1、瑞典城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展的經(jīng)驗(yàn)以Bo01“明日之城”住宅示范區(qū)為例EXPERIENCE OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF SWEDEN: A CASE STUDY OF BO01“CITY OF TOMORROW” RESIDENTIAL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT/YU摘要：歐洲是世界上最早完成工業(yè)化的地區(qū)，也是率先提出可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念的地區(qū)。具體到環(huán)保和可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念在住區(qū)的實(shí)施上，以瑞典市Bo01住宅示范區(qū)為例，依靠環(huán)境規(guī)劃為龍頭，積極地探索從節(jié)能、節(jié)水、節(jié)材、節(jié)地和環(huán)保等方面綜合統(tǒng)籌設(shè)計(jì), 在整個(gè)住宅小區(qū)的建造過(guò)程中并不追求特別先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和

2、產(chǎn)品，而是把重點(diǎn)放在對(duì)成熟、實(shí)用的住宅技術(shù)與產(chǎn)品的集成,并取得了明顯成效（2001年獲歐盟的“推廣可再生能源獎(jiǎng)”）。當(dāng)前，我國(guó)正在大力發(fā)展“和諧社會(huì)”，建設(shè)“節(jié)能省地環(huán)保型住宅”，瑞典的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)具有較強(qiáng)的借鑒作用。Abstract: Sweden and Europearge take the leadhesustainable urban development. Thiser is based on a1case study of the Bo01 City of Tomorrow Project inSweden to explore how to utilize systematic

3、 environmentplanning toegrate Energy Efficiency, Water Saving,Material Optimization, Land Saving, Environment 1.Bo01住宅示范區(qū)的概況：為此，該市還制定了環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)（1998- 2002）至 2005 年，CO2 排放減少25%。至 2010，60%能源消耗（交通除外）必須來(lái)自可Protectiono residential construction, which has received2001年在瑞典市舉辦了一次面向可持續(xù)發(fā)展的住宅展覽，同期啟動(dòng)了一個(gè)住宅示范區(qū)項(xiàng)目，

4、名為 Bo01明日之城住宅示范區(qū)（以下簡(jiǎn)稱Bo01）。該住宅示范區(qū)采取邊建設(shè)邊展示的方式，第一期已于2005季全部竣工（圖1）。1.1 住宅示范區(qū)的目標(biāo)“CAIN FOR TAKE OWARD” by EU in 2001.：系統(tǒng)的環(huán)境規(guī)劃，節(jié)能，節(jié)水，節(jié)材，節(jié)地，環(huán)保 Key words: Systematic Environment Technologies, Energy efficiency, Water-saving, Material optimisation, Land-saving, Environmental protection再生能源或 在發(fā)電。的進(jìn)程中，保護(hù)本地區(qū)生物的

5、多樣性。（2）歐洲議會(huì)發(fā)起了一個(gè)關(guān)于推動(dòng)可再生能源應(yīng)用的運(yùn)動(dòng)，準(zhǔn)備在歐洲選擇100個(gè)社區(qū)推廣“可再生能源”。被選作其中的示范區(qū)，也是第一個(gè)示范區(qū)。（1）通過(guò)Bo01住宅示范區(qū)世紀(jì)應(yīng)該住什么樣的房子”和“何從”的辯論；社會(huì)各界關(guān)于“21的生活方式該何去在瑞典的大力支持下，并經(jīng)多方努力終于促成（2）通過(guò)在土地規(guī)劃與利用、新型技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品體系的推廣、生態(tài)保護(hù)措施等方面進(jìn)行積極的探索，力爭(zhēng)在了這個(gè)迄今為止歐洲最大規(guī)模的住宅示范區(qū)，這可以說(shuō)是一個(gè)世紀(jì)（圖3）。的城市抓住機(jī)遇圖發(fā)展的成功案例營(yíng)造宜居環(huán)境、舊城改造結(jié)合方面做出突破。1.2 住宅示范區(qū)的內(nèi)容 通過(guò)Bo01 住宅示范區(qū)，將進(jìn)程與可持續(xù)發(fā)展相市西部

6、廢棄的工業(yè)碼頭區(qū)翻新改造成為占地約30hm2，可容納1000戶居民的住宅綜合區(qū)（圖2）。1.3 Bo01住宅示范區(qū)的建造背景面向可持續(xù)發(fā)展住宅展覽的舉辦和Bo01 住宅示范區(qū)的建立，并非出于偶然，而是由 市當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)背景決定的：（1）近年來(lái)市正處于經(jīng)濟(jì)期由傳統(tǒng)的、已的造船業(yè)和紡織業(yè)，向新型的、高科技的信息產(chǎn)業(yè)與生物技術(shù)方向轉(zhuǎn)化；尤其是和之間跨海大橋的開(kāi)通，為逐漸上升為區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)中心提供了歷史機(jī)遇。如何在后工業(yè)時(shí)期塑造一個(gè)文化與環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的城市形象，成為了略目標(biāo)。市發(fā)展的戰(zhàn) 21 Bo01住宅展區(qū)的位置及示意圖/Location and layout of Bo01 project 2 西

7、港區(qū)的整體規(guī)劃和Bo01住宅示范區(qū)的位置/Mastan of WesternHarbor area and location of Bo01 housing expon area作者瑞典大使館環(huán)境科技中心收稿日期：2009-04-30873Bo01 住宅示范區(qū)的技術(shù)措施及效果結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)正在開(kāi)展的大力發(fā)展“節(jié)能省地環(huán)保型住宅”的工作重點(diǎn)，著重在技術(shù)措施及效果層面進(jìn)行了歸類，并按照“四節(jié)一環(huán)保”的順序介紹如下：節(jié)能減少能源特別是化石能源的消耗，促進(jìn)可再生能源的生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)，提高能源使用效率，一直是西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家所致力研究的課題。具體到Bo01項(xiàng)目，其最重要的成果之一，就是實(shí)現(xiàn)了Bo01小區(qū)1000多戶住宅

8、單元100%依靠可再生能源，并已達(dá)到自給自足。能源供應(yīng)上，100%利用當(dāng)?shù)氐目稍偕茉?，板?00 m2為真空板），分別安裝在8 個(gè)樓宇，年產(chǎn)熱能約525MWh,相當(dāng)于375kMh /m2 年），可滿足小區(qū)15%的供熱需求。（3）地?zé)豳Y源 ：采用地源熱泵技術(shù)，通過(guò)埋在地下土層的管線，把熱量“取”出來(lái)，然后用少量電能使之升溫，供室內(nèi)暖氣或提供生活熱水等。據(jù)有關(guān)環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)評(píng)估，地?zé)岜媚鼙入婂仩t供熱節(jié)省2/3的電能，比鍋爐節(jié)省1/2的能量，平均可節(jié)約用戶30%40%的供熱費(fèi)用。在Bo01住宅示范區(qū)，利用地源熱泵技術(shù)，4將90m井中約15的水，通過(guò)熱交換器，分別可達(dá)到67用于冬季供熱（1.2MW 3.1

9、5MW的熱泵可年產(chǎn)4 000MWh 以上的熱能）和5用于夏季制冷（2.4MW的熱泵可年產(chǎn)3 000MWh）。另外，這些房子大多安裝了溫度傳感器。它可以使供暖系統(tǒng)隨時(shí)感知室內(nèi)外的溫度變化，自動(dòng)調(diào)整鍋爐或熱泵的供熱效率，避免浪費(fèi)能源。以上措施可滿足Bo01住宅示范區(qū)85%的供熱需求。包括風(fēng)能、能、地?zé)崮堋⑸锬艿龋▓D4）。（1）風(fēng)能：依靠風(fēng)力發(fā)電主要來(lái)自于距小區(qū)以北3公里處的一個(gè)2MW風(fēng)力發(fā)電站（2001 年7月建成，是瑞典最大的風(fēng)力發(fā)電站，年生產(chǎn)能力估計(jì)可達(dá)630萬(wàn) kWh），能夠滿足Bo01 小區(qū)所有住戶的家庭用電，熱泵及小區(qū)電力機(jī)車的用電；（4）生物能：住宅區(qū)的生活和廢棄物，通過(guò)馬（2）能：

10、用于發(fā)電和供熱。在Bo01小區(qū)一棟爾默市的市政處理站可以將生產(chǎn)的電力和熱力回用于小區(qū)。由于此過(guò)程并不在當(dāng)?shù)赝瓿?，且能源生產(chǎn)的規(guī)模較小，故不作詳述。2.1.2 能源消耗上，瑞典地處北歐，冬季漫長(zhǎng)寒冷，樓頂安有約120 m 2的能光伏電池系統(tǒng)，年發(fā)電量估計(jì)為1.2 萬(wàn)kWh，可滿足5 戶住宅單元的年需電量。此外， 還設(shè)有1 400 m2的能板（其中1200 m2為平53 Bo01住宅區(qū)中的一個(gè)高度節(jié)能，高度智能化的街坊Tango/TangoA high energy -efficient andlligent block in Bo01可再生能源利用示意圖/SketTango街坊綠色屋面和緊貼屋面

11、的p of utilization of renewable energy能集熱板/The roofscofgrass and flat-plate solar heat collector which is immediate attachedto roof surface igo block8 8 世界建筑 2009/06678夏季短暫而涼爽，因此所有建筑物最主要的能源消耗就 可以隨時(shí)查詢和比較每月所用水、電、暖的狀況，并可將建議和意見(jiàn)進(jìn)行反饋；6），經(jīng)簡(jiǎn)單過(guò)濾處理后最終排入大海水被再加工回用的例子。中未見(jiàn)到雨是取暖。建筑供暖占瑞典總能耗的1/4，占建筑能耗的87%。Bo01住宅示范區(qū)能源

12、的消耗主要集中在暖通空調(diào)和家庭用電方面，小部分用于驅(qū)動(dòng)熱泵、小區(qū)電瓶車的充電、以及其他公共設(shè)施的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。Bo01示范小區(qū)在降低能耗方面值得借鑒的經(jīng)驗(yàn)包括：（1）限制能耗：Bo01嚴(yán)格規(guī)定每戶的能源使用/消 可以提供回收處理的反饋；（3）節(jié)水器具：住宅單元中普遍采用節(jié)水器具，例如兩檔、甚至三檔的節(jié)水馬桶，部分單元還安裝了節(jié)水龍頭。2.3 節(jié)地主要通過(guò)合理的規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)提高小區(qū)的土地利用率，同時(shí)增加小區(qū)的美學(xué)觀賞性。（1）土地利用上，沿襲了瑞典傳統(tǒng)的低密度、緊湊、私密、高效的用地原則。Bo01規(guī)劃以多層為主（3-6層），容積率較本地區(qū)其他住宅小區(qū)高。在設(shè)計(jì)上，得益于30多位建筑設(shè)計(jì)師的共同參與，各個(gè)住

13、宅樓從外觀立面到可以提供動(dòng)態(tài)停車和公共交通時(shí)刻表；可通過(guò)寬帶網(wǎng)實(shí)現(xiàn)在家辦公；此外，通過(guò)以上小區(qū)開(kāi)展的環(huán)境教育計(jì)劃，使居住其中的居民有了更加環(huán)保的生活方式。2.1.3 能源的供求平衡方面Bo01做法是引入“大循環(huán)周期的概念”，即小區(qū)的電網(wǎng)、熱網(wǎng)與市政電網(wǎng)、熱網(wǎng)是串聯(lián)的，保證了小區(qū)可耗（包括家庭用電、暖通空調(diào)）過(guò)105kWh/m2年（2000 年瑞典家庭平均能源使用/ 消耗水平為 175kWh/m2年）， 在滿足使用需要和保障舒適度的同時(shí)，體現(xiàn)了節(jié)約能源的原則。（2）提高能效：Bo01采取多種措施，如 “質(zhì)量憲章（Quality Charter）”，要求從樓面設(shè)計(jì)、建材選擇，以及戶內(nèi)電器的配套上都

14、力求實(shí)現(xiàn)能源效率高、日常能耗少。如，普遍采用斷橋式噴塑鋁合金門(mén)窗、高效暖氣 片（配以可調(diào)式溫控閥）、可調(diào)式通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)、節(jié)能燈具、空心磚墻及復(fù)合墻體技術(shù)，部分樓宇安裝有可熱量回收的新風(fēng)系統(tǒng)、加厚的復(fù)合外墻外保溫墻板等。此外，小區(qū)廣泛推廣植被綠色屋頂，可以有助于保溫、減少能耗而且環(huán)保（圖5）。再生能源在生產(chǎn)時(shí)可將多余電量輸給城市公共網(wǎng)而不浪費(fèi)；反之，在低谷時(shí)可從公共電網(wǎng)獲得補(bǔ)充。使得Bo01示范區(qū)在以年為周期的中，實(shí)現(xiàn)了小區(qū)能平面構(gòu)圖，乃至裝修裝飾都紛呈、各具特色，在體源的自給自足和供求平衡。此外，瑞典也采取一些現(xiàn)多樣性的同時(shí)，又很好地實(shí)現(xiàn)了和諧，并突出展經(jīng)濟(jì)措施鼓勵(lì)可再生能源的生產(chǎn)和使用，如富余的

15、可再生能源的售價(jià)可以高于市場(chǎng)價(jià)，居民使用時(shí)可以獲得補(bǔ)貼等。2.2 節(jié)水示了（2）這棟的功能性原則（圖7）。塔樓（Turning Torso）層的綜合公寓樓由西班牙著名設(shè)計(jì)師卡拉瓦設(shè)計(jì)，位于整個(gè)住宅示范區(qū)的北面；遠(yuǎn)望是由 9個(gè)立方體經(jīng)過(guò)疊加后，又順時(shí)針扭轉(zhuǎn)而成（圖8）。整個(gè)建筑分為54 層，總高度約為190m，居住總面積達(dá)12 150m2，可容納150套居住與辦公單元，該項(xiàng)目已于瑞典因?yàn)楸o(jì)的原因，使得國(guó)內(nèi)湖泊眾多，淡水資源豐富，所以在水利用方面更注重污水排放對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響。Bo01住宅小區(qū)的做法包括：給排水系統(tǒng)：Bo01小區(qū)的給排水系統(tǒng)與市政管網(wǎng)相連。雨水處理系統(tǒng)：主要針對(duì)瑞典南部多雨的特

16、點(diǎn)，將雨水排放系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)為雨水首先經(jīng)過(guò)屋頂綠化系統(tǒng) 過(guò)濾處理（詳見(jiàn)（五）環(huán)保之二植被屋頂），補(bǔ)充綠化系統(tǒng)水分，其余雨水經(jīng)過(guò)路面兩側(cè)開(kāi)放式排水道匯集（圖（3）充分利用IT，加速了可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念的普及和認(rèn)知，使居住者不再僅僅是的參與者。2005季完工。Bo01示范區(qū)項(xiàng)目自啟動(dòng)伊始，就在能源生產(chǎn)與消耗、用該建筑自設(shè)計(jì)方案出臺(tái)之日起，就了廣泛的爭(zhēng)水、交通等設(shè)備安裝方面運(yùn)用電子卡技術(shù)實(shí)行全論。一方面它在節(jié)約用地方面無(wú)疑有積極的的作用，另一方面它與周圍的環(huán)境和傳統(tǒng)是如此的不同，而且造價(jià)昂貴。孰是孰非，褒貶不一，它的建成不僅已成為Bo01住宅示范過(guò)程的管理、控制和運(yùn)行監(jiān)測(cè)，形成的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)不僅為小區(qū)管理提供了依據(jù)

17、，更可貴的是為小區(qū)每個(gè)住戶提供了以下的動(dòng)態(tài)信息服務(wù)：區(qū)中最有爭(zhēng)議的一筆，也成為了市的一個(gè)新地標(biāo)。雨水收集系統(tǒng)的明溝被精心設(shè)計(jì)為街道景觀的一部分/The cof sto mwater collection system is designed as part of streetscap多層為主（3-6層），充滿變化的整體環(huán)境/Buildings are mainly multi- storey(3-6 storeies), the whole environment is full of variety and diversity旋轉(zhuǎn)體大樓/Turning Torso89后工業(yè)時(shí)代的環(huán)保意識(shí)還是

18、很值得化進(jìn)程中加以借鑒的。2.5.2 植被屋頂在快速工業(yè)在Bo01小區(qū)中穿行，碧綠色的屋頂很容易在空間轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)闖入你的眼簾，并該住宅示范區(qū)的一道風(fēng)景（圖9）。其主要的功能是調(diào)節(jié)降水，由于海洋，年降水較多，通過(guò)植被屋頂，可以大大將60%的年降水通過(guò)蒸發(fā)再參與到大氣水循環(huán)，其余的水經(jīng)過(guò)植被吸收后再進(jìn)入雨水收集系統(tǒng)（圖10）；此外這樣還有利于屋面的保溫隔熱，如一般屋頂?shù)臏囟仍诙竞拖募痉謩e達(dá)到-30和+30，但經(jīng)過(guò)植被屋頂?shù)恼{(diào)節(jié)，冬季和夏季的溫度分別為-5和+25（圖11）。2.5.3 固體廢棄物處理9（1）生活的處理：Bo01的做法是按照3R原則，遵循分類、磨碎處理、再利用的程序。居民首先將生活分為

19、食物類和其他類干燥，然后把分類后的通過(guò)小區(qū)內(nèi)兩個(gè)真空管道（圖12），連接到經(jīng)過(guò)市政生物能反應(yīng)市政相應(yīng)處理站，通常食物1011器，可轉(zhuǎn)化生成甲烷、CO2 和有機(jī)肥；其他類干燥經(jīng)焚化產(chǎn)生熱能和電能。據(jù)測(cè)算發(fā)電可為住區(qū)每戶居民提供每年290kWh的電量，足夠滿足每戶全年的正常照明用電。（2）建筑的處理：Bo01小區(qū)將建筑工地的細(xì)分為17類，大大提高了回收利用的效率。此外，很多開(kāi)發(fā)采用工廠預(yù)制的方式生產(chǎn)住宅建筑的部品，減少了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的建筑2.5.4 污水處理量。Bo01小區(qū)的污水通過(guò)市政并入市政污水處理系統(tǒng)。其中有兩個(gè)廠房的功能值得一提：一個(gè)廠房負(fù)責(zé)將收集的污水進(jìn)行發(fā)酵處理從而生產(chǎn)沼氣（Biogas），經(jīng)

20、凈化后可以達(dá)到天然氣的品質(zhì)；還有一個(gè)廠房的功能是對(duì)污水中磷等富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化學(xué)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行回收再利用，制造肥料，以減少其對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的破壞。2.5.5 清潔能源處理后的沼氣發(fā)電可用于小區(qū)內(nèi)電瓶車的充電。3.Bo01住宅示范區(qū)所取得的成果根據(jù)對(duì)Bo01住宅示范區(qū)在建設(shè)和使用過(guò)程中的跟蹤評(píng)估，得出該住宅小區(qū)在可持續(xù)發(fā)展領(lǐng)域所取得的成果如下：（1）Bo01的能源供給實(shí)現(xiàn)了100%依靠當(dāng)?shù)乜稍偕?2此外，還有充分利用停車場(chǎng)、鼓勵(lì)自行車和公環(huán)保保護(hù)生態(tài)多樣性、減少環(huán)境污染一直是西方國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)的重點(diǎn)，也是創(chuàng)建可持續(xù)發(fā)展城市的重要舉措。 Bo01的實(shí)踐也不例外。生物多樣性保護(hù)在Bo01項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng)伊始，先由當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)保和科研

21、機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)住宅示范區(qū)進(jìn)行地毯式的物種搜索以及土質(zhì)和水文測(cè)試，務(wù)求在項(xiàng)目開(kāi)工之前，對(duì)那些曾在當(dāng)?shù)爻霈F(xiàn)的物種進(jìn)行妥善的移植和保護(hù)，并在項(xiàng)目后期進(jìn)行景觀設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)再移植回來(lái)。記得在一次參觀時(shí)，當(dāng)?shù)貙?dǎo)游就非常自共汽車、在小區(qū)使用電瓶車等。2.4 節(jié)材（1）主要通過(guò)合理的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)和采用先進(jìn)的住宅建造技術(shù)，達(dá)到節(jié)約建筑材料的目的。如，部分住宅樓采用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)體系。（2）在小區(qū)招投標(biāo)階段，就提前建材選用指南，明確列出對(duì)環(huán)境和健康有害的材料，要求所有工程承包必須遵循。（3）小區(qū)公共部分盡量應(yīng)用使用較長(zhǎng)、可再生能源（風(fēng)能能、地?zé)岬龋?，并已達(dá)到自給自足，供利用的材料（木材、石料等），并對(duì)未來(lái)可再用于鋪設(shè)道路的底料加以考慮。

22、豪地介紹Bo01 是如何保護(hù)一種稱作Filaulgaris 的需平衡。2001年Bo01住宅示范小區(qū)從800多個(gè)項(xiàng)目中脫草花的。雖然，瑞方的行動(dòng)顯得有點(diǎn)小題大做，但這種穎而出，被歐洲議會(huì)歐盟的“推廣可再生能源獎(jiǎng)”。植被屋頂/Green Roof植被屋頂對(duì)水的調(diào)節(jié)作用/Green roof provides regulation of water 11 植被屋頂對(duì)屋面的保溫隔熱作用/Green roof functions as the mal isolation12收集系統(tǒng)/Underground vacuum waste collection system9 0 世界建筑 2009/06I.

23、roduction of Bo01 residential demonstration z o n e In 2001, a residence exhibition with orie tiontowards the sustainable development was held in Malmo of Sweden, and simultaneously a residential demonstration zone named as Bo01 City of Tomorrow (hereinafter referred to as Bo01 Project) was initiate

24、d. This residential demonstration zone adopts the form（2）據(jù)瑞典工學(xué)院2001年通過(guò)對(duì)3棟實(shí)驗(yàn)樓Project, one of the most important achievements is the realization of 100% reliance on the renewable（位置見(jiàn)圖1 所示A、B、C，分別是625、730 和700m2）和一棟參照樓（合乎瑞典準(zhǔn)）的對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，通energy sourby moren 1,000 residentinits in過(guò)采用合理的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)理念、集成的技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品以及先進(jìn)的施

25、工工藝，對(duì)比參照樓、實(shí)驗(yàn)樓的能源需求減少20%31%，人均對(duì)土地和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的占用減少45%59%，人均節(jié)水10%，建材總需求量減少10%，建材廢棄物量 減少20%。（3）通過(guò)成功地將廢棄工業(yè)區(qū)改造為新型、優(yōu)美的the Bo01 area, and the attent of self-sufficiency.For energy supply, it utilizes by 100% the local renewable energy sou s, including wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, and biomass ener

26、gy, etc (Figure 4).Wind energy: Relaying on the windwer generation It mainly comes from the 2MW wind er sion on the north 3km away from the areaof exhibiting whiuilding, and thephase was住宅區(qū)，使市向可持續(xù)發(fā)展城市的發(fā)展目標(biāo)邁出fully completed he autumn of 2005 (Figure 1). of residential demonstration zone:1.Through the

27、 Bo01 Project, initiate the debate of the so l circles about “in what houses should we live in 21st century”, and “what course our life style should follow”;了堅(jiān)實(shí)的一步，也為歐洲其他國(guó)家樹(shù)立了一個(gè)新型住宅區(qū)的樣板。4.啟示與思考（1）可持續(xù)發(fā)展要抓住機(jī)遇，因地制宜地制定階段性目標(biāo)，依靠合理的規(guī)劃、技術(shù)集成與產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新來(lái)逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)。Bo01住宅示范區(qū)就是緊緊地抓住歷史的機(jī)遇，雖然在“四節(jié)一環(huán)?！鳖I(lǐng)域都有涉及，但更注重根據(jù)瑞典(Completed

28、 in July 2001, the largest winwergeneration s ion in Sweden, and the yearly output is estimated at 6.3 million kWh), which can satisfy the domestic er consumption of all households and2.Through the active explorationthe aspectstheer consumption of heat pumps and electricof land planning and utilizat

29、ion, popularization of new technologies and products system, and measures for ecological protection, etc., try to make the vehicles of Bo01 area;1.2 Solar energy: It is used for和市的自身?xiàng)l件，在節(jié)能和環(huán)保方面進(jìn)行突破，er generation所以取得了預(yù)期的效果。尤其難得的是，盡管瑞典是一個(gè)環(huán)境優(yōu)美，水資源、能源和木材資源都較為豐富的國(guó)家，但Bo01 住宅示范區(qū)在“四節(jié)一環(huán)保”領(lǐng)域中所作的努力及其嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膽B(tài)度，更加反映

30、出一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在世and heating. The roof of a building in Bo01 area is installed with the solar photovoltaic battery system ofbreakthroughhe aspect oftegrating the creationof livable environment, the renovation of old urban area, the progress of urbanization and the sustainable development. Content of residen

31、tial demonstration zone:Through the Bo01 Project, reconstruct theabout 120m2, and the yearly amount oowergeneration is estimated at 12 000 kWh, which can satisfy the yearly er consumption of 5 residential units. In addition, 1 400m2 solar panels (in which, panel: 1 200m2 and PV panel: 200m2) are ins

32、talled respectively on 8 buildings, and yearly heat output is about 525MWh (equivalent to 375kMh/m2.year), which can satisfy 15% heating demand of the area.1.3 Geothermal energy: It adopts the ground source heat pump technology to “extract” the underground對(duì)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的追求。（2）在項(xiàng)目的組織協(xié)調(diào)方面，Bo01住宅示范區(qū)項(xiàng)目的參與能源部眾多

33、，包括歐盟、瑞典和地方國(guó)家市市議會(huì)）、20余家國(guó)營(yíng)（如項(xiàng)目總承包obsolete industrial harbor zoneo a comprehensive residential the land of about 30ha. and households. (Figure 2)he west of Malmo商Bo01AB、HSB 即是國(guó)企）和私營(yíng)開(kāi)發(fā)企業(yè)、諸多產(chǎn)品areaat occupies和技術(shù)供應(yīng)商以及科研院所（隆德大學(xué)工學(xué)院等）。modates 1,000項(xiàng)目的順利實(shí)施得益于強(qiáng)有力的生產(chǎn)組織、協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)II. Technical measures and effects of B

34、o01 Project In combination of the work focus of mighty制以開(kāi)發(fā)商為龍頭和主導(dǎo)， 以項(xiàng)目為 相關(guān)企業(yè)如規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)、建筑、部品、材料、，把住宅、工程配套。通過(guò)產(chǎn)heat by tipes buriedthe underground earth監(jiān)理等起來(lái)，在一個(gè)上完成住宅的development of “residencet saves energy, saveslayer, and then heat it upa small amount of集成，形成了一個(gè)利益、責(zé)任、協(xié)作的land and protecvironment” currentl

35、y carried outelectricity to supply the room heating or supply the domestic hot water, etc. According to the evaluation of the relative environmental protection institution, the ground source heat pump can save two thirds of electric energy in heating comparing with the electric boiler, can save half

36、 of energy comparing with the fuel boiler, and i ge can save 30% - 40% heating cost of users. In Bo01 Project, it uses the ground source heat pump technology to take out the water at about 15 the well 90m down the ground, and let it go through the heat exchanger to respectively reach 67 for heatingh

37、e w er (1.2MW 3.15MW heat pump can generate業(yè)鏈的，實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)間、企業(yè)間有序配合的生產(chǎn)組織in China, it emphatically makes the classification of the aspect of technical measures and effect, and模式，最終形成了一個(gè)多贏的利益。（3）在項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施上，Bo01住宅示范區(qū)還有兩個(gè)重要的特點(diǎn)：一個(gè)是在整個(gè)住宅小區(qū)的建造過(guò)程中并未采用特別先進(jìn)、高造價(jià)的技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品，而是把重點(diǎn)放在對(duì)現(xiàn)有、成熟適用的住宅技術(shù)與產(chǎn)品的集成。最有說(shuō)服力的例子莫過(guò)于Bo01的能源供給實(shí)現(xiàn)了10

38、0%依靠當(dāng)?shù)乜稍偕茉矗鋵?shí)只是把當(dāng)?shù)匾呀?jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用的風(fēng)能能、地源熱泵等技術(shù)加以集成而實(shí)現(xiàn)，這也是Bo01住宅示范區(qū)獲得歐盟的“推廣可再生能源獎(jiǎng)”的一個(gè)重要原因。makes theroduction savings and environmentalA.Energy savingthe sequence of “fourprotection”: (Figure 3)The reduction of the consumption of energy, particularly the fossil energy sou s, promotion of the production and sup

39、ply of renewable energy sou s, and improvement of the energy efficiency have always been the subjects of study committed by the western developed countries. Specifically in regards to Bo0191yearly the heat over 4000MWh) and 5 for cooling in the summer (2.4MW heat pump can have the yearly output of 3

40、000MWh). In addition, most houses haveand the mating of room electric applia s. （Figure 5）2.3 Making full use of IT technology to accelerate the popularization and recognition of the concept of sustainable development and allow the residents to no longer only be the passive participants: Since its2.

41、Rainwater treatment system: Mainly aiming at the characteristic of more rains he south of Sweden, the rainwater drainage system is designed as: Theinstalled the temperature sensor, whichheating system to sense the change ofllow thetemperaturerainwater isfiltered by the roof plant system andsupplemen

42、t the water for plant system, and the remaining rainwater is collected by the open sluiceway on both sides of road（Figure 6）, and discharged toindoor and outdoor at any time in order to automatically adjust the heating efficiency of boiler or heat pump to avoid the waste of energy. The above measure

43、s can satisfy 85% heating demand of Bo01 Project.1.4 Biomass energy: For the domestic garbagestart, Bo01 Projes adopted the electronic cardtechnologyhe installationacilities of energyproduction and consumption, water use, garbage and traffic, etc. to implement the management, control and operation m

44、onitoring for the whole pr ss, and the database therefore formed not only provides the basis for management of the area.In addition, the environmental education program carried out the area enables the residents living there to have the more environment-friendly life style.3.Balancing of energy supp

45、ly and demandThe practice of Bo01 Project is to troduce thethe seahe end after the simple filtering treatment.he survey, there is no case of recycle of rainwater.3.Water-saving apparatuses: The residentinitsand wastes of the residential area, thewer andgenerally adopt the water-saving apparatuses, s

46、uch as two- or even three-button water-saving closet, and some units are also installed with the water-saving taps. C.Land savingheat produced through the municipal disaltionof Malmo can be reusedthe area. As the pr ss isnot fulfilled locally and the scale of energy production is small, no more deta

47、iled description is made here.2. For energy consumption, Sweden is located in Northern Europe, the w er is long and cold, and the summer is short and cool, so the largest energy consumption of all buildings is heating. The heating of buildings takes up one fourth of the total energy consumption of w

48、hole Sweden, and takes up 87% of the energy consumption of buildings. The energyconsumption of Bo01 Project is mainly concentrated on the heating and ventilating air conditioners and theIevates the land-use rate of the area, and alsothe aesthetic view of the area mainly by theenhan“concept of year-c

49、ycle-period”, i.e., thewerrational planning and design.1.For the land use, it follows the principle of thenetwork and heat network of the area areterlinkedwith the municipalwhich guaranteeser network and heat network,he period of peak productiontraditional land-usethe way of low density,tcompactness

50、, privacy, and high efficiency in Sweden. Bo01 planning mainly adopts the multi-story buildings (3 6 stories), and the plot ratio is higher an theof renewable energy, the area can deliver the essive er to the municipal public network without waste;vice versa,he valley period, can get supplementother

51、 residential areashis region. It profits fromdomesticer consumption, and a small part of it isfrom the public network. It allows Bo01 Project to realize the self-sufficiency and balancing of supplythe joparticipation of morean 30 architecturalused for driving the heat pumps, charging the batterydesi

52、gners. The residential buildings are colorful and bear the respective features from the exterior fa?ade and floor plan to the finishing and decoration, while reflecting the diversity, better attaining the harmony and unity, and also highlighting the principle of human- oriented functionality（. Figur

53、e 7）2.Skyscr r (Turning Torso)vehiclesthe area, and operating opublic reducingand demand of energy of the areathe assessment byutilities. The experience of Bo01 Project intaking a year as a cycle. Furthermore, the Swedishenergy consumption includes: t can be used for referenceernmens also adopted so

54、me economic measuresto encourage the production and use of renewable energy sour , such as t the sale price of e ssive renewable energy can be higher an the market price, and the residents can receive the subsidy when use it, etc.B.Water savingFor the reason of the gll period, the countryof Sweden h

55、as many lakes, and the resou s of freshLimiting energy consumption: Bo01 strictly regulates t the energy use/consumption of each household (including domestic wer consumption and heating and ventilating air conditioners) should not exceed 105kWh/m2 year (in 2000, the level of average energy use/cons

56、umption of the Swedish fami s was 175kWh/m 2 year), and it reflects the principle of saving energy while satisfying the need of use and guaranteeing the comfort.Improving energy efficiency: Bo01 adopts many measures, such as the “Quality Charter”, to require the investment of great efforts to realiz

57、e the highenergy efficiency and the low daily consumption from the floor design, the selection of building materials,This ultra-high multi-pue apartment buildingwas designed by the famous Spanish designer SantiagoCalatrava, and it is located area; looking from far, it ishe north of the whole formed

58、after nine cubesare stacked and then turn clockwise (Figure 8). Thewater are rich, so higher attention is paidthewhouilding has 54 stories, the total height is aboutaspect of water use to the impact of wastewater discharge on the environment. The practice of Bo01 Project includes:1.Supply and draina

59、ge systems: The supply and drainage systems of Bo01 Project are connected with the municipal pipe networks.190m, the total residential area is 12 150m2, it can contain 150 residential and office units, and this projectwas completedhe autumn of 2005.3.Furthermore, it also makes the full use of the un

60、derground garages, and encourages the use of bicyclesand buses, and the use of battery vehiclesthe area.9 2 世界建筑 2009/06D.Material saving1.Mainly through the rational planning and design and adopting the advanced residential construction(Figure 9). Its main function is to regulate rain precipi ion.