1、Automation technology is the rapid development of modern, widely used, one of the most eye-catching high-teach, it is promoting a new technological revolution and a new industrial revolution in the core technology. Without automation is used to replace equipment or systems have completed some produc

2、tion tasks, or a substitute achieve certain process, or a substitute for the regulation. Strictly speaking, automation means in the absence of direct participation, equipment or production management process through automatic detection, information processing, analysis and judge automatically achiev

3、e the desired operation or a process.Automatic Control System is a certain functions, tasks to be completed some control systems. Automatic control system and the composition of the human body and the principle of the composition and work of a lot of similarities: automatic control system in the sen

4、sory organ of the human sensor, equivalent to the brain and nervous system control devices, but also equivalent to the hands, legs and muscles of the executive body. Sensors used to detect command information, public information, as we 11 as changes in the status information of the object, and its t

5、ransformation into electrical signal transmission control device. Control device is calculated with the current status of objects (known as charged of, or systems output) with the hope that the state (known as the input signal) poor, and in accordance with this deviation (known as the error signal)

6、according to certain laws of the control signal, and then amplified, gave operators implementing agencies. Operation charged with implementing agencies to drive targeted campaigns, until it reached the desired state of the state. That the output of the system or some other system of controlled varia

7、bles and the input for comparison, a control known as closed-loop control or feedback controlSince the 1960s the United States launched programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller, PLC) to replace traditional relay control device, the PLC have developed rapidly, throughout the world

8、 and in a wide range of applications. At the same time, the PLC function continuously improved. With computer technology, signal processing technology, control technology network technology and the continuous development of the continuous improvement of user needs, PLC in the processing of switching

9、 on the basis of an increase of analog processing and motion control functions. Today is no longer confined to the PLC logic control, motion control, process control, and other fields have also played a very important role.Discrete control of the system as the preferred product, PLC in the 20th cent

10、ury, the 1980s and 1990s have developed rapidly, the worldwide annual growth rate of PLC maintain a 20% to 30%. With factory automation and the continuous improvement of the capacity PLC market base continues to expand, PLC in the industrialized countries in recent years the growth 幅度增加，目前普遍使用的是第四代過

11、程控制體系（DCS,或分布式數(shù)字控制系 統(tǒng)），它主要特點是整個控制系統(tǒng)不再是僅僅具有一臺計算機，而是由幾臺計算 機和一些智能儀表和智能部件構成一個了控制系統(tǒng)。于是分散控制成了最主要的 特征。除外另一個重要的開展是它們之間的信號傳遞也不僅僅依賴于4-20mA 的模擬信號，而逐漸地以數(shù)字信號來取代模擬信號。第五代過程控制體系（FCS, Fieldbus Control System現(xiàn)場總線控制系統(tǒng)）： FCS是從DCS開展而來，就像DCS從CCS開展過來一樣，有了質(zhì)的飛躍。“分 散控制”開展到“現(xiàn)場控制。數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸采用“總線”方式。但是FCS與DCS的真 正的區(qū)別在于FCS有更廣闊的開展空間。自動

12、控制是指應用自動化儀器儀表或自動控制裝置代替人自動地對儀器設 備或工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程進行控制，使之到達預期的狀態(tài)或性能指標。對傳統(tǒng)的工業(yè)生 產(chǎn)過程采用自動控制技術，可以有效提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟效益。對一些 惡劣環(huán)境下的控制操作，自動控制顯得尤其重要。自動控制理論是與人類社會開展密切聯(lián)系的一門學科，是自動控制科學的核 心。自從19世紀Maxwell對具有調(diào)速器的蒸汽發(fā)動機系統(tǒng)進行線性常微分方程 描述及穩(wěn)定性分析以來，經(jīng)過20世紀初Nyquist, Bode, Harris, Evans, Wienner, Nichols等人的杰出貢獻，終于形成了經(jīng)典反應控制理論基礎，并于50年代趨于 成熟。經(jīng)典

13、控制理論的特點是以傳遞函數(shù)為數(shù)學工具，采用頻域方法，主要研究 單輸入一單輸出線性定常控制系統(tǒng)的分析與設計，但它存在著一定的局限性， 即對多輸入一多輸出系統(tǒng)。不宜用經(jīng)典控制理論解決，特別是對非線性、時變 系統(tǒng)更是無能為力。隨著20世紀40年代中期計算機的出現(xiàn)及其應用領域的不斷 擴展，促進了自動控制理論朝著更為復雜也更為嚴密的方向開展，特別是在 Kalman提出的可控性和可觀測性概念以及提出的極大值理論的基礎上，在20世 紀50、60年代開始出現(xiàn)了以狀態(tài)空間分析（應用線性代數(shù)）為基礎的現(xiàn)代控制理 論?，F(xiàn)代控制理論本質(zhì)上是一種時域法，其研究內(nèi)容非常廣泛，主要包括三個 基本內(nèi)容：多變量線性系統(tǒng)理論、最

14、優(yōu)控制理論以及最優(yōu)估計與系統(tǒng)辨識理論。 現(xiàn)代控制理論從理論上解決了系統(tǒng)的可控性、可觀測性、穩(wěn)定性以及許多復雜系 統(tǒng)的控制問題。但是，隨著現(xiàn)代科學技術的迅速開展，生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的規(guī)模越來越大, 形成了復雜的大系統(tǒng)，導致了控制對象、控制器以及控制任務和目的的日益復雜 化，從而導致現(xiàn)代控制理論的成果很少在實際中得到應用。經(jīng)典控制理論、現(xiàn)代 控制理論在應用中遇到了不少難題，影響了它們的實際應用，其主要原因有三： 這些控制系統(tǒng)的設計和分析都是建立在精確的數(shù)學模型的基礎上的，而實際系 統(tǒng)由于存在不確定性、不完全性、模糊性、時變性、非線性等因素，一般很難獲 得精確的數(shù)學模型；研究這些系統(tǒng)時，人們必須提出一些比擬苛

15、刻的假設，而 這些假設在應用中往往與實際不符；為了提高控制性能，整個控制系統(tǒng)變得極 為復雜，這不僅增加了設備投資，也降低了系統(tǒng)的可靠性。于是，自動控制工作 者一直在尋求新的出路，他們在考慮：能否不要完全以控制對象為研究主體，而 以控制器為研究主體呢？能否用20世紀50年代中期出現(xiàn)并得到快速開展的人工 智能的邏輯推理、啟發(fā)式知識、專家系統(tǒng)等來解決難以建立精確數(shù)學模型的控制 問題呢？第三代控制理論即智能控制理論就是在這樣的背景下提出來的，它是人 工智能和自動控制交叉的產(chǎn)物，是當今自動控制科學的出路之一。所謂自動化（Automation）,是指機器或裝置在無人干預的情況下按規(guī)定的程 序或指令自動的進

16、行操作或運行。廣義地講，自動化還包括模擬或再現(xiàn)人的智能 活動。自動化技術廣泛用于工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、軍事、科學研究、交通運輸、商業(yè)、醫(yī) 療、服務和家庭等方面。采用自動化技術不僅可以把人從繁重的體力勞動、局部 腦力勞動以及惡劣、危險的工作環(huán)境中解放出來，而且能擴展人的器官功能，極 大地提高勞動生產(chǎn)率，增強人類認識世界和改造世界的能力。因此，自動化是工 業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、國防和科學技術現(xiàn)代化的重要條件和顯著標志。開展簡況1946年，美國福特公司的機械工程師D. S.哈德最先提出“自動化” 一詞，并用來描述發(fā)動機汽缸的自動傳送和加工的過程（見自動化技術史）。50 年代，自動調(diào)節(jié)器和經(jīng)典控制理論的開展，使自動化進入到

17、以單變量自動調(diào)節(jié)系 統(tǒng)為主的局部自動化階段。60年代，隨著現(xiàn)代控制理論的出現(xiàn)和電子計算器的推 廣應用，自動控制與信息處理結(jié)合起來，使自動化進入到生產(chǎn)過程的最優(yōu)控制與 管理的綜合自動化階段。70年代，自動化的對象變?yōu)榇笠?guī)模、復雜的工程和非工 程系統(tǒng)，涉及許多用現(xiàn)代控制理論難以解決的問題。這些問題的研究，促進自動 化的理論、方法和手段的革新，于是出現(xiàn)了大系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)控制和復雜系統(tǒng)的智能 控制，出現(xiàn)了綜合利用計算器、通信技術、系統(tǒng)工程和人工智能等成果的高級自 動化系統(tǒng)，如柔性制造系統(tǒng)、辦公自動化、智能機器人、專家系統(tǒng)、決策支持系 統(tǒng)、計算器集成制造系統(tǒng)等。自動化是一門涉及學科較多、應用廣泛的綜合性科學

18、技術。它的研究內(nèi)容主 要有自動控制和信息處理兩個方面，包括理論、方法、硬件和軟件等，從應用觀 點來看，研究內(nèi)容有過程自動化、機械制造自動化、管理自動化、實驗室自動化 和家庭自動化等。過程自動化 石油煉制和化工等工業(yè)中流體或粉體的化學處理 自動化。一般采用由檢測儀表、調(diào)節(jié)器和計算器等組成的過程控制系統(tǒng)，對加熱 爐、精儲塔等設備或整個工廠進行最優(yōu)控制（見化工自動化）。采用的主要控制方 式有反應控制、前饋控制和最優(yōu)控制等。機械制造自動化 這是機械化、電氣化與自動控制相結(jié)合的結(jié)果，處理的對 象是離散工件。早期的機械制造自動化是采用機械或電氣部件的單機自動化或是 簡單的自動生產(chǎn)，20世紀60年代以后，由

19、于電子計算器的應用，出現(xiàn)了數(shù)控機 床、加工中心、機器人、計算器輔助設計、計算器輔助制造、自動化倉庫等。研 制出適應多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)型式的柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）。以柔性制造系統(tǒng)為基 礎的自動化車間，加上信息管理、生產(chǎn)管理自動化，出現(xiàn)了采用計算器集成制造 系統(tǒng)（CIMS）的工廠自動化。對社會的影響自動化是新的技術革命的一個重要方面。自動化技術的研究 、應用和推廣，對人類的生產(chǎn)、生活等方式將產(chǎn)生深遠影響。生產(chǎn)過程自動化和 辦公室自動化可極大地提高社會生產(chǎn)率和工作效率，節(jié)約能源和原材料消耗，保 證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，改善勞動條件，改進生產(chǎn)工藝和管理體制，加速社會的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構的 變革和社會信息化的進程。開展趨勢

20、現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)和科學技術的開展，對自動化技術提出越來越高的要求, 同時也為自動化技術的革新提供了必要條件。例如大型企業(yè)的綜合自動化系統(tǒng)、 全國鐵路自動調(diào)度系統(tǒng)、國家電力網(wǎng)自動調(diào)度系統(tǒng)、空中交通管制系統(tǒng)、城市 交通控制系統(tǒng)、自動化指揮系統(tǒng)、國民經(jīng)濟管理系統(tǒng)等。自動化的應用正從工程 領域向非工程領域擴展，如醫(yī)療自動化、人口控制、經(jīng)濟管理自動化等。自動化 將在更大程度上模仿人的智能，機器人已在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、海洋開發(fā)和宇宙探測等領 域得到應用，專家系統(tǒng)在醫(yī)療診斷、地質(zhì)勘探等方面取得顯著效果。工廠自動化、辦公自動化、家庭自動化和農(nóng)業(yè)自動化將成為新技術革命的 重要內(nèi)容，并得到迅速開展。has been slowin

21、g. However, in China and other developing countries PLC increases very rapidly. Comprehensive information, in 2004 the global PLC sales of about 10 billion US dollars in the field of automation occupy a very important position.PLC is touched by the original imitation relay control theory development

22、 of the 20th Century, the 1970s only switch of the PLC logic control, the first application of the automobile manufacturing industry. With the implementation of storage logical, sequential control, timing, counting and computing, such as operating instructions, and digital input and output operation

23、s, to control all types of machinery and production process. Users of the control procedures of the production process technology requirements, and advance into the PLC user program memory. Running on the storage procedures for the implementation of the contents one by one, to complete the process r

24、equirements of the operation. PLC CPU with the procedures step instructions stored program counter address in the running process, every step in the implementation of an automatic counter, procedures from the initial step (Step number zero), followed by the implementation of the final step (usually

25、END directive), and then returned to the initial step cycle operation. PLC completed a cycle of every operation known as the time required for a scan cycle. Different models of the PLC, scanning cycle to cycle in a microsecond between dozens of microseconds. PLC programming by ladder diagram, in the

26、 logic of the balance, the advantages of rapid performance, in order of microseconds, 1 K Solution Logic Programming less than 1 ms. It is all the input as to deal with the volume switch, 16 (also 32) for a simulated volume. Another large-scale use of PLC CPU to complete the simulation of the operat

27、ion. The results presented to the PLC controllerThe same 1/0 points system, with PLC than DCS, and the cost should be lower (approximately 40% to about Province). PLC do not have a dedicated operator station, which used the software and hardware are generic, so maintenance cost is much lower than th

28、e DCS. A PLC controller can receive thousands of I / 0 points (up to more than 8, 000 I / 0). If the accused was mainly targeted at the chain of equipment, circuit rarely used PLC more suitable. PLC as a universal monitoring software, in the design of the management information systems to easier.Ove

29、r the past 10 years, with the PLC and lower prices for users demand continues to expand, more and more small and medium-sized equipment began to use PLC control, PLC application in China is growing quite rapidly. With China s rapid economic development and infrastructure constantly improve the level

30、 of automation, for a period of time within the PLC in China will continue to maintain high-speed growth momentum.GM PLC can be used in specialized equipment that it is an embedded controller, PLC relative to the average embedded controller and the higher reliability and better stability. Practical

31、work in the original encounter some users use embedded controller, now being used generic PLC PLC replace or custom embedded controllers.Automatic Control (automatic control) is that in the absence of direct participation in the circumstances, the use of additional equipment or devices, machinery, e

32、quipment or production process of a working state or parameters automatically in accordance with the law scheduled to run.Control is relative in terms of the concept of control. Not referring to the participation of the people under the control device with the object or process automatically accordi

33、ng to the laws of operation. Automatic control technology to the study of human beings from the complex, dangerous and tedious work environment to liberate control and greatly improve efficiency. Control is a branch of science and engineering. It involves the use of dynamic feedback on the principle

34、 of the automatic system, in order to make the output value of close to the value we want. From a methodological perspective, its a mathematical system based on the theory. Today, we called the Automatic Control of the middle of the 20th century is the control theory, a branch. Is the basis of the c

35、onclusions Norbert Wiener, the Rudolf Kalman.For example: the indoor temperature regulation indoor temperature regulation is a simple easy-to-understand examples. Purpose is to the indoor temperature maintained at a fixed value of 0 , despite the fenestration and other factors make distributed heat

36、from indoor outdoor (interference d). In order to achieve this objective, heating must be proper impact. Through the valve regulating the temperature will remain constant. In addition, a feeling of the people before temperature hot water temperature will be subject to interference from the outside w

37、orld. Further examples of the remaining three oil drums system.Developments in the field of process control more than 150 years ago, the first generation of process control system is based on the 5-13 pneumatic signal standards (PCS pneumatic control system, Pneumatic Control System). Simple local m

38、ode of operation, control theory has initially taken shape, yet the concept of a control room.Second-generation process control system (analog or ACS, Analog Control System) is based on the 0-10 mA or 4-20 mA current analog signal, the obvious progress in the full 25 years firmly in control of the e

39、ntire rule areas. It characterized the arrival of the era of electrical control. With major development in control theory, control theory, the establishment of the three lay the foundation of the modern control; the control room set up, control functions of separation model has been in use ever sinc

40、e.Third-generation process control system (CCS, Computer Control System) . 70 began the application of digital computers, produced a huge superiority in technology, people in the measurement, modelling and control of the area first to use logic, resulting in a third-generation process control system

41、 ( CCS, Computer Control System). This was known as the third-generation process control system is a revolution in the field of automatic control, and give full play to their superiority in the computer, so people generally believe that the computer can do everything, naturally produced called of ce

42、ntral control computer system needs to be pointed out is that the signal transmission system is still in use most of the 4-20 mA analog signal, but was found Not long after that, with focus and control of the reliability of the issue, also focused on the danger of out of control, with a slight to th

43、e entire system will be paralyzed. Therefore, it will soon be developed into distributed control system (DCS).Fourth-generation process control systems (DCS, Distributed Control System Distributed Control System): With the rapid semiconductor manufacturing technology development, the widespread use

44、of microprocessors, the reliability of computer technology in a substantial increase in the current widespread use of the Fourth and process control systems (DCS, or distributed digital control system), which is the main characteristics of the control system is no longer merely a computer, but some

45、computers and some smart instrumentation and components constitute a smart control system. So decentralized control has become the main characteristics. Another important exception is the development of signal transmission between them is not only dependent on the analog signals 4-20 mA, and gradual

46、ly to replace the digital signal to analog signal.Fifth-generation process control system (FCS, Control System control system): FCS is developed from the DCS, as from the development of DCS from the CCS, a qualitative leap, to the Data transmission using the approach. But FCS DCS and the real differ

47、ence between the FCS have a broader space for development.Application control is automated instrumentation or automatic control device automatically replace people on the production equipment or industrial process control, so that they will reach the desired state or performance indicators. Of the t

48、raditional industrial processes using automation technology can effectively improve the quality of the product and the economic efficiency of enterprises. Some of the toughest environments for the control operation, automatic control is particularly important.Control theory and the development of hu

49、man society is closely linked to a science, automation is the core of science. Since the 19th century with Maxwell governor of the steam engine system of linear ordinary differential equations describing and stability analysis since the early 20th century after Bode, Harris, Evans, Nichols and other

50、s of the outstanding contribution, and finally formed classic feedback control theory based, in the 1950s mature. Classical control theory on the characteristics of the transfer function for the mathematical tool used frequency-domain methods, mainly on the single-input - single-output quot; linear

51、time-invariant control systems analysis and design, but there are some limitations that the multi - Input - Multi-output system. Should not use classical control theory, in particular the nonlinear, time-varying systems is powerless. With 40 in the mid-20th century the emergence of computer and the

52、continuous expansion of application fields, and promote the automatic control theory in the more complex and more in the direction of tight, especially in Kalmans controllability and the concept the maximum value on the basis of theory, in the 20th century, the 1950s and 1960s that have appeared in

53、state-space analysis (linear algebra) is the basis of modern control theory. Modern control theory is essentially a time-domain method, the very extensive research, including three basic elements: multivariable linear systems theory, the optimal control theory and optimal estimation and system ident

54、ification theory. Modern control theory theoretically solve the system controllability, stability, as we 11 as many complex systems control issues. However, as modern science and technology is developing rapidly, the increasing scale production systems, the formation of complex large-scale systems,

55、leading to a control object, the controller and control tasks and objectives of the increasingly complex, resulting in the results of modern control theory rarely been applied in practice. Classical control theory, in the application of modern control theory encountered a lot of problems, their impa

56、ct on the practical application of its three main reasons: (T) these control system design and analysis are based on precise mathematical model on the basis of, and practical system because of uncertainty, incomplete and vague, time-dependent, nonlinear, and other factors generally difficult to obta

57、in precise mathematical model; study these systems, people must make the assumption that some of the more harsh, and these Assuming that the actual application are often inconsistent; In order to improve control performance, the entire control system has become extremely complex, which not only incr

58、eased the investment in equipment, but also lowers the reliability of the system. Therefore, the automatic control workers has been seeking new outlets, they consider: Can not fully control the main targets for research, and for research to the main controller? Can 20 in the mid-1950s and the rapid

59、development of artificial intelligence by the logic of reasoning, heuristic knowledge, the expert system to solve difficult to build a precise mathematical model of control? Control Theory is the third generation intelligent control theory is against this backdrop that the proposed, it is artificial

60、 intelligence and control of the cross-product of the contemporary scientific way to control one.The so-called automation (Automation), refers to machine or device in the absence of intervention in accordance with the regulations under the procedures or instructions for automatic operation or operat