1、青島歷史文化名城價值評價與文化生態(tài)保護更新隨著改革開放帶來的經(jīng)濟高速發(fā)展，大規(guī)模城市開發(fā)建設(shè)導(dǎo)致歷史文 化名城文化遺產(chǎn)的破壞、城市特色的喪失與城市文化的趨同，而我國名城 保護工作剛剛起步，保護理論方法與實踐管理亟待完善，名城保護更新成 為我國城市化進程中的重要課題。同時城市保護在世界范圍由來已久而且 倍受關(guān)注，歐美等西方國家取得了一定的理論與實踐成果。在可持續(xù)發(fā)展 與生態(tài)文明的時代背景下，需要總結(jié)與借鑒國內(nèi)外的成功經(jīng)驗，審視與探 索適宜的城市保護理論，以有效地指導(dǎo)我國的名城建設(shè)與保護事業(yè)。在大量實地調(diào)查研究的基礎(chǔ)上，采用融貫的多學(xué)科交叉的研究方法， 力圖在歷史文化名城保護方面進行突破與創(chuàng)新。一

2、是首次較為系統(tǒng)地歸納 與提煉青島城市風(fēng)貌特色。二是借用城市學(xué)、建筑學(xué)、歷史學(xué)等相關(guān)學(xué)科 的研究成果，建立名城文化遺產(chǎn)的價值評價體系框架。二是借鑒生態(tài)學(xué)領(lǐng) 域的研究成果，開展文化生態(tài)學(xué)的交叉與協(xié)同研究，構(gòu)建城市文化生態(tài)保 護論。以務(wù)實的態(tài)度、發(fā)展的觀念和辯證的思維，針對性地提出了解決目 前青島城市保護問題的理論與策略。其普遍性對十歷史文化名城中其他殖 民城市同樣具有借鑒作用。論文共分九章，論題主要集中在如下方面高度概括與梳理城市建設(shè)的歷史發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，系統(tǒng)歸納與提煉青島城市 特色與個性。青島是一座伴隨中國近代史而興起的濱海山城，歷經(jīng)德占、 日占、國民黨時期與建國后的緣起與初建、擴展與興盛、萎縮與停滯

3、、恢 復(fù)與探索、開拓與高潮的城市建設(shè)而迅速崛起。在一定的城市規(guī)劃指導(dǎo)思 想下形成建設(shè)起來的帶形城市，城市特色鮮明而突出，綜合而為如今的山地兼濱海城市特色美。在城市保護中應(yīng)當?shù)玫奖Ｗo、展示與再利用價值評價是城市保護的基礎(chǔ)，為此制定名城價值評價體系框架。以文 化遺產(chǎn)多元價值為核心，系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建基礎(chǔ)資料評價、評價類別、評價標準、 評價項目以及保護現(xiàn)狀評價、保護管理評價的名城價值評價體系框架。其 中概括提出價值評價標準為形態(tài)特征的原真性、地域特征的典型性、社會 特征的關(guān)聯(lián)性、現(xiàn)狀特征的完整性、市場特征的經(jīng)濟性。據(jù)此對青島城市 重要歷史建筑、歷史街區(qū)、歷史空間環(huán)境以及城市總體特征做出全面客觀 評析。深刻闡釋

4、青島城市保護中的問題與矛后。改革開放之前，城市建設(shè)雖 然出現(xiàn)一定偏差，但對城市風(fēng)貌破壞不大。改革開放之后，青島城市經(jīng)歷 一個以大規(guī)模改造為特征的發(fā)展時期。其經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)表明，以單一的追求經(jīng) 濟效益為目標的價值偏差，造成城市風(fēng)貌特色的喪失等諸多舊城建設(shè)問題。 剛剛制定的名城保護規(guī)劃存在從指導(dǎo)思想到技術(shù)政策的諸多不足，很難起 到對城市保護的指導(dǎo)作用。構(gòu)建城市文化生態(tài)保護理論是本論文的主要創(chuàng)新之處。生態(tài)學(xué)與文化 學(xué)的學(xué)科發(fā)展促進了文化生態(tài)學(xué)交叉研究的開展，借用文化生態(tài)學(xué)原理提 出的城市文化生態(tài)保護理論，為名城保護提供了新的價值判斷、目標追求 與策略手段，即城市保護目的、保護對象、保護原則、保護機制與保護

5、方 法。我們可以將城市文化生態(tài)保護理論表述為：以文態(tài)系統(tǒng)可持續(xù)性發(fā)展 為保護目標，以有價值文態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)為保護對象，以文態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能作用為保護 原則，樹立文化生態(tài)保護理念與規(guī)劃原則，運用文態(tài)調(diào)控機制與文態(tài)保護 方法，以促使城市文化多元共存、諧調(diào)有序、健康發(fā)展。城市文化生態(tài)保 護理論主要提供如下基本點，一是城市保護目的，通過城市保護實現(xiàn)城市 文態(tài)環(huán)境的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展，延續(xù)其文脈特征，弘揚其個性特色，增強其更 新活力。二是城市保護對象，以文化遺產(chǎn)價值評價為基礎(chǔ)，以文態(tài)系統(tǒng)的 結(jié)構(gòu)特征為指導(dǎo)，確定城市文態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護內(nèi)容。三是依據(jù)城市文態(tài)系統(tǒng) 的功能作用，建立多元、適應(yīng)、共生、人本主義、系統(tǒng)、平衡的保護原則,

6、四是遵循城市文態(tài)系統(tǒng)的演變特征，建立層級、演進、新舊關(guān)系的調(diào)控機 制。五是探索文態(tài)保護策略方法，運用科學(xué)的專業(yè)技術(shù)、行政管理、政策 法規(guī)的方法策略，以促進城市文態(tài)系統(tǒng)的和諧共存與持續(xù)性發(fā)展。運用價值評價論與文化生態(tài)保護論，開展對青島舊城整體風(fēng)貌、核心 區(qū)、濱海區(qū)、歷史街區(qū)、歷史建筑、歷史空間環(huán)境保護的實證研究，探索 有效而切實的城市文化生態(tài)保護更新途徑。通過城市保護專項規(guī)劃編制、 城市設(shè)計系統(tǒng)控制，制定城市保護技術(shù)政策；通過完善的保護管理機制與 公眾參入機制，制定靈活多樣的政策措施，構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)完善的法律法規(guī)，提 開與挖掘文化遺產(chǎn)的市場價值，大力發(fā)展城市旅游戰(zhàn)略，實現(xiàn)城市文化遺 產(chǎn)保護與城市文化建

7、設(shè)的良性發(fā)展，維護城市各時期文化的和諧共融，保 護城市聯(lián)系過去、現(xiàn)在與未來的場所特征。Protection and Renewal Theory of Evaluation and Culture Ecology for theHistorical and Cultural Cities of QingdaoThe protection and renewal of historical and cultural city is an important subject in the process of urbanization. With the high-speed developmen

8、t of economy during the renovation and opening -up and the speed-up in the development of construction, many problems and contradictions have arisen in present construction of historical cities, the destruction of historical and cultural heritages, the loss of city characteristic, the identity of ci

9、ty culture and so on. At the beginning of the protection of historical and cultural cities, the theory, practice, managementof protection must be improved. At the same time, the protection of cities is a everlasting theme all over the world, there is much experience from the west nations. With the p

10、resent sustainable development and ecological civilization, this thesis summarizes and draws lessons from the related results of study at home and abroad. It is set up to established the adaptable theories, effectively guiding the construction and protection of historicalcities.Based on much of inve

11、stigation, with the synthetic theoretical research methods, there are three initiative aspects. First, it systematically summarizes the characteristic of Qingdao city. Second, borrowing the research production of urbanology, architecture, sociology, culturology and so on, it sets up the criteria of

12、evaluation. Lastly, consulting the research production of nature ecology, it establishes the protection theory of culture ecology. With doing-practical-work attitude, developmental viewpoint and dialectical thinking, it uses the demonstration methods of instance and analysis, generalizing and deduci

13、ng, comparing and discursion, then advances concretely the means of solving present construction problems of Qingdao city, which adapts other historical and cultural cities. There are nine chapters in this thesis, the propositions focus on the following:The paper highly sums up and analyses the hist

14、ory of city construction, systematically summarizes and advances the characteristic of qingdao city. Qingdao is a coastal and mountain city developing in the modern period, with the beginning, developing, stagnanting, exploring, climaxing of the German colony, the Japan colony, the guomindang period

15、, the liberation period. A band city is constructed with city plans, so the characteristic of city is the mainly aesthetics of mountain and coastal city, which should be protected, showed and reused.The evaluation is the core of city protection, so the evaluation frame of heritages should be made. I

16、t establishesthe criteria of evaluation of historical and cultural heritages, including the characteristic of forms, local, relation, actualities, economy, society. According to these criteria, it evaluates the main historical architecture, district, space and the whole of city.It expounds the prese

17、nt problems of city protection in Qingdao. Summaring and analysing the history of construction ,it particularly analyses the achievements andlosses of construction of city during the 1980 sand 1990 s,thoroughly researches theproblems and contradictiofftie deviation of evaluation leads to the loss of

18、 city characteristic, the result of economy benefit firstly is the mainly problem of construction. Simultaneously the action of the protection plan with the problem of idea and technique can not be effective.It creates the protection theory of culture ecology. The development of ecology and culture

19、benefits for the crossing research of culture ecology, which has been abundant the protection theory of the historical city. It sets up a new goal and a new urban cultural concept for historical city protection, provides evaluation, goal, methods, namely the purpose, object, principle, system, strat

20、egy of protection. So the paper proposes the protection theory of culture ecology in the following: By mainly studying the constitutes, structure, evolvement and function of the system of culture ecology in historical city, It puts forwards the function of variousness, coexitence, adaptation ,balance, synthesization, system, the control of level, evolution, new and old connection; the strategy of technique, management, policy and law ;the purpose of the context of culture, characteristic, innovation.It discussesthe protection strategies of the theory of culture ecology and evaluation