群（sense-group）是指句子中按意思和語法結(jié)構(gòu)劃分出的各個(gè)成分，每一個(gè)成分即稱為一個(gè)意群。意群之后停頓，而非每個(gè)單詞之后。呼吸喚起更清楚，有條理表達(dá)便于對(duì)方聽清楚，好理解She told Pip to go.The old lady in white/ told Pip to go.The old lady,/who was sitting in the armchair,/ told Pip to go.決定因素意義的聯(lián)系語法結(jié)構(gòu)36一般地說，一個(gè)意群后面有一個(gè)停頓，用單線分開，表示一個(gè)