1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)第一章:Globalizing Business（全球化的商務(wù)活動(dòng)）1.【international business】is defined as(被定義為)：business (firm) that engages（參與） in international (cross-border跨國(guó)) economic activities or the action of doing business abroad.翻譯：國(guó)際商務(wù)被定義為：（1）參與國(guó)際（跨國(guó)）經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的企業(yè)；

2、（2）到海外從事商務(wù)活動(dòng)的行為。2.【global business】：business around the globe, including both international (cross-border) activities and domestic（國(guó)內(nèi)的） business activities.翻譯：全球商務(wù)是指全球范圍內(nèi)的商務(wù)活動(dòng)。這種商務(wù)活動(dòng)包括：（1）傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際商務(wù)教材中涉及的國(guó)際化活動(dòng)；（2）本土的商務(wù)活動(dòng)。3.【multinational enterprise (MNE)】：firm that engages in foreign direct investments（

3、直接投資）by directly investing（直接投資） in, controlling and managing value-added activities in other countries.翻譯：跨國(guó)企業(yè)可以被定義為：通過(guò)在其他國(guó)家的直接投資、控制和管理價(jià)值增值活動(dòng)來(lái)參與對(duì)外直接投資。4.【foreign direct investment(FDI)】：investments in, controlling, and managing value-added activities in other countries翻譯：對(duì)外直接投資：是指在其他國(guó)家進(jìn)行直接投資、控制和管理價(jià)

4、值增值活動(dòng)。5.【gross domestic product (GDP)】：measured（衡量） as the sum（總和） of value added by resident（本地） firms, households（家庭）, and government operating（政府運(yùn)營(yíng)操作） in an economy. 翻譯：國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值衡量的是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體中所有本地企業(yè)、家庭和政府創(chuàng)造的價(jià)值總和.或者說(shuō)是一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)（通常為一年）所生產(chǎn)的最終產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。6.【gross domestic product (GDP)】：total market value of

5、 all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time usually a calendar year.翻譯：國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是指一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)（通常為一年）所生產(chǎn)的最終產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。7.【gross national product(GNP)】：gross domestic product plus income from nonresident sources（來(lái)源） abroad.翻譯：國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值是指國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值加上駐外的收入來(lái)源。8.【gross national i

6、ncome(GNI)】：GDP plus income from nonresident sources abroad the term used by the World Bank and other international organizations to supersede the GNP term.翻譯：國(guó)民總收入是指GDP加上來(lái)自海外的非居民來(lái)源的收入。這個(gè)詞是世界銀行和其他國(guó)際總值用以取代國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的術(shù)語(yǔ)。9.【purchasing power parity (PPP)】：adjustment made to the GDP to reflect differences in

7、 the cost of living.翻譯：調(diào)整國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值，以反映生活成本差異的方法。10【emerging economies (emerging markets)】：term that gradually（逐步地）replaced（取代） the term developing countries since the 1990s.翻譯：新型經(jīng)濟(jì)體：這個(gè)用語(yǔ)從20實(shí)際90年代開(kāi)始逐步取代了“發(fā)展中國(guó)家”。11.【Triad (a group of three)】：three regions of developed economies(North America, Western Eur

8、ope, and Janpan).翻譯：三大經(jīng)濟(jì)體是指三個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，包括北美，西歐和日本。12.【BRIC】：acronym（首字母縮略字） for the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China翻譯：金磚四國(guó)是指包括巴西，俄羅斯，印度和中國(guó)在內(nèi)的四個(gè)新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的縮略詞。13.【BRICS】：Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa（南非）14.【base of the pyramid】：vast（巨大的）majority（大多數(shù)）of humanity, about four b

9、illion people, live at the base of the pyramid and make less than $2,000 a year.翻譯：金字塔底層是指金字塔最大的一部分人，約40億，位于最底層，人均年收入不到2000美元。15.【expatriate manager (expat)】：manager who works abroad.翻譯：外派經(jīng)理是指在國(guó)外工作的經(jīng)理。16.【international premium】：significant pay raise when working overseas.翻譯：跨國(guó)補(bǔ)貼是指在國(guó)外工作時(shí)薪水會(huì)顯著提高。17.第一

10、個(gè)核心觀點(diǎn)：INSTITUTION-BASED VIEW（基于制度觀點(diǎn)）主要考慮外部環(huán)境（primary deals with the external environment：doing business around the globe requires intimate（精通的） knowledge about the formal and informal rules government competition（競(jìng)爭(zhēng)） in various countries. An institution-based view suggests that success and failure o

11、f firms are enabled and constrained（受制） by the different rules of the game.翻譯：在全球范圍內(nèi)從事商務(wù)活動(dòng)就必須非常了解在不同國(guó)家進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的正式及非正式規(guī)則，基于制度的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為企業(yè)的成功與失敗都受制于不同的游戲規(guī)則。【formal rules】：requirements that treat（對(duì)待） domestic and foreign firms as equals enhance（增加）the potential（可能性） odds（幾率） for foreign firms success.正式規(guī)則：平等對(duì)待本

12、土和外資企業(yè)，將增加外資企業(yè)成功的可能性?！緄nformal rules】：cultures, ethics, and norms（規(guī)范） that play an important part in shaping（塑造）the success and failure of firms around the globe.非正式規(guī)則：文化、道德和行為規(guī)范也對(duì)企業(yè)在全球的成功和失敗發(fā)揮著巨大的作用。18.第二個(gè)核心觀點(diǎn)：基于資源觀點(diǎn)：A firms resources and capabilities-internal（主要考慮內(nèi)部能力）【liability of foreignness】：in

13、herent（固有的）disadvantage that foreign firms experience in host countries because of their nonnative（非本地的）status（狀態(tài)、地位）.take it for granted-ethnocentric（種族優(yōu)越感）翻譯：外商劣勢(shì)：這種非本國(guó)的身份是外國(guó)企業(yè)在東道國(guó)的固有劣勢(shì)。19.【globalization】：close economic integration（集成） of countries and peoples of the worlds.翻譯：全球化：密切的經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的國(guó)家和人民的世

14、界。20.【semi-globalization】：strategy（戰(zhàn)略） that suggests that barriers（障礙） to market integration（集成） at borders（國(guó)界） are high but not high enough to completely insulate（隔離） countries from each other.翻譯：半全球化意味著國(guó)與國(guó)之間市場(chǎng)一體化的障礙較高，但又不至于使國(guó)與國(guó)之間完全隔離。21.【nongovernment organizations (NGOs)】：heterogeneous organizati

15、ons with numerous classifications:advocacy（主張）：environmentalists（環(huán)境保護(hù)者）, human rights activists（人權(quán)維護(hù)者）, consumers（消費(fèi)者協(xié)會(huì)）, etc. that raise awareness（增強(qiáng)意識(shí)）, acceptance（接納）, and knowledge by lobbying（游說(shuō)）, press work（印刷品）, and activist events（維權(quán)事件）。 operational：design and implementation（實(shí)現(xiàn)） of developme

16、nt-related projects（開(kāi)發(fā)相關(guān)的項(xiàng)目） that may stress（強(qiáng)調(diào)） service delivery or participation（參與）; can be religious or secular（宗教與世俗）; can be more public- or private-oriented（民營(yíng)）; can be community-based（社區(qū)為本）, national, or international.22. international organization: IMF，WB，WTO，UNCTAD，OCED第二章：Understanding Po

17、litics, laws, and Economics（理解政治、法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)）1.【institutions】：formal and informal policies popularly known as “the rules of the game”.翻譯：制度也就是通常所說(shuō)的游戲規(guī)則，分為正式的和非正式的制度。2【institution-based view】：leading（主要的） perspective（觀點(diǎn)）on global business in which firms constantly（不斷地）monitor（監(jiān)測(cè)）, decode（破譯）, and adapt（使適應(yīng)

18、） to the changing rules of the game to survive and prosper（成功）.翻譯：基于制度理論的主要觀點(diǎn)是企業(yè)的成功取決于企業(yè)為了生存和發(fā)展，要不斷地監(jiān)控、解讀和適應(yīng)不斷變化的游戲規(guī)則。3.【institutional framework】：formal and informal institutions governing（支配） individual and firm behavior.翻譯：一個(gè)制度框架是由支配個(gè)人和企業(yè)行為的正式和非正式的制度所構(gòu)成。4.【formal institutions】：laws, regulations, a

19、nd rules.翻譯：正式的制度包括法律、規(guī)章和規(guī)則。以規(guī)章支柱做支撐。 5.【regulatory pillar】：coercive (強(qiáng)制的，強(qiáng)迫的；高壓的) power of governments.翻譯：規(guī)章支柱是指政府的強(qiáng)制力。6.【informal institutions】：institutions represented（代表） by norms, cultures, and ethics.翻譯：非正式的制度以規(guī)范、文化和道德為代表。以規(guī)范支柱和認(rèn)知支柱為支撐。7.【normative pillar】：how the values, beliefs（信仰）, and acti

20、ons of other relevant（有關(guān)的）players（參與者） - collectively（共同的）known as norms（規(guī)范）- influence the behavior of focal individuals and firms.翻譯：規(guī)范支柱是指其他相關(guān)參與者的價(jià)值觀、信仰和行動(dòng)（統(tǒng)稱規(guī)范）如何影響個(gè)人和企業(yè)的行為。8.【cognitive pillar】：internalized（內(nèi)部化）, taken-for-granted（理所當(dāng)然）values and beliefs that guide individual and firm behavior.翻

21、譯：認(rèn)知支柱，表示被內(nèi)部化了的、被認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然的指導(dǎo)個(gè)人和企業(yè)行為的那些價(jià)值觀和信仰。9.【W(wǎng)HAT DO INSTITUTIONS DO?】（制度的作用是什么）key role is to reduce uncertainty（不確定性） by influencing individuals and firms decision making by signaling which conduct（管理）is legitimate（合法的）and acceptable and which is not.翻譯：制度的關(guān)鍵作用可以簡(jiǎn)單的概括為降低不確定性。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，制度通過(guò)發(fā)出什么行為是合法的、

22、可接受的和什么行為是不合法的、不可接受的信號(hào)，來(lái)影響個(gè)人和企業(yè)的決策制定。【transaction costs】：costs associated with economic transactions（交易）, costs of doing business.翻譯：經(jīng)濟(jì)交易的不確定性會(huì)產(chǎn)生交易成本，被定義為與經(jīng)濟(jì)交易有關(guān)的成本，或者更廣義的說(shuō)，是從事商務(wù)活動(dòng)的成本?！緊pportunism】：self-interest（自身利益） seeking（尋求） with guile（欺詐）. Examples include misleading, cheating, and confusing o

23、ther parties in transactions（交易） that will.翻譯：機(jī)會(huì)主義是指以欺詐的手段尋求自身利益的行為。包括誤導(dǎo)、欺騙和迷惑其他的交易伙伴等。這增加了交易成本。【institutional transitions】：fundamental（根本的）and comprehensive（廣泛的） changes introduced to the formal and informal rules of the game that affect organizations as players.翻譯：制度轉(zhuǎn)型被定義為“對(duì)作為參與者的組織產(chǎn)生影響的那些正式和非正式游戲

24、規(guī)則的根本而全面的變化”。10. 基于制度觀點(diǎn)的兩個(gè)核心命題1.在一個(gè)給定制度框架的正式和非正式的制度性約束內(nèi)，經(jīng)理人和企業(yè)理性地追求自身的利益并作出選擇。2.盡管正式和非正式的制度共同支配著企業(yè)的行為。但是，在正式約束不明確或失效的情況下，非正式的約束在為經(jīng)理人和企業(yè)減少不確定性和保持穩(wěn)定性方面發(fā)揮著更大的作用。11.TWO POLITICAL SYSTEMS(兩種政治體制)：Democracy（民主制） and Totalitarianism（集權(quán)制）。【political risk】：associated with political changes that may negativel

25、y（負(fù)面的、消極的） impact domestic and foreign firms.翻譯：政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由可能對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)和外國(guó)企業(yè)帶來(lái)負(fù)面影響的政治變化所導(dǎo)致的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?！綝emocracy】：political system in which citizens（公民） elect（選出的） representatives（代表人） to govern the country on their behalf（代表）.翻譯：民主制是一種公民選舉代理人代表他們來(lái)治理國(guó)家的政治體制。 An individuals right to freedom of expression（表達(dá)） and organiza

26、tion is a fundamental aspect（方面）of democracy that is relevant to the effective（有效地）conduct（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)） of global business.翻譯：民主制的一個(gè)重要方面就是個(gè)體自由表達(dá)和自由組織的權(quán)利，這一點(diǎn)與有效地進(jìn)行全球商務(wù)活動(dòng)密切相關(guān)。【totalitarianism (or dictatorship)】：political system in which one person or party exercises absolute political control over the populati

27、on.翻譯：集權(quán)制是指某人或某政黨對(duì)全體公民實(shí)施絕對(duì)政治控制的一種政治體制。Communist totalitarianism：centers on a communist party.翻譯：共產(chǎn)主義集權(quán)制：權(quán)利集中在政黨手中。Right-wing totalitarianism：characterized by intense hatred (仇恨) of communism; one party, typically backed by the military, restricts political freedom, arguing that such freedom would le

28、ad to communism.翻譯：右翼集權(quán)制：其特征是對(duì)共產(chǎn)主義的極端仇視。典型的案例是由軍隊(duì)支持的某個(gè)政黨限制政治自由，認(rèn)為這種政治自由會(huì)導(dǎo)致共產(chǎn)主義。Theocratic (神權(quán)的) totalitarianism：monopolization of political power in the hands of one religious party or group.翻譯：神權(quán)集權(quán)制：是指政治權(quán)利被某一宗教政黨或宗教團(tuán)體所壟斷。Tribal (部族的;種族的) totalitarianism ：one tribe or ethnic group (which may or may

29、not be the majority of the population) monopolizes political power and oppresses other tribes or ethnic groups.翻譯：部落集權(quán)制：是指某一部落或種族團(tuán)體（可能占總?cè)丝诘亩鄶?shù)或少數(shù)）壟斷了政治權(quán)利，并壓迫其他的部落或種族團(tuán)體。12.THREE LEGAL SYSTEMS（三種法律體系）【legal system】：rules of the game on how a countrys laws are enacted（頒布） and enforced（實(shí)施）.翻譯：法律體系是關(guān)于一個(gè)國(guó)家

30、的法律是如何制定和實(shí)施的游戲規(guī)則。【civil law】：derived from Roman law and strengthened by Napoleons France, it is the oldest, most influential, and most widely distributed（分布） law around the world.翻譯：大陸法起源于羅馬法，并在拿破侖時(shí)代的法國(guó)得以強(qiáng)化，它是“最古老、最具影響力，也是在全世界分布最廣的法律體系”?！綾ommon law】：shaped（形成） by precedents (先例) and traditions, Engl

31、ish in origin, based on previous judicial（裁判的） decisions（決定）.翻譯：普通話起源于英國(guó)，它是根據(jù)以往裁決的先例和慣例形成的。所有講英語(yǔ)的國(guó)家以及它們的（前）殖民地國(guó)家采用的都是普通法?！総heocratic law】based on religious teachings(教義).翻譯：神權(quán)法是一種基于宗教教義的法律體系，如猶太法和伊斯蘭法。13.THREE PROPERTY RIGHTS（三種產(chǎn)權(quán)）【property rights】legal rights to use an economic property (resource)

32、and to derive（源于）income and benefits from it.翻譯：產(chǎn)權(quán)是指使用某種經(jīng)濟(jì)財(cái)產(chǎn)（資源）并從中獲取收入和利益的法律權(quán)利。Tangible（有形的）Intangible（無(wú)形的）【intellectual property】：intangible（無(wú)形的）property（所有權(quán)） that results from intellectual activity (such as books, videos, and websites).翻譯：智力資產(chǎn)特指通過(guò)智力活動(dòng)創(chuàng)造的無(wú)形資產(chǎn)（如圖書、錄像和網(wǎng)站）?！緄ntellectual property righ

33、ts】：rights associated with the ownership of intellectual property.翻譯：知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)是指與智力資產(chǎn)所有權(quán)相聯(lián)系的權(quán)利。 主要包括專利、版權(quán)和注冊(cè)商標(biāo)相聯(lián)系的權(quán)利。Patents：legal rights awarded（獲得）by government authorities（官方）to inventors of new products or processes（過(guò)程）, who are given exclusive（獨(dú)有的） (monopoly壟斷) rights to derive（源于） income from inven

34、tions through activities such as manufacturing, licensing（許可）, or selling.翻譯：專利是指政府部門賦予新產(chǎn)品、新工藝發(fā)明者的一種通過(guò)生產(chǎn)、許可或出售的方式從其發(fā)明中獲取收益的獨(dú)有的法律權(quán)利。Copyrights：exclusive（獨(dú)有的）legal rights of authors and publishers to publish and disseminate（傳播）their work.翻譯：版權(quán)是指作者或出版商出版、傳播其作品的獨(dú)有的法律權(quán)利。Trademarks：exclusive（獨(dú)有的）legal rig

35、hts of firms to use specific（特定的）names, brands, and designs to differentiate（區(qū)分）their products from others.翻譯：商標(biāo)是指企業(yè)使用特定的名稱、品牌和設(shè)計(jì)以使其產(chǎn)品與其他企業(yè)產(chǎn)品相區(qū)別的獨(dú)有的法律權(quán)利。14.THREE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS（三種經(jīng)濟(jì)體制）【economic system】：rules of the game on how a country is governed economically.翻譯：經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是指一個(gè)國(guó)家如何治理經(jīng)濟(jì)的游戲規(guī)則。market econ

36、omy：characterized（特征） by the “invisible hand” of market forces（力量）.翻譯：市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是以市場(chǎng)力量這只“看不見(jiàn)的手”為特征的一種經(jīng)濟(jì)體制。政府采取放任自由的不干預(yù)做法。command economy：all factors of production are government- or state-owned and controlled, and all supply, demand, and pricing are planned by the government.翻譯：計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是指所有的生產(chǎn)要素都要由政府或國(guó)家所有

37、和控制，所有的供應(yīng)、需求和定價(jià)也要由政府來(lái)計(jì)劃。mixed economy：characterized by elements of both a market economy and a command economy.翻譯：混合經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是指一種既有市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)成分又有計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)成分的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制。15.【Path dependency】: the present choices of countries (as well as firms and individuals) are constrained（驅(qū)使）by the choices made previously. 翻譯：路徑依賴，即國(guó)家（以

38、及企業(yè)和個(gè)人）的目前選擇會(huì)受到之前所做選擇的影響。16. 實(shí)踐啟示：當(dāng)進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的國(guó)家時(shí)，你要做一些功課；要對(duì)支配企業(yè)行為的該國(guó)的正式制度有一個(gè)徹底的了解。在一個(gè)習(xí)慣于非正式關(guān)系交易的國(guó)家從事商務(wù)活動(dòng)時(shí)，堅(jiān)持立刻形成合同可能產(chǎn)生事與愿違的后果。17.【Herd mentality】：a behavior influenced by the movement of the crowd (or the herd成群) with little independent judgment（判斷力）.翻譯：從眾心理是指一種沒(méi)有獨(dú)立判斷力，僅依照群體活動(dòng)來(lái)做出自身行為的心理現(xiàn)象。練習(xí)題：True/False

39、：1.Two “pillars” the regulatory and the normative pillarsupport formal and informal institutions. 2.An important source of transaction cost is opportunism, defined as self-interest seeking with guile.3.Market transition debate is a practical debate about how to make the transition to a market econom

40、y in the most effective and least disruptive way. 4.The “invisible hand” of market forces noted by Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations in 1776 characterizes a pure market economy. 5.Managers should develop herd mentality. Multiple-choice：1. _ refers to the internalized, taken for granted values and

41、beliefs that guide individual and firm behavior.a.Normative pillarb.Regulatory pillarc.Cognitive pillard.None of these answers2. Civil law can be best described by which of the following statements?a.It is the oldest, most influential, and most widely distributed law around the world.b.English in or

42、igin and shaped by precedents and traditions from previous judicial decisions.c.It is based on religious beliefs.d.Has more flexibility because judges have to resolve specific disputes based on their interpretation of the law. 3. Jewish and Islamic law are examples of:a.Common lawb.Theocratic lawc.C

43、ivil lawd.Quasi-democracy4. IRPs primarily include rights associated with:a.Copyrightsb.Patentsc.Trademarksd.All of these answers5.The highest per capita income country is:a.Denmarkb.Japanc.Norwayd.Burundi 第三章：Emphasizing Cultures, Ethics, and Norms(重視文化、道德和規(guī)范)1.【informal institutions】：socially tran

44、smitted information and are part of the heritage that we call cultures, ethics, and norms.翻譯：非正式制度包括文化、道德和規(guī)范?！緀thnocentrism】：self-centered mentality(心理)within a society; people tend to perceive(理解) their own culture, ethics, and norms as “natural, rational, and morally right”翻譯：民族中心主義是指身處某個(gè)社會(huì)環(huán)境中的人們傾

45、向于認(rèn)為自己的文化、道德和規(guī)范是“自然、合理和道德上正確的”。2.【culture】：national identity of nation-statesProf. Geert Hofstede：conducted（管理）perhaps the most comprehensive（全面的）study of how values in the workplace are influenced by culture: “the collective（集體的）programming（規(guī)劃）of the mind”which distinguishes（區(qū)分）the members of one g

46、roup or category（種類）of people from another”翻譯：吉爾特霍夫斯泰德進(jìn)行了有關(guān)“價(jià)值在工作場(chǎng)所如何受文化影響）最全面的研究。文化是指“一個(gè)人群的的成員與另一個(gè)人群的成員相區(qū)分的共同思維方式?！保ㄈ鐭o(wú)特別說(shuō)明，我們將使用文化一詞代表國(guó)家文化。）3.【lingua franca】：dominance（優(yōu)勢(shì)） of one language as a global business language.翻譯：通用語(yǔ)言是指作為全球商務(wù)普遍用語(yǔ)。English-speaking countries contribute the largest share of gl

47、obal output.翻譯：講英語(yǔ)的國(guó)家占全球總產(chǎn)出的最大份額。globalization calls for the use of one common language.翻譯：全球化也要求使用一種通用的語(yǔ)言。nonnative speakers of English who can master（精通）English increasingly command a premium（溢價(jià)）in jobs and compensation（回報(bào)）.翻譯：母語(yǔ)非英語(yǔ)但卻能掌握英語(yǔ)的人越來(lái)越多地在工作中贏得了額外的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與回報(bào)。expatriate（駐外）manager not knowing th

48、e local language misses a lot of cultural subtleties(微妙之處) and can only interact（互相影響） with locals fluent in English.翻譯：一個(gè)不懂當(dāng)?shù)卣Z(yǔ)言的駐外經(jīng)理會(huì)忽視許多文化細(xì)節(jié)，并且只能跟英語(yǔ)流利的本地人交流。4.RELIGION（宗教）set of common beliefs and practices generally held by a group of people, often codified(編成法典) as prayer(經(jīng)文), ritual(儀式), and re

49、ligious law翻譯：一套普通法的信仰和實(shí)踐通常由一群人將經(jīng)文編纂成法典，儀式和宗教法律。religion（宗教） also encompasses（包含） ancestral（祖先的）or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology（神話）, as well as personal faith and mystic experience翻譯：宗教也包括祖先或文化傳統(tǒng)、著作、歷史、神話、以及個(gè)人信仰和神秘經(jīng)歷。leading religions: Christianity (approximately 1.7 billion

50、 adherents), Islam (1 billion), Hinduism (750 million) and Buddhism (350 million)翻譯：主要宗教:基督教(大約17億信徒)、伊斯蘭教(10億),印度教佛教(7.5億)和(3.5億)5.CLASSIFYING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES（分化差異的分類）（1）The Context Approach.（語(yǔ)境法）【context】：underlying（潛在的）background upon which interaction（相互作用） takes place.翻譯：語(yǔ)境是相互交流發(fā)生的潛在背景。【lo

51、w-context cultures】：culture in which communication is usually taken at face value without much reliance on unspoken（不言而喻的）context.翻譯：低語(yǔ)境文化，溝通往往是直截了當(dāng)?shù)亩粫?huì)較多依賴于不明說(shuō)的語(yǔ)境。【high-context cultures】：culture in which communication relies a lot on the underlying（潛在的）unspoken context, which is as important as the

52、 words used.翻譯：高語(yǔ)境文化，溝通則更多的依賴于沒(méi)有明說(shuō)的語(yǔ)境，它與說(shuō)出來(lái)的話同樣重要。（2）The Cluster Approach.（族群法）【cluster】：countries that share similar cultures together as one.翻譯：族群法將擁有相似文化的國(guó)家組成為一個(gè)族群three influential sets of clusters: Ronen and Shenkar, GLOBE, and Huntington civilizations翻譯：有三種族群，分別為：Ronen與Shenkar族群, 全球族群, 亨廷頓文明?！綾

53、ivilization】：highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have.翻譯：文明是“對(duì)人最高的人化歸類，是人們文化認(rèn)同的最廣范圍?！?.The Dimension Approach【dimension approach】：has endeavored（盡力）to overcome（克服的）limitations（限制）:context only represents one dimension.翻譯：盡管語(yǔ)境法頗具洞察力，但語(yǔ)境只代表了一個(gè)方面cluste

54、r approach has relatively little to offer regarding differences among countries within one cluster.翻譯：族群法較少涉及同一族群內(nèi)的國(guó)家/地區(qū)之間的差別?！緋ower distance】extent（程度）to which less powerful members within a country expect and accept that power is distributed（分配）unequally.翻譯：權(quán)力距離是指一個(gè)國(guó)家中，權(quán)力較小的人所期望并能夠接受的權(quán)力分配分配不平等的程度。

55、【individualism】：perspective（透視圖）that the identity of an individual is fundamentally（從根本上）his or her own .翻譯：個(gè)人主義是指?jìng)€(gè)體特性以自我為中心的觀點(diǎn)【collectivism】：idea that the identity of an individual is primarily（主要）based on the identity of his or her collective（集體的）group.翻譯：集體主義是指?jìng)€(gè)體特性由其所屬的集體（如家庭、村鎮(zhèn)或企業(yè)）特性所決定?！緈asculi

56、nity】：sex-role differentiation；【femininity】：sex-role differentiation翻譯：男性特征與女性特征維度表示了性別角色的差異?！緐ncertainty avoidance】：extent（程度）to which members in different cultures accept ambiguous（不確定的）situations and tolerate（忍受）uncertainty. 翻譯：不確定性規(guī)避是指不同文化環(huán)境中的人們接受不確定的狀況和忍受不確定性的程度?！緇ong-term orientation】：emphasiz

57、es（強(qiáng)調(diào)）perseverance（堅(jiān)持）and savings for future betterment.翻譯：長(zhǎng)期導(dǎo)向強(qiáng)調(diào)了為了使將來(lái)更美好而堅(jiān)持和儲(chǔ)蓄。7.Ethics（道德）【ethics】：principles（原則）, standards, and norms（規(guī)范）of conduct（指導(dǎo)）governing individual and firm behavior.翻譯：道德指指導(dǎo)和支配個(gè)人和企業(yè)行為的一系列準(zhǔn)則、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范。【code of conduct】：set of guidelines（指導(dǎo)方針）for making ethical decisions.翻譯：行

58、為準(zhǔn)則是指一系列用于制定道德決策的指導(dǎo)方針?！緀thical relativism】：“When in Rome, do as the Romans do” .翻譯：道德相對(duì)主義遵循成語(yǔ)“入鄉(xiāng)隨俗”。【ethical imperialism】：absolute（完全）belief that “there is only one set of Ethics (with a capital E), and we have it”.翻譯：道德帝國(guó)主義，認(rèn)為“只有唯一的道德體系，那就是自己的道德體系。”三條“中間路線”指導(dǎo)原則：（1）尊重人的尊嚴(yán)和基本權(quán)利；（2）尊重當(dāng)?shù)氐膫鹘y(tǒng)；（3）尊重制度環(huán)境。【

59、corruption】：abuse of public power for private benefits usually in the form of bribery（賄賂）.翻譯：腐敗，是指以受賄（現(xiàn)金或其他）的形式濫用公眾賦予的權(quán)力來(lái)謀取私利。Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) - US law enacted in 1977 that bans bribery to foreign officials翻譯：1977年美國(guó)頒布禁止賄賂外國(guó)官員的反海外腐敗法?！緉orms】：prevailing（普遍的）practices of relevant（相

60、關(guān)的）players that affect individuals and firms.翻譯：規(guī)范是對(duì)某個(gè)個(gè)體或企業(yè)產(chǎn)生影響的任何其它相關(guān)行為人的普遍做法。*面對(duì)道德挑戰(zhàn)的反應(yīng)策略8.海外經(jīng)營(yíng)的六條經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則（1）準(zhǔn)備充分；（2）不急于求成；（3）建立信任；（4）了解語(yǔ)言的重要性；（5）尊重文化差異；（6）了解沒(méi)有一種文化在所有方面都是最優(yōu)的。練習(xí)題：Multiple Choice:Culture is defined in the text as: The communication between members of similar location.The collective pro