1、藥學(xué)英語(上冊(cè))_TextATranslation藥學(xué)英語(上冊(cè))_TextATranslation8/8藥學(xué)英語(上冊(cè))_TextATranslation精選文檔Unit1Afullappreciationofthephysiologyofalivingorganismmustbebasedonasoundknowledgeofitsanatomy.Anatomydoesnotmerelystudytheseparationofparts,buttheaccuratedescriptionofthemorphologiesandfunctionsofdifferentorgans.對(duì)生物生理

2、學(xué)的全面認(rèn)識(shí)一定鑒于解剖學(xué)的系統(tǒng)知識(shí)。解剖學(xué)不不過是研究人體各部分的分別，還要正確的描繪各個(gè)器官的形態(tài)和生理功能。Ourdailyfoodintakemustmatchrequirementsandanyexcessmustbeexcretedforbalancetobemaintained.我們每日攝取的事物一定知足需要，任何剩余的東西一定排出體外才能保持均衡。Theprocessofstabilizationoftheinternalenvironmentiscalledhomeostasisandisessentialifthecellsofthebodyaretofunctionnor

3、mally.內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)固的過程稱之為體內(nèi)均衡，體內(nèi)均衡也是機(jī)體的細(xì)胞正常發(fā)揮作用所必不行少的。Humancellshavetheabilitytobreakdownlargemoleculestosmalleronestoliberatesufficientenergyfortheiractivities.人類細(xì)胞有將大分子分解成小分子的能力，進(jìn)而為自己活動(dòng)開釋足夠的能量。Aslongasnormalconditionsaremaintainedinthisinternalenvironment,thecellsofthebodycontinuetoliveandfunctionproperly

4、.只需這類內(nèi)環(huán)境正常的條件得以保持，機(jī)體的細(xì)胞就能持續(xù)生計(jì)并發(fā)揮正常功能。Unit2Biochemistryaskshowthethousandsofdifferentbiomoleculesinteractwitheachothertoconfertheremarkablepropertiesoflivingorganisms.生物化學(xué)探訪的是數(shù)千種不一樣的生物分子如何互相作用，以給予生物體具備明顯的特征。Enzymesarecatalyststhatacceleratetheratesofbiologicalreactions.Eachenzymeisveryspecificinitsfu

5、nctionandactsonlyinaparticularmetabolicreaction.酶是能加快生物學(xué)反響速率的催化劑。每一種酶都有專一的功能并且僅在特定代謝反響中發(fā)揮作用。Oneofthemostfruitfulapproachestounderstandbiologicalphenomenahasbeentopurifyanindividualchemicalcomponent,suchasaprotein,fromalivingorganismandtocharacterizeitschemicalstructureorcatalyticactivity.用以認(rèn)識(shí)生物學(xué)現(xiàn)象的最

6、有效的方法之一是從生物體中純化出單調(diào)化學(xué)成分，比如蛋白質(zhì)，并對(duì)其化學(xué)構(gòu)造或催化活性進(jìn)行表征。Thechemicalprinciplesthatgovernthepropertiesofbiologicalmoleculesincludethecovalentbondingofcarbonwithitselfandwithotherelementsandthefunctionalgroupsthatappearincommonbiologicalmolecules,etc.決定生物分子特征的化學(xué)原理包含碳與自己或其余元素的共價(jià)聯(lián)合和一般生物分子中出現(xiàn)的功能基團(tuán)等。ThebasicunitofDN

7、Aisalinearpolymeroffourdifferentmonomericsubunits,deoxyribonucleotides,arrangedinapreciselinearsequence.脫氧核糖核酸的基本單位是由四種不一樣的脫氧核糖核苷酸單調(diào)亞單位以精準(zhǔn)的線性序列進(jìn)行擺列而構(gòu)成的線性聚合物。Unit3Althoughtheexistenceofmicrobeswasdeterminedalmostthreehundredyearsago,thestudyofmicrobiologyisonlygettingstartedcomparedwithzoologyand.精選文

8、檔botany.只管三百年古人們就確立世界上存在微生物，但與動(dòng)物學(xué)和植物學(xué)對(duì)比，微生物學(xué)研究還不過剛才開始。Inancienttimes,theexistenceofmicrobeswashypothesizedandtheymightbetheresponsibleagentofdiseases,whichwaspurespeculation(推測)astherewasnomicroscopeatthetime.在古代,人們以為有微生物存在并且微生物可能是傳得病的致病原，但當(dāng)時(shí)沒有顯微鏡，所以這全部純屬猜想。Thefirstonewhosuggestedtaxonomicclassifica

9、tion(分類法)ofbacteriaanddiscoveredsporesisFerdinandCohn,abotanistwhostudiedalgaeandphotosyntheticbacteria.Heestablishedbacteriology.第一位提出對(duì)細(xì)菌分類和發(fā)現(xiàn)孢子的人是植物學(xué)家費(fèi)南科恩，他對(duì)藻類和光合細(xì)菌進(jìn)行了研究，創(chuàng)立了細(xì)菌學(xué)。Microbesmaybetiny,butthefieldofmicrobiologyisrelativelyhuge,whichencompassesmanysubdisciplinesaffectingpeopleslifeandheal

10、thalot.微生物體積雖小，但微生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域卻很大，此中包含好多分支學(xué)科，對(duì)人類生活和健康產(chǎn)生了重要影響。Someofmicrobesmaycausediseasesbutnotallmicrobesaredetriment,suchassomeofthemusedinindustrialfermentation(發(fā)酵)tomakewineandvinegar(醋).有些微生物能引起疾病，但不是全部的微生物都是有害的，如一些微生物可用于工業(yè)發(fā)酵，制作酒和醋等。Unit4Thescienceoftheeffectsofdrugsonthebodyiscalledpharmacology,andt

11、hescientistswhostudyitarepharmacologists.Pharmacologyisnotasciencethatcanbestudiedonitsown,butthatcloselyrelatedtootherbranchesofscience.Pharmacologistsshouldnotonlyunderstandthenormalprocessthattakeplaceinthebody,butknowhowthefunctionsofthebodyareaffectedbydisease.研究藥物作用于人體的科學(xué)叫藥理學(xué)，研究這門學(xué)識(shí)的科學(xué)家即是藥理學(xué)家。

12、藥理學(xué)不是一門能夠獨(dú)立研究的科學(xué)，而是與其余學(xué)科密切有關(guān)的。藥理學(xué)家不單要認(rèn)識(shí)人體內(nèi)進(jìn)行的正常反響過程，還應(yīng)懂得機(jī)體功能是如何受疾病影響的。Forphysiciansandmedicalstudents,thescopeofpharmacologyisnotsoexpansiveasitscommondefinition.Theclinicianisinterestedprimarilyindrugsthatareusefulintheprevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofhumandisease,orinthepreventionofpregnancy.醫(yī)生和

13、醫(yī)學(xué)生對(duì)藥理學(xué)的理解和要求沒有其定義范圍那么寬泛。臨床醫(yī)生的主要興趣在于藥物對(duì)人類疾病的預(yù)防、診療及治療，或許在避孕方面所起的作用。Allphysiciansshouldsharetheresponsibilitytoresolvekindsofsociologicalproblemscausedbytheabuseofdrugs,properlyused,drugsaregreatblessingtomankind;improperlyused,theycoulddestroyhumanrace.Whenapatient,particularlytheelderlyisprescribedf

14、requentlytotakemorethanonetherapeuticagent,druginteractionsresultingintoxicitywilloccur.全部醫(yī)生都應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)起責(zé)任解決藥品濫用所惹起的各樣社會(huì)問題。藥物用得適合，將是人類的一大福音，用得不妥，則可能毀了人類。病人（特別是老年病人）常常性使用一種以上治療藥物的話，常常會(huì)發(fā)生產(chǎn)生毒性藥物的互相作用。Atonetime,itwasessentialforthephysiciantohavebroadbotanicalknowledge,becausetheyhadtopossesstheabilityandskill

15、toselectproperplantsfromwhichtopreparehisowncrudemedicinalpreparations.從前，醫(yī)師一定具備很寬泛的植物學(xué)知識(shí)，因?yàn)樗镁x適合的植物的能力和技巧，.精選文檔并將它們制備成簡單的藥物制劑。Thestudyofbiochemicalandphysiologicaleffectsofdrugsandtheirmechanismsofactionistermedaspharmacodynamics,whoseuniquenessliesmainlyinthatitsattentionisfocusedonthecharacter

16、isticsofthedrug.Asabroaderscience,itborrowsfreelyfromboththetheoriesandexperimentaltechniquesofthedrug.Asabroaderscience,itborrowsfreelyfromboththetheoriesandexperimentaltechniquesofphysiology,biochemistry,immunology,andpathology.對(duì)藥物的生化生理作用及其活性體制的研究叫做藥效學(xué)，該學(xué)科的獨(dú)到之處主要在于其關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)是藥物的特色。藥效學(xué)作為一門邊沿學(xué)科，大批借鑒了生理學(xué)

17、、生物化學(xué)、免疫學(xué)、病理學(xué)等學(xué)科的理論和實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)。Unit5Tofightagainstdisease,theimmunesystemgeneratesproteinsknownasantibodiesthatbindtoinvadingorganisms.Buttherealcaseisthattheimmunesystemisnottodevelopaspecializedantibodyeachtimeitisfacedwithanewpathogen.Infact,theimmunesystemselectthemosteffectiveonebymassscreeningofitsa

18、ntibodyrepertoire,thusidentifyingtheonesthatworkbest.為了抗衡疾病，免疫系統(tǒng)生成了被稱為抗體的蛋白質(zhì)，它們附著于入侵細(xì)菌。但實(shí)質(zhì)狀況是免疫系統(tǒng)其實(shí)不可以在每次面對(duì)一個(gè)新的病原體時(shí)都制造出一種特別的抗體；實(shí)質(zhì)上，免疫系統(tǒng)是經(jīng)過對(duì)其抗體庫的大規(guī)模挑選而確立最有效的抗體。Inaprocesscalledcombinatorialchemistry,chemistsgeneratealargenumberofrelatedcompoundsandthenscreenthecollectionfortheonesthatcouldhavemedicin

19、alvalue.在一種被稱為“組合化學(xué)”的過程中，化學(xué)家們第一生成好多有關(guān)化合物，而后對(duì)它們進(jìn)行挑選，來找到那些可能擁有藥用價(jià)值的化合物。Inaparallelsynthesis,chemistsoftenuseaso-calledmicrotiterplatetoassemblealltheproductsseparatelyintheirownreactionvessels.在平行合成中，化學(xué)家們常常利用所謂的微量滴定盤將全部的產(chǎn)物都在其各自的反響容器中結(jié)集。Aparallelsynthesisandasplit-and-mixsynthesisaredifferentwiththatin

20、aparallelsynthesis,alltheproductsareassembledseparatelyintheirownreactioncontainers,whileinasplit-and-mixsynthesis,therelatedcompoundsaremixedupinthesamereactionvessel,whichreducesthenumberofcontainersrequired.平行合成和分裂混淆合成的不一樣在于,在平行合成中每個(gè)化合物都留在自己的反響器中，而在分裂混淆合成中，有關(guān)化合物都混淆在同一容器中，這類方法極大地減少了所需容器的數(shù)目。Attheen

21、dofasplit-and-mixsynthesis,allthemoleculesattachedtoasinglebeadarefoundtobeofthesamestructure.Chemistspulloutfromthemixturethebeadsthatbearbiologicallyactivemoleculesandthen,usesensitivedetectiontechniquestodeterminethemolecularmakeupofthecompoundattached.在分裂混淆合成過程結(jié)束時(shí)，能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)全部附著于一個(gè)小珠上的分子構(gòu)造都同樣?；瘜W(xué)家們從混淆物

22、中分別出擁有生物活性分子的小珠,而后利用敏捷的探測技術(shù)來確立附著的化合物的分子構(gòu)造。Units6Plantnaturalproductshavehad,andcontinuetohave,animportantroleasmedicinalandpharmaceuticalagents,notonlyaspurifiedisolatesandextractives,butalsoasleadcompoundsforsyntheticoptimization.植物天然產(chǎn)物已經(jīng)并持續(xù)擁有作為醫(yī)藥和藥劑的重要作用，不單是純化的分別物提取物，并且作為合成優(yōu)化的先導(dǎo)化合物。Plantsecondarym

23、etabolitesalsoshowpromiseforcancerchemoprevention,whichhasbeendefinedas“theuseofnon-cytotoxicnutrientsforpharmacologicalagentstoenhanceintrinsicphysiologicalmechanismsthatprotecttheorganismagainstmutantclonesofmalignantcells”.精選文檔植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物也有希望用于腫瘤化學(xué)預(yù)防，即“利用無細(xì)胞毒營養(yǎng)物或藥物加強(qiáng)內(nèi)在生理體制以保護(hù)有機(jī)體，防備惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的突變復(fù)制。3.Neve

24、rtheless,thevastmajorityoftheworldsquarterofamillionplantspecieshasnotbeenevaluatedinpharmaceuticalscreens,andthesmallpercentagethathasbeentestedhasgenerallybeenscreenedforactivityagainstonlyafewtherapeutictargets.但是，世界上25萬栽種物的絕大多半還沒有進(jìn)行藥物挑選評(píng)論，一小部分已經(jīng)進(jìn)行測試的也不過對(duì)極少幾種治療靶標(biāo)進(jìn)行了活性挑選。Althoughmanysamplingprogra

25、msdesignedtogeneratelargenumbersofsamplesforhigh-throughputscreeningprogramshavebeencharacterizedasrandom,ithasbeenshownthattheyareneithertrulyrandomnorhaphazard,butthatsamplingoccurswithoutpreconceivedselectionofspecies.只管很多產(chǎn)生大批用于高通量挑選的樣品的采樣程序已經(jīng)擁有隨機(jī)的特色，可是已有結(jié)果表示他們其實(shí)不是隨機(jī)的，也不是隨意的，除非采樣是在沒有先入為主的種類選擇下進(jìn)行的

26、。Threemainresearchapproachesareusedindrugdiscoveryanddevelopmentprocesses:(1)bioactivityormechanismofaction-directedisolationandcharacterizationofactivecompounds,(2)rationaldrugdesign-basedmodificationandanalogsynthesis,and(3)mechanismofactionstudies.在藥物發(fā)現(xiàn)和開發(fā)程序中應(yīng)用的三種主要思路是：生物活性或作用體制為導(dǎo)向的分別及活性化合物的判定，鑒于

27、修飾或近似物合成的合理藥物設(shè)計(jì)，作用體制研究。Unit7Absorptionistheprocessofadrugenteringsystemiccirculationfromitssiteofadministration.Exceptdirectinjectionintothebloodvessels,otherroutesofadministrationinvolvethetransportofcellmembrane.汲取是藥物自用藥部位進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)的過程。除直接注入血管者外，一般的給藥方法都要經(jīng)過細(xì)胞膜的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。Drugabsorption,especiallythoseorallyad

28、ministereddrugs,dependsonmanyfactors,suchastheintrinsiccharacteristicsofthedrug,dosageform,food,patientageandthelike.好多要素都能夠影響藥物的汲取,特別是口服藥物的汲取，如藥物自己的性質(zhì)，劑型，食品，患者年紀(jì)等。Thedistributionofadruginthebodyisunevenandisinastateofdynamicequilibrium,thatis,itchangesconstantlywiththeabsorptionandeliminationofthed

29、rug.藥物在體內(nèi)的散布多半是不平均的，且處于動(dòng)向均衡狀態(tài)中，即隨藥物的汲取與排泄不停地變化著。Afteradrugenterstheblood,itwillmoreorlessbindtoplasmaprotein,butthisbindingislooseandreversible,andisalwaysinastateofequilibrium.藥物進(jìn)入血液后或多或少地將與血漿蛋白聯(lián)合，但這類聯(lián)合是松散的，可逆的，常常處于動(dòng)向均衡。Bioavailabilityistherelativequantityandrateofdrugswithdifferentdosageformswhich

30、areabsorbedandreachthesystemiccirculation;itisconcernedwiththeintensityandspeedofdrugaction.生物利用度是指不一樣劑型的藥物能汲取進(jìn)入體循環(huán)的相對(duì)份量及速度。它與藥物作用的強(qiáng)度與速度有關(guān)。Unit8Analyticalchemistryaimstoresolvetwoquestions:whatitisandhowmuchitis,thatisqualitativeanalysisandquantitativeanalysis.Qualitativeanalysisistoidentifytheeleme

31、nts,.精選文檔ionsandcompoundscontainedinasamplewhilequantitativeanalysisistodeterminetheexactquantity.剖析化學(xué)的核心任務(wù)在于解決兩個(gè)問題：一個(gè)是有什么；另一個(gè)是有多少，也就是定性剖析和定量剖析。定性剖析是指鑒識(shí)所含的物質(zhì)而定量剖析是測定物質(zhì)的正確含量。Analyticalchemistryhasexpandedbeyondtheboundsofjustchemistry,andmanyhaveadvocatedusingthenameanalyticalsciencetodescribethefiel

32、d.Eventhistermfallsshortofrecognitionoftheroleofinstrumentationdevelopmentandapplications.Onesuggestionisthatweusethetermanalyticalscienceandtechnology.剖析化學(xué)的發(fā)展已經(jīng)高出了化學(xué)的界限，所以有人建議用剖析科學(xué)來描繪這個(gè)領(lǐng)域。但是，該名詞忽略了儀器發(fā)展和應(yīng)用的作用，有人建議使用“剖析科學(xué)和技術(shù)”這一名詞。Analyticalchemistsworktoimprovethereliabilityofexistingtechniquestomeet

33、thedemandsforbetterchemicalmeasurementswhichariseconstantlyinoursociety.Theyadoptprovenmethodologiestonewkindsofmaterialsortoanswernewquestionsabouttheircompositionandtheirreactivitymechanisms.剖析化學(xué)家致力于提升已有技術(shù)的靠譜性以更好的知足社會(huì)中屢次出現(xiàn)的化學(xué)檢測的需求。他們將已證明的方法學(xué)應(yīng)用于新式資料，或回答對(duì)于其構(gòu)成及反響機(jī)理的新問題。Qualitativetestsmaybeperformedb

34、yselectivechemicalreactionsorwiththeuseofinstrumentation.Forexample,theformationofawhiteprecipitatewhenaddingasolutionofsilvernitratetoadissolvedsampleindicatesthepresenceofchloride.Infraredspectrawillgive“fingerprints”oforganiccompoundsheirfunctionalofgroups.定性鑒識(shí)可能經(jīng)過選擇性的化學(xué)反響或許儀器剖析來達(dá)成。比如當(dāng)把硝酸銀溶液滴加到一份

35、溶解樣品中，生成白色積淀就說了然樣品中存在氯離子。而紅外光譜能夠給出有機(jī)化合物或官能團(tuán)的“指紋”Thefirstphaseinthetestingofbannedsubstancesiscalledfast-screeningphase,inwhichqualitativeanalysissuchasGCorLCisadoptedtotestsuspicioussamples.Inthesecondphase,GC-MSisemployedforfurthertestingofthosesuspicioussamples.Finally,spectrophotometryorGCisappli

36、edforaccuratequantification.違禁藥物檢查的第一階段稱作迅速挑選階段，往常采納氣相色譜或液相色譜等定性剖析方法檢查出可疑樣本；第二階段使用氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用對(duì)可疑樣本進(jìn)一步檢測；最后，應(yīng)用分光光度法或氣相色譜進(jìn)行正確立量。Unit9Thedevelopmentofanewtherapeuticagentinvolvesamultidisciplinarygroupinmanyyearsofwork，andwiththedevelopmentofgeneticengineeringandtheproductionofmonoclonalantibodies,itislikelyt

37、hatevenmoreagentsshouldbeproduced.新藥研發(fā)波及多學(xué)科研究人員多年的共同研究成就，并且跟著遺傳工程學(xué)和單克隆抗體技術(shù)的發(fā)展，人們勢必研制出更多新藥。Theactivityofbiopharmaceuticalsdependsontheircomplicatedconformationbasedonsecondary,tertiaryandquaternarystructures.Thesestructurescannotbefullydefinedwithourpresentsetofanalyticaltechniquesandapproachesforpot

38、encytesting.生物藥劑的活性依靠于其二級(jí)、三級(jí)和四級(jí)構(gòu)造基礎(chǔ)上的復(fù)雜構(gòu)象，并且這些構(gòu)象采納當(dāng)前的剖析技術(shù)和方法還沒法完整被確立并用于效能試驗(yàn)。Apartfromtheintravenousrouteofdrugadministration,whereadrugisintroduceddirectlyintothebloodcirculation,allotherroutesofadministeringsystemicallyactingdrugsinvolvetheabsorptionofdrugfromtheplaceofadministrationintotheblood.除了

39、靜脈注射這一給藥門路能夠直接進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)外，全部其余渾身性作用的藥物的給藥門路都波及藥物從給藥地址汲取進(jìn)入血液的過程。Biopharmaceuticalsarepharmaceuticalproductsconsistingof(glyco)proteins,andtheyhaveanumberofcharacteristicsthatsetthemasidefromlowmolecularweightdrugs.生物藥劑是含有（糖）蛋白的藥物制劑，它們擁有很多與小分子量藥物不一樣的特征。Insafetytestingandclinicaltestprogramsofbiopharmaceut

40、icals,questionshavetobeaddressedregardingspeciesspecificresponses,selectionofdosingschedulesandrouteofadministration,andthepossibleoccurrenceofimmunogenicity.精選文檔在生物制劑安全性試驗(yàn)和臨床試驗(yàn)計(jì)劃中，一定將重點(diǎn)放在種屬特異性應(yīng)答、給藥門路和給藥方案的選擇以及可能發(fā)生的免疫原性上。Unit11Theinformationthepackageinsertcontainsisderivedfromdatasuppliedbyinvestig

41、atorsandsubmittedbythepharmaceuticalfirmtotheFDA,includingthechemicalstructureofthedrug,asummaryofitspharmacologicalthetoxicologicalaction,itsclinicalindicationsandcontraindications,precautions,reportedadversereactions,dosagerecommendations,andavailabledosageforms.FDA的數(shù)藥品說明書中所包含的信息來自于檢查人員供給的、由藥品生產(chǎn)廠家

42、提交給據(jù)，包含藥品的化學(xué)構(gòu)造、藥理/藥毒性能的概說、臨床適應(yīng)癥和禁忌癥、注意事項(xiàng)，有報(bào)導(dǎo)的不良反響、建議用量和可用劑型。Thephysicianmayexercisehisprofessionaljudgmentintheuseofanydrug.However,ifhedeviatesfromtheinstructionsinthepackageinsertandadversereactionsoccur,hemustbepreparedtodefendhispositionincourtifthereisamalpracticesuit.Ifaseverereactionoccurreda

43、ndlitigationfollowed,howwouldacourtreactifaphysicianadmittedtotheuseofthisdrugforthetreatmentofsomediseasesinviewoftheprohibitionsinthepackageinsert?Wouldthepublishedclinicalstudy,plusthephysiciansjudgmentinprescribingthedrug,suffice?TheFDAcannotrequireapharmaceuticalfirmtoincludeanewuseforthedrugproductintheinsertevenifithasbeenclinicallytestedandfoundusefulforagivenproblem.But,ifanewuseforadrugisnotyetincludedinthepackageinsert,themanu