1、血與大地第八章英漢翻譯實(shí)踐報(bào)告摘 要本文是一篇英漢翻譯實(shí)踐報(bào)告。翻譯材料選自美國(guó)作家凱文貝爾斯（Kevin Bales）于2013年出版的紀(jì)實(shí)小說(shuō)血與地球（Blood and Earth）第八章。該書(shū)目前尚無(wú)中文譯本出版。這本書(shū)屬于紀(jì)實(shí)文學(xué)作品，其最大的特點(diǎn)就是兼?zhèn)浼o(jì)實(shí)性與文學(xué)性于一體，在反應(yīng)客觀歷史事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，又有藝術(shù)的手法加工，因此具有很高的翻譯價(jià)值。筆者以美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家尤金奈達(dá)的功能對(duì)等理論為指導(dǎo)。全文由五個(gè)部分組成，第一部分為任務(wù)描述，筆者對(duì)翻譯源文本所選章節(jié)的內(nèi)容和作者以及此次翻譯實(shí)踐的目的和意義進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要介紹。第二部分為過(guò)程描述，闡述了筆者所做的譯前準(zhǔn)備工作以及翻譯過(guò)程和譯后處理。第

2、三部分的主要內(nèi)容是譯前準(zhǔn)備，介紹了功能對(duì)等理論的相關(guān)知識(shí)，譯前所準(zhǔn)備的翻譯工具等。第四部分為案例分析，筆者通過(guò)運(yùn)用增譯，詞義轉(zhuǎn)換，長(zhǎng)難句拆分和重組等翻譯策略，從詞匯和句法層面對(duì)翻譯當(dāng)中遇到的重難點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，以謀求與源文本實(shí)現(xiàn)最大程度的“對(duì)等”。第五部分，筆者對(duì)此次翻譯實(shí)踐報(bào)告做了總結(jié)。通過(guò)此次翻譯實(shí)踐筆者更加深刻地認(rèn)識(shí)到翻譯理論對(duì)于指導(dǎo)翻譯實(shí)踐中的重要性。關(guān)鍵詞 ：血與大地；紀(jì)實(shí)文學(xué)；功能對(duì)等理論；翻譯實(shí)踐AbstractThis is an English-Chinese translation practice report. The translation material is sel

3、ected from chapter 8 of the documentary fiction Blood and Earthby the American writer Kevin Bales published in 2013. And there is no Chinese version on the market yet. This book is a documentary literature work whose biggest characteristic is documentary as well as literariness. On the basis of refl

4、ecting the objective historical facts, documentary literature is processed with artistic techniques, so it has high translation value.The report is guided by the Functional Equivalence Theory of American linguist Eugene Nida. There are five parts in the report. The first part is task description, in

5、 which the author briefly introduces the content and the author of the selected chapter, as well as the purpose and significance of the translation practice. The second part is the process description, which describes the authors pre-translation preparation, translation process and post-translation

6、processing. The third part is mainly about pre-translation preparation, introducing the relevant knowledge of Functional Equivalence Theory and translation tools prepared before translation. The fourth part is case analysis. Through the application of translation strategies such as amplification, co

7、nversion, division and combination, the author analyzes the key and difficult points in translation from the level of words and syntax, to achieve the maximum degree of “equivalence” with the source text. In the fifth part, the author made a summery about the translation practice report. Through thi

8、s translation practice, the author has come to a deeper understanding of the importance of translation theory in guiding translation practice.Key words Blood and the Earth Documentary literature Functional Equivalence Theory Translation practiceContentsAbstract（Chinese）Abstract（English）IIChapter 1 T

9、ask Description11.1 Source of the Task11.2 Purpose and Meaning of the Task11.3 Background Information of the Text2Chapter 2 Process Description42.1 Preparation before Translation42.2 Draft Translating42.3 Proofreading4Chapter 3 Preparations for Translation63.1 Preparations for Tools and Terms63.2 Pr

10、eparations for Parallel Texts63.3 Preparations for Translation Theory7Chapter 4Translation Methods and Case Analysis84.1Lexical Level84.1.1 Amplification84.1.2 Conversion94.1.3 Semantic Extension104.2 Syntactical Level114.2.1 Division124.2.2 Combination14Chapter 5 Summery17Appendix Source Text19Appe

11、ndix Target Text33Acknowledgments44Chapter 1 Task Description1.1 Source of the TaskThis original translation text is selected from the authors personal practice. The selected task is the E-C translation of Blood and Earth, a book with 10 chapters. The book is about 100,000 words. And there is no Chi

12、nese version on the market yet. The original translation text is written in English, and the text type is documentary literature. The author translated four chapters of this book, chapter 7 The Massacre of Memory, chapter 8 As With Trees，So With Men, chapter 9 Weve All Got A Part of the Answer, and

13、chapter 10 You Cant Un-Know What You Know respectively, in which the author chose chapter 8 for writing this practice report, about 13,000 words. Through the description of what the author of the selected book has seen and heard, this book shows us that in Brazil today, more than a century after the

14、 abolition of slavery, there are still thousands of slave workers, who work day and night, but cant get a clean meal or a clean glass of water. In addition, the existence of slavery is also linked to the ecocide and deforestation in Brazil. Slaves were forced to cut forests, so the area of forest in

15、 Brazil decreased year by year. 1.2 Purpose and Meaning of the TaskThere are two main purposes of project practice:First of all, from the perspective of the translator, this translation practice can enrich the translators cultural literacy, enhance the translators understanding of documentary litera

16、ry texts, and improve the translators translation skills. By carefully studying the source text and analyzing it, the translator has deepened interest in documentary literature. In the process of analysis, the translator also borrowed a lot of parallel texts, which greatly expanded background knowle

17、dge. In addition, the translation task is English to Chinese, and the text has a certain degree of translation difficulty. It is a big challenge for the translator both in understanding and translating the novel. Therefore, as a translation major student, the translator will work hard to improve the

18、 translation quality.Secondly, from the perspective of cultural exchange, this translation task is also aimed at promoting cultural exchanges between China and the West. Perhaps in our view, slavery has disappeared for centuries and will never be our business. This book shows us what happened and wh

19、at is going on happening in Brazil, shows us that in many countries today, slavery has been abolished for more than a century, and there is still exist slavery. Thousands of slave workers, whose day and night working cant bring them a clean meal, a cup of clean water. This novel analyzed from the pe

20、rspective of the world and provides materials for studying modern slavery.The significance of project practice:First of all, choosing the 8th chapter of “Blood and Earth” for English-Chinese translation is conducive to enriching the translators knowledge reserve in this field, accumulating experienc

21、e for similar translation work in the future, and also facilitating Chinese readers. Second, more people can understand and solve the problems of modern slavery and the destruction of virgin forests. In addition, reading this book can make people focus on global issues, extent their horizon.1.3 Back

22、ground Information of the TextThis selected text mainly tells the readers that the author Kevin Bales who has been to various continents and countries to talk face to face with slaveholders and slaves and listen to the slaves about their tragic experiences. Kevin Bales also expressed his determinati

23、on to overthrow slavery. Fortunately, there are more than one thousand slaves were freed and regained their freedom by his efforts. The eighth chapter selected for writing this practice report mainly describes the slavery and ecocide in Brazil. The struggle between the Brazilian government and slave

24、holders was over and over. Most slaves were hidden in the deep forest making it difficult to find them. It also described the relationship between slavery and Brazils economic development and ecological deterioration.The selected text is a documentary literature work, while the author read few docum

25、entary literature works before. Therefore, the author spent a lot of energy to search much information about documentary literature works and read it carefully. Documentary literature, also known as reportage, is a new style of literature which can rapidly reflects all respects of real life. Documen

26、tary literature was popular in the 1980s, and it is created from real people and real events. However, documentary literature is also literary, a certain degree of fiction is allowed. Kevin Bales is an American writer who has written many books about slavery: Blood and Earth: Modern Slavery, Ecocide

27、, and the Secret to Saving the World; Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy; New Slavery: A Reference Handbook; Understanding Global Slavery; Ending Slavery: How We Free Todays Slaves, in which the book Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy was published in ten language

28、, and the movie adapted from this book won two Emmys and a Peabody. Kevin Bales is an activist who are fighting for slaves for many years. He dreams to end slavery in all forms within 25 years. He launched a speech in TED: How to combat modern slavery, in which he expressed his determination to solv

29、e slavery all over the world.Chapter 2 Process Description2.1 Preparation before Translation Pre-translation preparation is an essential part of translation practice. Only by making full preparations for translation can a translation practice be completed with high quality. Therefore, after receivin

30、g the translation task, the author started pre-translation work immediately. First, the author read the selected text carefully, and then went to the school library to search for a large number of relevant books and materials. The author knew that paper materials are inadequate, so the author search

31、ed the relevant information on some websites, too. These materials helped the author to understand the selected text better indeed. Besides, discussed with two other translators and communicated with my tutor on poor understanding about the selected text really guaranteed the author to finish the tr

32、anslation task in high quality.2.2 Draft Translating Within one months from the date of receiving the translation task to the date of handing in the manuscript, the author has made a strict plan to complete the translation at a certain time and in a certain quantity. If the translation is not comple

33、ted on time, the author will certainly find extra time to complete it. And timely communication with the other two translators about the translation situation. The author will also consult tutor in time if there is anything difficult to understand.2.3 ProofreadingProofreading is the process of furth

34、er testing the translation language. It is also an indispensable step in the translation process and an indispensable work to ensure the quality of the translation. Proofreading is an important criterion for the evaluation and modification of a translation, which aims to eliminate inappropriate or i

35、ncorrect words and sentences in the translation, polish the translation, make it more readable and improve the translation quality.After finishing the first draft, the author proofreads the translation carefully. Correct punctuation, miss-translation, omission, and poor understanding at the first tr

36、anslation version, reconsider the words, and discuss with two other translators. In the second proofreading, the author mainly focuses on the translation text. First, the author reads the translation text carefully, finds out the inappropriate expressions, and then revises it according to the origin

37、al text to avoid Chinglish in the translation. In the third proofreading, the author sent the translation text to the other two translators. We three translators proofread each others translation text to check whether there is still semantic illiteracy and difficult to understand from the perspectiv

38、e of the readers, and then discuss and modify the translation together according to the original text. Finally, the author sent the final translation text to the tutor for final review.Chapter 3 Preparations for Translation3.1 Preparations for Tools and TermsTranslation tools can improve the authors

39、 translation efficiency. Therefore, the author also makes use of effective translation tools to improve the translation efficiency. The selected text a PDF version, so the first step the author need to take is to use WPS to convert PDF version into editable word version.In order to better understand

40、 the original text and make the translation more accurate, the author made a detailed reference to some special terms and vocabulary in the original text, mainly with the help of Baidu encyclopedia, Google, Vikipedia and other websites, Youdao, Bing, Baidu translation and other online dictionaries.

41、However, online dictionaries have limited resources and incomplete explanations of some lexical terms. Therefore, the author also used some printed dictionaries such as Oxford Advanced English-Chinese Dictionary and Longman Advanced English-Chinese Dictionary.Since the official language of Brazil is

42、 Portuguese. So most names of people and places in the selected text are written in Portuguese. In order to avoid the inconsistency of those names in the translation, the author need to sort out the terms and use CAT tool to build the glossary. In this report, the author used Jeemaa to build the AQ

43、terminology database. Thus the consistency of the translation of these names is guaranteed. So it is very convenient for the author to avoid repeated addition of those names.3.2 Preparations for Parallel Texts In order to carry out the translation task successfully, the author has collected and read

44、 some documentary literature works. Thus the author has gained a certain understanding of the texts background knowledge, language features and sentence patterns. The author chose a documentary literature book Passes and Mountains of China for parallel reading. It was written in Chinese and jointly

45、published by Sichuan publishing group and Sichuan publishing house. It recorded that China Mobile has overcome many difficulties and brought telephone communication to the remote mountainous areas of China. Through reading this book, the author is more familiar with the Chinese expression of documen

46、tary literature, which is of great help to the translation of the selected text.To have a better understanding of slavery and ecocide, the author of this report watched Kevin Baless speech in TED: How to combat modern slavery. In this speech, Kevin Bales shared some videos and pictures to illustrate

47、 the poor living conditions of the slaves. And he also provided abundant data to prove that the slavery is exist indeed, he wanted to call people all over the world to fight for the freedom of slaves. After listening what Kevin Bales experienced and his understanding of slavery, the author know more

48、 about slavery and have a clearer understanding of the content of the selected text.3.3 Preparations for Translation Theory Since the author had read few documentary literature before, the author encountered a series of difficulties in translation. The language of documentary literature is strict in

49、 logic and accurate in expression, so the author is required to use words very rigorously, and at the same time ensure the language structure characteristics of documentary text will be saved. In order to achieve this goal, the author decided to follow Eugene Nidas Functional Equivalence Theory and

50、adopt a variety of translation strategies to achieve the maximum “equivalence” between the target text and the original text. Eugene Nida, a famous American linguist, translator and translation theorist, put forward the Functional Equivalence Theory. Eugene Nida is known as “one of the most influent

51、ial theorists in translation”. And he is “the patriarch of translation study and a founder of the discipline” (Snell-Hornby 1988:1). Nida believes that translation should serve the target language reader. He holds that “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it

52、in essentially the same manner as the original readers did” (Nida 1993:118; 1995:224).Chapter 4 Translation Methods and Case AnalysisThere are different ways of expression between English and Chinese, so a variety of translation theories and techniques should be used in the translation of English wo

53、rks. This paper is guided by American translator Eugene Nidas Functional Equivalence theory, which emphasizes that translation is not word-for-word, sentence-to-sentence correspondence, but should keep the content and form of the original text to the maximum extent and take into account the readers

54、reactions.In this chapter, to accomplish lexical and syntactical equivalence, the author makes a comprehensive use of a variety of translation strategies and techniques.4.1 Lexical LevelIn order to achieve the equivalence in lexical level, it is necessary for the translator to choose the words that

55、can best convey the meaning of the original text. In this part, the translator used the methods of amplification, conversion and semantic extension, and cases are listed followed each method to realize the lexical level equivalence to the greatest extent.4.1.1 AmplificationAmplification refers to th

56、e addition of words without appearance in the original text but implicit in the meaning of the sentence. Words are not added randomly, but to express the meaning of the original text more accurately. The meaning of the original text can be fully expressed by using amplification.Case 1Original: Inste

57、ad of old-fashioned ideas like “marketplaces” or “neighborhoods”, the designers grouped buildings together by function.Target: 他們沒(méi)有采取像“市場(chǎng)”或“社區(qū)”這樣的老式想法，而是通過(guò)功能將建筑物組合在一起。Analysis: English commonly used nouns or phrases while Chinese commonly used verbs. The phrase “Instead of” is usually translated int

58、o Chinese as “代替；而不是.” However, if the translator translated the phrases into Chinese directly with “代替；而不是”, the expression would not be correct in Chinese grammar. So, the translator added the verb“采取” and translated “instead of” into “沒(méi)有”. That will make the translation more smooth.Case 2Original

59、：Anti-slavery activists in Tocantins were forced to flee in the face of repeated death threats. State officials were also targeted.Target：托坎廷斯的反奴隸制活動(dòng)分子面對(duì)不斷的死亡威脅被迫逃離。州官員也被列為威脅目標(biāo)。Analysis：As an adjective, “targeted” means “定向的；被定位攻擊目標(biāo)的”. While as a verb, it means “把列為目標(biāo)”. If the translator translated

60、the sentence as “州官員也被列為目標(biāo)” is correct in grammar, but it would be unclear in meaning. And we can find the words “death threats” in the last sentence, so we can know that the state officials are facing death threats. Here, the translator added “威脅” in the translation. So the translation “州官員也被列為威脅目標(biāo)