1、Name: _ Class: _ Date: _ Student ID: _GENERAL BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM (A)Question 1: Multiple-Choice Questions (Chose one answer only, 60%, 2% each)C 1) Certain nutrients are considered essential in the diets of some animals becauseA) only those animals use those nutrients.B) the nutrients are subunits o

2、f important polymers.C) these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients.D) the nutrients are necessary coenzymes.E) only certain foods contain them.E 2) A vitamin that is especially important for preventing neural tube abnormalities in a fetus isA) vitamin AB) vitamin CC) vitamin KD) vitami

3、n B2E) folic acid（葉酸）C3) What is the most logical sequence of steps（合理的順序） for splicing（剪切）foreign DNA into a plasmid（質(zhì)粒）and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium? I.Transform bacteria（轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)菌）with a recombinant DNA molecule.II.Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes（限制性內(nèi)切酶）.III.Extract plasmid

4、DNA from bacterial cells.IV.Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments.V.Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA.A) I, II, IV, III, VB) II, III, V, IV, IC) III, II, IV, V, ID) III, IV, V, I, IIE) IV, V, I, II, IIIA4) A researcher has used in vitro mutagenesis（體外突變）to mutate a

5、 cloned gene and then has reinserted（重新插入）this into a cell. In order to have the mutated sequence disable the function of the gene, what must then occur?A) recombination（重組）resulting in replacement of the wild type with the mutated geneB) use of a microarray（基因芯片）to verify continued expression of th

6、e original geneC) replication（復(fù)制）of the cloned gene using a bacterial plasmidD) transcription（轉(zhuǎn)錄）of the cloned gene using a BACE) attachment of the mutated gene to an existing mRNA to be translatedB5) Most _ tissues are dominated by the extracellular matrix.A) epithelialB) connectiveC) nerveD) muscl

7、eE) smooth muscleD6) Which of the following can form an almost impermeable seal（防滲密封帶） between two adjacent epithelial cells（上皮細(xì)胞）? A) Desmosomes（細(xì)胞橋粒）B) Gap junctions（縫隙連接）C) Integral reductive proteins（整合蛋白）D) Tight junctions（緊密連接）E) Collagen（膠原）C7) Which of the following is an organelle（細(xì)胞器）that

8、carries high concentration of digestive enzymes（消化酶）? A) Endoplasmic reticulum B) Mitochondrion C) Lysosome D) NucleusE) Golgi apparatusA 8) What type of lymphocyte is responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? A) B lymphocyte B) Killer T lymphocyte C) Macrophages（巨噬細(xì)胞）D) Antigen-presenting cells（抗

9、原遞呈細(xì)胞）E) None of above C9) Immunoglobulin G（IgG 免疫球蛋白G）has:A) 4 heavy chains B) 4 light chains C) 2 heavy & 2 light chains D) Variable heavy & light chains E) None of the aboveB 10) Suppose Joey was exposed to antigen X for the first time, and 2 days later his blood serum（血清）contained 2 x 106 anti-X

10、 antibodies per milliliter（每毫升）. Six months later, Joey is again exposed to antigen X. 2 days after the second exposure, you would expect his serum anti-X antibody concentration to be _ 2 x 106 per milliliter. A) Exactly B) Greater than C) Less than D 11) If a sperm cell（精子）contains 8 chromosomes（染色

11、體）, it comes from an animal that has _ chromosomes.A) 4B) 8 C) 12 D) 16E) 24B12) Which of the following are primarily responsible for cytokinesis（胞質(zhì)分裂）in plant cells but not in animal cells?A) kinetochores（動(dòng)粒）B) Golgi-derived vesiclesC) actin and myosinD) centrioles and centromeres（中心粒和著絲粒）E) cyclin

12、-dependent kinases（細(xì)胞周期素依賴性激酶）D13) A research team began a study of a cultured cell line（細(xì)胞系培養(yǎng)）. Their preliminary observations（初步的觀察）showed them that the cell line did not exhibit either density-dependent inhibition（接觸抑制）or anchorage dependence（貼壁依賴性）. What could they conclude right away?A) The cel

13、ls originated in the nervous system.B) The cells are unable to form spindle microtubules（紡錘體微管）.C) They have altered series of cell cycle phases.D) The cells show characteristics of tumors（腫瘤）.E) They were originally derived from（來(lái)源于）an elderly organism.C14) Different body cells can respond differen

14、tly to the same peptide hormones（肽類激素）becauseA) different target cells have different sets of genes.B) each cell converts（轉(zhuǎn)變）that hormone to a different metabolite（代謝物）.C) a target cells response is determined by the components of its signal transduction（信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)）pathways.D) the circulatory system（循環(huán)系統(tǒng)）

15、regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets.E) the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system. C 15) The pineal body (gland)（松果體）:A) is in the hypothalamus（下丘腦） B) releases epinephrine（腎上腺素）C) releases melatonin（褪黑激素）D

16、) controls appetite E) is in the pituitary（腦垂體）E16) The hypothalamus（下丘腦）A) functions only as an endocrine（內(nèi)分泌）target, by having lots of receptors on its cells.B) functions only in neuronal transmission.C) does not have any hormone receptors on its cells.D) secretes tropic hormones（促激素） that act dir

17、ectly on the gonads（生殖腺）.E) includes neurosecretory cells that terminate in the posterior pituitary（腦垂體后葉）.B17) In a lactating mammal（哺乳期動(dòng)物）, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, areA) prolactin（催乳激素）and calcitonin（降血鈣素）.B) prolactin and oxytocin（催乳激素和催產(chǎn)素）.C)

18、follicle-stimulating hormone（促卵泡激素） and luteinizing hormone（促黃體激素）.D) luteinizing hormone and oxytocin（促黃體激素和催產(chǎn)素）.E) prolactin and luteinizing hormone（催乳素和促黃體激素）.B18) Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?A) taproots（主根）B) root hairs（根毛）C) the thick part

19、s of the roots near the base of the stemD) storage rootsE) sections of the root that have secondary xylem（次生木質(zhì)部）B19) As a youngster（小孩）, you drive a nail（釘子）in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover

20、that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?A) 0.5B) 1.5C) 3.0D) 15.0E) 28.5E20) Genetic engineering（基因工程）is being used by the pharmaceutical industry（制藥產(chǎn)業(yè)）. Which of the following is not currently one of the uses?A) production of human insuli

21、nB) production of human growth hormoneC) production of tissue plasminogen activatorD) genetic modification of plants to produce vaccinesE) creation of products that will remove poisons from the human bodyE21) Which of the following is used to make complementary（互補(bǔ)的）DNA (cDNA) from RNA?A) restriction

22、 enzymes（限制性酶）B) gene cloning（基因克?。〤) DNA ligase（DNA連接酶）D) gel electrophoresis（凝膠電泳）E) reverse transcriptase（逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶）E22) Many plants flower in response to day-length cues. Which of the following statements best summarizes this phenomenon?A) As a rule, short-day plants flower in the summer.B) As a rule

23、, long-day plants flower in the spring or fall.C) Long-day plants flower in response to long days, not short nights.D) Flowering in day-neutral plants is only influenced by day length if there is an exceptionally warm spring.E) Flowering in short-day and long-day plants is controlled by phytochrome.

24、C23) After several weeks of exercise, a human athletes resting heart rate is typically lower than before becauseA) the body needs less oxygen than before.B) the body temperature has increased.C) the stroke volume has increased.D) the cardiac output（心輸出量）has decreased.E) the body produces less carbon

25、 dioxide than before.C24) A person with a tidal volume（一次換氣量）of 450 mL, a vital capacity（肺活量）of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume（余氣量）of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity ofA) 1,450 mL.B) 4,000 mL.C) 4,450 mL.D) 5,000 mL.E) 5,450 mL.E25) Neurotransmitters（神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)）are released from axon

26、terminals（軸突末端）viaA) osmosis（滲透）.B) active transport（主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸）.C) diffusion（擴(kuò)散）.D) transcytosis（轉(zhuǎn)胞吞）.E) exocytosis（外吐）.C26) The osmoregulatory process（滲透調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程）called secretion refers to theA) formation of filtrate at an excretory（分泌的） structure.B) reabsorption（重吸收）of nutrients from a filtrate.C) selectiv

27、e elimination（排除）of excess ions and toxins from body fluids.D) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure.E) expulsion（排出）of urine from the body.B27) Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?A) commun

28、ity, ecosystem, individual, populationB) ecosystem, community, population, individualC) population, ecosystem, individual, communityD) individual, population, community, ecosystemE) individual, community, population, ecosystemC28) Which of the following abiotic factors（非生物因子）has the greatest influen

29、ce on the metabolic rates of plants and animals?A) waterB) windC) temperatureD) rocks and soilE) disturbancesA29) This causes an increase in the intensity of UV radiation reaching Earth.A) depletion of ozone layer（臭氧層）B) acid precipitation（酸雨）C) biological magnificationD) greenhouse effect（溫室效應(yīng)）E) e

30、utrophication（富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化）D30) Which of the following provides the best evidence of a biodiversity crisis（生物多樣性危機(jī)）?A) the incursion（入侵）of a non-native speciesB) increasing pollution levelsC) decrease in regional productivityD) high rate of extinctionE) climate changeQuestion 2: True or false, write down T

31、or F (8%, 1% each)F 1) Altering（改變）the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment will alter the rate at which it moves through a gel during electrophoresis（電泳）.T 2) Mitosis（有絲分裂）produces two daughter cells that contain the same kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell.F 3) Salivary amylase（唾液淀粉酶）digests

32、glucose. T 4) In humans, the epiglottis（懸雍垂）prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea.F 5) The dynamic equilibrium of homeostasis is maintained by positive feedback.F 6) The key characterizations of a stem cell are proliferation（增殖）and differentiation（分化）. T 7) Immediately after an action po

33、tential passes along an axon, it is not possible to generate a second action potential. T 8) After eating a carbohydrate-rich meal, the mammalian pancreas（胰腺） increases its secretion of insulin（胰島素）.Question 3: Filling blanks (5%)1) Cyclin（細(xì)胞周期蛋白）is a protein synthesized at specific times during the

34、 cell cycle that associates with protein kinases to form a catalytically active complex.2) According to cancer genetics, two of the major categories of cancer-causing gene mutations occur in oncogene（原癌基因）and tumor suppressor（抑癌基因）.3) The transposable elements（轉(zhuǎn)座子）move from one site to another in a

35、cells DNA, they are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.4) During mammalian labor de delivery, oxytocin enhances uterus to contract, which in turn stimulates oxytocin production from fetus and mothers posterior pituitary. This way of action is called positive feedback（正反饋調(diào)節(jié)）. Question 4: Brie

36、fly define the following (10%, 2% each)1) Homeostasis（內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)）means “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment. （內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)是指機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境保持動(dòng)態(tài)平衡的“穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)”。）2) Pluripotent stem cell（多能干細(xì)胞）is a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm

37、 and ectoderm.（多能干細(xì)胞是指有潛力分化為內(nèi)胚層、中胚層和外胚層三個(gè)胚層的干細(xì)胞。）3) Greenhouse effect refers to the reflecting and absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric methane, carbon dioxide, and water.（溫室效應(yīng)是指大氣中甲烷、二氧化碳和水對(duì)地表向外放出的長(zhǎng)波輻射的反射和吸收，從而使地表與低層大氣溫度增高。）4) Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of nitrogen from N2 to NH

38、3.（固氮作用是指是分子態(tài)氮被還原成氨和其他含氮化合物的過(guò)程。）5) Gastrulation（原腸作用）means making the Body Plan by rearranging the cells of a blastula into a three-layered embryo, called a gastrula.（也稱為原腸運(yùn)動(dòng)，是指囊胚細(xì)胞有規(guī)則地移動(dòng)并形成內(nèi)胚層、中胚層和外胚層三個(gè)胚層的原腸胚。）Question 5 (2%) Which neurotransmitter can result in drug addiction when it is deregulate

39、d? (1%) What other kinds of clinical neurological disorders are related to abnormal signaling of this neurotransmitter? Please give TWO examples (1%).Dopamine can result in drug addiction when it is deregulated. 當(dāng)不受調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)，多巴胺可導(dǎo)致藥物成癮。Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Alzheimer Disease, and Parkinsons Dis

40、ease are related to abnormal signaling of dopamine.精神分裂癥、雙相情感障礙、阿爾茨海默氏病、帕金森氏病均和多巴胺信號(hào)異常有關(guān)。Question 6 (4%) Chemotherapy drug（化療藥物）targeted highly proliferated cell（快速增殖的細(xì)胞）in a patients body. It also has severe side effects（副作用）. Could you please list the common side effects (2%), and explain the reas

41、on(s) that cause(s) such side effects (2%)?Effects 1: Appetite changes, nausea, and vomiting, which are due to following reasons: small intestine stem cells proliferate to regenerate the intestine. Chemotherapy drugs kill the stem cells, which weakens the functions of intestine.副作用1：食欲改變、惡心、嘔吐等癥狀，因?yàn)?/p>

42、腸道再生與小腸干細(xì)胞增殖有關(guān)，而化療藥物殺死小腸干細(xì)胞，從而削弱了腸道功能。Effects 2: Infection, which is due to following reasons: blood stem-cell proliferation is required for the regeneration of the blood cells including white blood cells that fight against infections. Chemotherapy drugs kill the stem cells, so that patients receivi

43、ng the drug get infection easily. 副作用2：感染，因?yàn)閷?duì)抗感染的白血細(xì)胞來(lái)源于造血干細(xì)胞的增殖，而化療藥物殺死造血干細(xì)胞而減少白細(xì)胞數(shù)量，所以化療患者容易感染。Effects 3: Hair loss, which is due to following reasons: hair follicle stem cells proliferate to regenerate hair follicle (and epidermal). Chemotherapy drugs kill the stem cells, resulting hair loss in p

44、atients receiving the therapy. 副作用3：脫發(fā)，因?yàn)槊腋杉?xì)胞增殖而使毛囊（和表皮）再生，而化療藥物殺死毛囊干細(xì)胞，導(dǎo)致患者脫發(fā)。Questions 7 (2%) What is the cell division during the first stage of the embryonic development called? (1%) How is this stage characterized? (1%)The cell division during the first stage of the embryonic development is ca

45、lled cleavage. It is characterized by rapid series of mitotic cell divisions and shows little cell growth or gene expression.在胚胎發(fā)育第一階段的細(xì)胞分裂稱為卵裂。它的特點(diǎn)包括一系列快速的有絲分裂，但幾乎沒(méi)有細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)或基因表達(dá)。Question 8 (4%) As shown in the figure below, in 1924, Hilde Mangold carried out an experiment which included transplantati

46、on（移植）of a structure on the dorsal side of the blastopore embryo（胚胎胚孔背面）, called the dorsal lip(背唇), to the ventral side(腹面) of another embryo. By grafting(嫁接) tissue between differently pigmented species, the fates of the graft and host tissues could be distinguished. This graft caused dorsalizatio

47、n of the ventral mesoderm(腹部中胚層的背部化), leading to the formation of somites（體節(jié)形成）and the formation of a second embryonic axis(另一個(gè)胚軸的形成), and therefore a twin embryo, at the graft site . Importantly, all of these structures were composed of both graft and host cells. What did Mangolds experiments demon

48、strate? (2%) How could you interoperate? (2%)What did their experiments demonstrate? (2%) How could you interpretate? (2%)The results demonstrate the existence of an organizer that instructs both neuralization and dorsalization, and showed that cells can adopt their developmental fate according to t

49、heir position when instructed by other cells. 結(jié)果表明胚胎發(fā)育早期存在特定的“細(xì)胞組織”指導(dǎo)胚胎發(fā)育中的神經(jīng)化和背部化。早期胚胎發(fā)育中細(xì)胞的“命運(yùn)”與它們所處的位置有關(guān)，同時(shí)還受到相鄰其他細(xì)胞的誘導(dǎo)。Question 9 (5%) Action potentials are propagated in only one direction - from axon hillock towards synaptic terminals (Figure 2). Why? (2%)While action potentials are propagated

50、, the graded potential can depolarize the membrane potential at both sides of the action potential generation site. This potential can reach the threshold. In the forward side, it will generate another action potential. However, in the backward side, due to the refractory period, the membrane at thi

51、s side cannot be exited to generate AP.某一位點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作電位能夠使該位點(diǎn)兩側(cè)的膜去極化，然而，每個(gè)動(dòng)作電位都有閾值。在該位點(diǎn)前方將會(huì)產(chǎn)生另一個(gè)動(dòng)作電位，然而由于不應(yīng)期，在該位點(diǎn)后方的細(xì)胞膜無(wú)法產(chǎn)生另一個(gè)動(dòng)作電位，因此動(dòng)作電位只能朝一個(gè)方向傳播。For the following two questions, you may either use cable mode（電路模型）and physics formula to demonstrate or just describe your answers.Action potentials are pro

52、pagated faster in thick nerve fibers than in thin ones. Why? (2%) Action potentials are propagated more rapidly in myelinated axons than in non-myelinated ones. How does the myelin sheath affect the speed of an action potential? (2%) Myelin sheath does several things that affect the speed of an acti

53、on potential.It acts as an insulator around a neuron axon, thereby focusing the propagation of the action potential along the axis of the axon.The action potential leaps from one node of Ranvier (the node in between two myelinated segments) to the next, and to the next, and to the next, and so on, faster than the action potential can propagate as a wave along an unmyelinated axon of the same diame