1、語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)第1頁(yè)I 語(yǔ)言學(xué)導(dǎo)論 II 語(yǔ)言學(xué)主要分支學(xué)科 III 語(yǔ)言學(xué)流派和理論 第2頁(yè)I 語(yǔ)言學(xué)導(dǎo)論 1. design feature of language（語(yǔ)言定義特征） 2. Language Families (世界語(yǔ)言分類) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中幾對(duì)主要概念) 4. scope of linguistics (語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究范圍)第3頁(yè)1. design feature of language（語(yǔ)言定義特征) defining properties of human language that disti

2、nguish it from any animal system of communication 第4頁(yè)1. design feature of language語(yǔ)言定義特征1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二層性)3)Creativity/Productivity(創(chuàng)造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)Cultural Transmission(文化傳遞性) 第5頁(yè)1）Arbitrariness(任意性): 定義：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their me

3、aning. 舉例：書(shū), book, livre喜歡，like，aimer第6頁(yè)2）Duality（二層性）: 定義：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.舉例： Sounds syllables words phrases clauses sentences texts/discourses第7頁(yè)3） Creativity/Productivity（創(chuàng)造性）: 定義

4、：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality 舉例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/- carp or park舉例2：England, defeated, FranceEngland defeated France.France defeated England.第8頁(yè)4）Displacement（替換性）: 定義：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of

5、 communication. 第9頁(yè)5） Cultural Transmission（文化傳遞性）: 定義：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩第10頁(yè)3. Design feature 定義特征1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二層性)3)Creativity/Productivity(創(chuàng)造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)Cultural Transmission(文

6、化傳遞性) 怎樣記憶: 五性，創(chuàng)意遺傳第11頁(yè)4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中幾對(duì)主要概念)1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic3) langue & parole4) competence & performance第12頁(yè)1) Descriptive （描述性） vs. Prescriptive （要求性） Descriptive: describing how things are.prescriptive: prescribing how thin

7、gs ought to be第13頁(yè)Important Distinctions in Linguistics舉例：Dont say X.People dont say X.The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement.第14頁(yè)2). Synchronic（共時(shí)性） vs. Diachronic （歷時(shí)性）synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. diachronic: the study of

8、a language through the course of its history. 第15頁(yè)舉例：研究18英語(yǔ)發(fā)音 Synchronic studies (共時(shí)性研究)研究1800-1900法語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法改變Diachronic studies (歷時(shí)研究)第16頁(yè)2. 世界語(yǔ)言分類Language family 語(yǔ)系language group 語(yǔ)族Language branch 語(yǔ)支印歐語(yǔ)系,漢藏語(yǔ)系，南島語(yǔ)系，阿爾泰語(yǔ)系，南亞語(yǔ)系印歐語(yǔ)系下的日耳曼語(yǔ)族，羅曼語(yǔ)族，凱爾特語(yǔ)族, 斯拉夫語(yǔ)族，伊朗印度語(yǔ)族日耳曼語(yǔ)族下分東日耳曼語(yǔ)支，西日耳曼支，北日耳曼語(yǔ)支第17頁(yè)2. 世界語(yǔ)言分類Lang

9、uage family 語(yǔ)系language group 語(yǔ)族Language branch 語(yǔ)支印歐語(yǔ)系,漢藏語(yǔ)系，南島語(yǔ)系，阿爾泰語(yǔ)系，南亞語(yǔ)系印歐語(yǔ)系下的日耳曼語(yǔ)族，羅曼語(yǔ)族，凱爾特語(yǔ)族, 斯拉夫語(yǔ)族，伊朗印度語(yǔ)族日耳曼語(yǔ)族下分西日耳曼支，東日耳曼語(yǔ)支，北日耳曼語(yǔ)支第18頁(yè)Indo-European language family印歐語(yǔ)系Germanic group 日耳曼語(yǔ)族West Branch西日耳曼語(yǔ)支英語(yǔ)，德語(yǔ)North Branch瑞典語(yǔ)，丹麥語(yǔ)-Celtic group凱爾特語(yǔ)族North Celtic group北凱爾特語(yǔ)支愛(ài)爾蘭語(yǔ)，蓋爾語(yǔ)South Celtic gro

10、up南凱爾特語(yǔ)支威爾士語(yǔ)Roman group羅曼語(yǔ)族West Roman Group西羅曼語(yǔ)支法語(yǔ)，西班牙語(yǔ)等東支羅馬尼亞語(yǔ)Slavic group斯拉夫語(yǔ)族West Slavic group斯拉夫語(yǔ)西支波蘭語(yǔ)，捷克語(yǔ)東支俄語(yǔ)第19頁(yè) Important Distinctions in Linguistics 3). langue（語(yǔ)言） & parole （言語(yǔ)）Theorist：Saussure（索緒爾）, father of modern linguistics langue: abstract linguistic systemparole: actual realization o

11、f langue第20頁(yè)Important Distinctions in Linguistics舉例：漢語(yǔ)系統(tǒng)langue每個(gè)中國(guó)人在不一樣詳細(xì)場(chǎng)景中說(shuō)出詳細(xì)話語(yǔ)parole第21頁(yè)Important Distinctions in Linguistics4) Competence（語(yǔ)言能力） and performance （語(yǔ)言利用）theorist: Chomsky(喬姆斯基) competence: users knowledge of rules about the linguistic system.performance: the actual realization of t

12、his knowledge in concrete situations.第22頁(yè)5. Scope of Linguistics (語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究范圍)1）按研究?jī)?nèi)容來(lái)分2）按研究導(dǎo)向來(lái)分第23頁(yè)語(yǔ)言學(xué)分類-按研究?jī)?nèi)容分LinguisticsMicro-linguistics語(yǔ)言內(nèi)部問(wèn)題Macro-linguistics語(yǔ)言與外部世界關(guān)系問(wèn)題第24頁(yè)語(yǔ)言學(xué)分類-按研究?jī)?nèi)容分Micro- LinguisticssoundPhonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué))Phonology（音系學(xué)）wordMorphology（形態(tài)學(xué)）sentenceSyntax（句法學(xué)）meaningSemantics（語(yǔ)義學(xué)）Prag

13、matics(語(yǔ)用學(xué))第25頁(yè)Macro-linguisticsLanguage & SocietySociolinguistics社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Language & MindPsycholinguistics心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)Language & Cultureanthropological linguistics人類語(yǔ)言學(xué)Language & ComputerComputational Linguistics計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言學(xué)第26頁(yè)語(yǔ)言學(xué)分類-按研究導(dǎo)向分Linguistics TheoreticalLinguisticsLinguistic nature, universal rulesApplied

14、Linguisticslanguage acquisition, teaching, assessment第27頁(yè)語(yǔ)言學(xué)分類-按研究?jī)?nèi)容分Micro- LinguisticssoundPhonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué))Phonology（音系學(xué)）wordMorphology（形態(tài)學(xué)）sentenceSyntax（句法學(xué)）meaningSemantics（語(yǔ)義學(xué)）Pragmatics(語(yǔ)用學(xué))第28頁(yè)語(yǔ)言學(xué)分類-按研究?jī)?nèi)容分Micro- LinguisticssoundPhonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué))Phonology（音系學(xué)）wordMorphology（形態(tài)學(xué)）sentenceSyntax（句法學(xué)）m

15、eaningSemantics（語(yǔ)義學(xué)）Pragmatics(語(yǔ)用學(xué))第29頁(yè)考點(diǎn): 1.語(yǔ)音學(xué)(phonetics)和音系學(xué)(phonology)定義和區(qū)分2.語(yǔ)音學(xué)主要概念: 清音和濁音3.音系學(xué)主要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征 第30頁(yè)P(yáng)honetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received. Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language

16、 form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 區(qū)分: meaning(是否研究和表示意義相關(guān)語(yǔ)音）第31頁(yè)舉例:too 和 tea 中 /t/發(fā)too中/t/時(shí), 舌位更靠近口腔前部發(fā)tea中/t/時(shí)，舌位更靠近口腔后部語(yǔ)音學(xué)要研究這種/t/發(fā)音不一樣之處, 音系學(xué)不研究第32頁(yè)P(yáng)honetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. 第33頁(yè)語(yǔ)音學(xué)分類arti

17、culatory phonetics(發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)): speakers production acoustic phonetics（聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)）: transmissions mediumauditory phonetics(聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)): receivers reception 第34頁(yè)怎樣記憶phonetics和phonolgy區(qū)分:聯(lián)想: mathematics, physics, mechanics phonetics 語(yǔ)言學(xué)，-ics科學(xué)性更強(qiáng) geology, sociology, astrology phonology 音系學(xué)，-ology人文性更強(qiáng)第35頁(yè) How speech

18、 sounds are made Speech organs第36頁(yè)第37頁(yè)P(yáng)osition of the vocal folds(聲帶): voicing(濁音) and voiceless (清音)第38頁(yè)Voiceless(清音)：vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting the air stream go through without causing obstruction 清音舉例：p,s,tVoicing/Voiced（濁音）：vocal cords held together, letting the air stream vibrat

19、es 濁音: b,z,d第39頁(yè)The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.第40頁(yè)音系學(xué)定義：study of how speech sounds in a language form p

20、atterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 音系學(xué)主要概念: phone音子，phoneme音位 (音系研究基本單位)supra-segmental features超音段特征第41頁(yè)P(yáng)hone(音子)：a phonetic unit; the speech sounds we hear and produce during communication are all phones 舉例: too 和 tea 中 /t/發(fā)too中/t/時(shí), 舌位更靠近口腔前部發(fā)tea中

21、/t/時(shí)，舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too 和 tea 中 /t/兩個(gè)不一樣音子第42頁(yè) Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. 舉例： tea 和 sea, /t/和/s/是兩個(gè)不一樣音位morpheme第43頁(yè)What is the point of departure of phonology?A. phone B. sound C. vo

22、ice D. phoneme 第44頁(yè)What is the point of departure of phonology?A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme(音位) 第45頁(yè)What is the point of departure of phonetics?A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme 第46頁(yè)What is the point of departure of phonetics?A. phone B. sound C. voice D. phoneme 第47頁(yè)Suprasegmental feat

23、ures (超音段特征)Suprasegmental features: phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments . The principal suprasegmentals are: 第48頁(yè)Supra-segmental features (超音段特征)： stress （重音）舉例: perfect (adj) 和 perfect (v)tone (聲調(diào))/pitch (音高): 定義: sound feature which are caused by the differing rate of vib

24、ration of the vocal folds.舉例: m媽, m麻, m馬， m罵比較：英語(yǔ)單詞，如me第49頁(yè)intonation （語(yǔ)氣）：pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation. 舉例: 第50頁(yè) Morphology 形態(tài)學(xué)1. 學(xué)科定義2. 語(yǔ)素定義和分類3. 詞分類（classification of words）第51頁(yè)形態(tài)學(xué)研究基本單位1. morpheme(語(yǔ)素）. The most basic element of meanin

25、g in language，an element that cannot be further divided into smaller units without altering its meaning.舉例：ball football balls第52頁(yè)Morpheme語(yǔ)素Free morpheme自由語(yǔ)素定義：constitute words by themselves舉例：girl, book, dogBound morpheme粘附語(yǔ)素Derivational morpheme派生語(yǔ)素定義：change lexical meaning舉例：Dis-, co-, -ful, -enI

26、nflectional morpheme屈折語(yǔ)素定義：change grammatical meaning舉例: -s, -ed, -ing,er, est定義: not occur by themselves 第53頁(yè) Types of MorphemesFree morphemes vs. Bound morphemes（自由語(yǔ)素和黏著語(yǔ)素）: Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves, eg boy, girl, table, nation.Bound morphemes: those that canno

27、t occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-.第54頁(yè)Types of Bound MorphemeInflectional morpheme (屈折語(yǔ)素)=inflectional affix(屈折詞綴)：change the grammatical meaning (number, aspect, case, tense) Derivational morpheme（派生語(yǔ)素）=inflectional affix (派生詞綴）: change the lexical meaning 第55頁(yè)dis+like+s derivational free inflec

28、tional morpheme 第56頁(yè)light+en+ed free derivational inflectional morpheme 第57頁(yè)Derivational morpheme(改變?cè)~義): 改變?cè)~義：dis-, un-, multi-, micro-改變?cè)~性：en-, -full, -mentInflectional morpheme（改變語(yǔ)法含義）:改變名稱性，數(shù)，格：-ess, -s,改變動(dòng)詞時(shí), 態(tài)，體: -ing, -ed, 改變形容詞級(jí)：-er, -est第58頁(yè)詞分類-按構(gòu)詞法分wordSimple word簡(jiǎn)單詞Compound word合成詞Derivati

29、onal word派生詞第59頁(yè)怎樣區(qū)分配生詞（derivational word）和 合成詞(compound word) : 拆開(kāi)后看各個(gè)組成語(yǔ)素能否都單獨(dú)成詞，假如能夠，就是合成詞，假如不能就是派生詞。Businessman: business + manPlayboy: play + boy Mouthful: mouth + fulLighten: light + en第60頁(yè)詞分類-按詞義分wordGrammatical word 語(yǔ)法詞 （function word 功能詞）定義：表達(dá)語(yǔ)法意義，連接舉例：prep介詞，conj連詞，art冠詞，pronoun代詞Lexical w

30、ord詞匯詞 （content word 實(shí)義詞）定義：表達(dá)實(shí)際意義（物質(zhì)，動(dòng)作和性質(zhì)）的詞舉例：n名詞，v動(dòng)詞，adj形容詞，adv副詞第61頁(yè)詞分類-按開(kāi)放性分wordOpen class word開(kāi)放詞類定義：不斷有新詞進(jìn)入舉例：noun, adj, verb, advClosed-class word封閉詞類定義：基本沒(méi)有新詞進(jìn)入舉例: preposition, conjunction, article, pronoun第62頁(yè)詞分類-按在句子主要性分詞類Major part of speechNoun名詞Verb動(dòng)詞Adjective形容詞adverb副詞preposition介詞M

31、inor part of speechArticle冠詞Conjunction連詞Auxiliary助動(dòng)詞第63頁(yè) 分類方法 按構(gòu)詞法分簡(jiǎn)單詞: dislike, light派生詞: dislike, lighten合成詞: cat-like, light-weight按詞義分語(yǔ)法詞 : 冠, 介，代，連詞詞匯詞: 名，動(dòng)，形，副按開(kāi)放性分開(kāi)放詞:名，動(dòng)，形，副封閉詞:冠, 介，代，連詞按在句中主要性分主要詞類:名，動(dòng)，形，副, 介次要詞類：冠，代，連詞第64頁(yè) Syntax 句法考點(diǎn)1. 定義2. 句法范圍3. 句子類型第65頁(yè)1. Syntax定義：: studies internal s

32、tructure of sentence and rules of sentence-formation第66頁(yè)Category(范圍): a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as sentence, a noun phrase or a verb (起相同作用一類語(yǔ)言單位)Syntactical category(句法范圍): a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same

33、 or similar functions in sentence-formation. （在句子組成中起相同作用一類語(yǔ)言單位）第67頁(yè)Syntactical category(句法范圍)Word-lexical categoryPhrase-phrasal categoryClause-clausal categorySentence第68頁(yè)Lexical Category 詞法范圍=Parts of Speech 詞類Lexical categoryMajor part of speechNoun名詞Verb動(dòng)詞Adjective形容詞adverb副詞preposition介詞Minor

34、part of speechArticle冠詞Conjunction連詞Auxiliary助動(dòng)詞第69頁(yè) 分類方法 按構(gòu)詞法分簡(jiǎn)單詞: dislike, light派生詞: dislike, lighten合成詞: cat-like, light-weight按詞義分語(yǔ)法詞 : 冠, 介，代，連詞詞匯詞: 名，動(dòng)，形，副按開(kāi)放性分開(kāi)放詞:名，動(dòng)，形，副封閉詞:冠, 介，代，連詞按在句中主要性分主要詞類/范圍:名，動(dòng)，形，副, 介次要詞類/范圍：冠，代，連詞第70頁(yè) phrase specifier head complement a car five meters away 第71頁(yè)72Sen

35、tence Types(句子類型)simple Sentence complexnon-simple compound第72頁(yè)4. 句子分類：Simple sentence 簡(jiǎn)單句Coordinate sentence 并列句Complex sentence 復(fù)雜句第73頁(yè)simple sentence 簡(jiǎn)單句定義：also called independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. 第74頁(yè)練習(xí)：Jim and Mike play football every a

36、fternoon. (simple sentence) Mary goes to the library and studies every day. (coordinate sentence)第75頁(yè)coordinate sentence并列句: contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator(并列連詞) such as and, or, but etc. Coordinators are often preceded by a comma. 例句: I tried to speak Spanish, and my frien

37、d tried to speak English. Lily went to play football, but Maria went shopping.第76頁(yè)You have to do it one way or the other.Simple sentenceThe workers were cheerful, or at least they appeared to be cheerful.Coordinate sentence第77頁(yè)complex sentence 定義：A complex sentence has an independent clause joined w

38、ith one or more dependent clauses by one or more subordinators(隸屬連詞) such as if, when, because, althoug. 第78頁(yè)As he is growing old, he seldom goes out.He is growing old, whereas he becomes healthier.怎樣區(qū)分并列和復(fù)雜句-看連詞表示關(guān)系 并列，選擇和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系-并列句時(shí)間，條件，原因和讓步關(guān)系-復(fù)雜句 第79頁(yè)Semantics考點(diǎn)：1. 定義：study of meaning2. 兩種基本意義：ref

39、erence指稱和sense涵義3. 五種詞語(yǔ)語(yǔ)義關(guān)系第80頁(yè)Ludwig Wittgenstein: The meaning of a word is its use in the language. Meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.Reference（指稱）: how language refers to the real physical world (語(yǔ)言指代外部物質(zhì)世界)Sense（涵義）: inher

40、ent meaning of the linguistic form. It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. (語(yǔ)言形式內(nèi)在意義) 第81頁(yè) conceptsymbolizes refers tosymbol referent(word) stands for (object)第82頁(yè) dogSense:a domesticated canine mammal Reference: 第83頁(yè)Synonymy 同義Synonymy 同義: sameness or similarity of m

41、eaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. 第84頁(yè)同義分類舉例dialectical synonym地域同義詞：舉例: fall and autumn, flat and apartment stylistic synonym格調(diào)同義詞：舉例: cop and police, kid and offspringcollocational synonym搭配同義詞：舉例: accuse of, charge with, rebuke forSemantically different synonym語(yǔ)義稍有不一樣同義

42、詞: 舉例: surprise and astound, blame and rebuke第85頁(yè)Antonymy 反義Antonymy 反義: oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms. Antonymy 反義關(guān)系分類：gradable antonymy 等級(jí)反義complementary antonymy互補(bǔ)反義converse antonymy反向反義第86頁(yè)Gradable antonymy等級(jí)反義young -middle-aged- oldbig -middle-s

43、ized- smallgood-average-bad第87頁(yè) Complementary antonymy互補(bǔ)反義alive : deadmale : femalepresent : absentinnocent : guiltyodd : evenpass : failboy : girlhit : miss第88頁(yè) Converse antonymy反向反義 buy : selllend : borrowgive : receiveparent : childhusband : wifeteacher : studentabove : belowbefore : afterhost :

44、guestemployer : employee第89頁(yè) Hyponymy 上下義關(guān)系Hyponymy上下義: refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.Superordinate/hypernym上義詞: the more general termHyponym下義詞: the more specific term第90頁(yè)舉例:hypernym上義詞: animal Hyponym下義詞: bird, fish, tiger, cat怎樣記

45、憶:hyper-向上 hype 炒作 hypo-向下 hypothesis 假設(shè)第91頁(yè) Animalbird fish insect animal human animal tiger lion elephant .第92頁(yè)P(yáng)olysemy 一詞多義Polysemy: the same one word has more than one meaning. Such a word is called polysemic word.舉例:Fish:1. 魚(yú)2. 魚(yú)肉3. 水生動(dòng)物4. 打魚(yú)5. 尋找第93頁(yè)Homonymy同音/同形異義詞 : words having different me

46、anings have the same form, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.Identical in sound: homophones 同音詞Identical in spelling: homograph 同形詞Identical in both: complete homonyms 同音同形詞第94頁(yè)homophones 同音詞：舉例: knight and night, piece and peace homograph 同形詞舉例: tear (v) and tear (n), l

47、ead (v) and lead (n)complete homonyms 同音同形詞: fast (adj) and fast (n) 第95頁(yè)怎樣區(qū)分同音同形和一詞多義現(xiàn)象: beauty, fish, ball, scalebeauty: 漂亮；美女fish: 魚(yú)；魚(yú)肉；水生動(dòng)物；打魚(yú)；尋找ball: 球；舞會(huì)scale: 規(guī)模；魚(yú)鱗 看其多個(gè)意義之間是否相關(guān)聯(lián)，假如有就是一詞多義，沒(méi)有就是同音同形詞第96頁(yè)P(yáng)ragmatics 語(yǔ)用學(xué) 考點(diǎn):定義和與語(yǔ)義學(xué)區(qū)分：study of meaning in context or in use言語(yǔ)行為理論（兩位理論家和三種行為）會(huì)話標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 第97

48、頁(yè)2. Speech Act TheoryJohn Austin (1911-1960)How to Do Things with Words (1962)Main Idea: things can be done with words第98頁(yè)Constatives(敘事句) vs. performatives（施為句）Constatives（敘事句）: utterances which roughly serves to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is, eg: I

49、go to the park every Sunday.I teach English. 第99頁(yè)P(yáng)erformatives（施為句）: utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; the uttering of the sentence is the doing of an action; they cannot be said to be true or false.Performative verbs: name, bet, etc.第100頁(yè)Three Spe

50、ech Acts (三種言語(yǔ)行為)A locutionary act (言內(nèi)行為): the act of uttering words, phrase, sentences. It is an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act（言外行為）: an act of expression speakers intention; it is an act performed in saying something.A perlocutiona

51、ry act（言后行為）: the act preformed by or as a result of saying, the effects on the hearer.第101頁(yè)三種話語(yǔ)行為-舉例老師對(duì)學(xué)生說(shuō): You have left the door open.Locutionary act(言內(nèi)行為): the act of uttering the words of “you”, “have”, “l(fā)eft”, “the”, “door”, “open”Illocutinary act(言外行為): the act of expressing the teachers inte

52、ntion of asking the student to close the door.Perlocutionary act(言后行為): the effect of the utterance: student goes to close the door第102頁(yè)103 Illocutionary Act Theory美國(guó)哲學(xué)家John Searle (約翰-塞爾， 1932-)在Austin理論基礎(chǔ)上把言外行為深入分為5類：陳說(shuō)（assertives），指示(directives)，承諾(commissives)，表示(expressives)，宣告（declaratives）第10

53、3頁(yè) Conversational Implicature（會(huì)話含義理論）Theorist：英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Herbert Paul Grice (格萊斯，1913-1988)Main Idea: People do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them.第104頁(yè)The Cooperative Principle (CP，合作標(biāo)準(zhǔn))Maxim of Quality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Quantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Relation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Manner（方式準(zhǔn)則）第105頁(yè)The

54、Cooperative Principle (CP，合作標(biāo)準(zhǔn))Maxim of Quality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）Do not say what you believe to be false.Do not say something if you lack adequate evidence;Maxim of Quantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Relation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Manner（方式準(zhǔn)則）第106頁(yè)Maxim of Quality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Quantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）：Make your contribution as informative

55、as required (for the current purposes of the exchange).Do not make your contribution more informative than required. Maxim of Relation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Manner（方式準(zhǔn)則）第107頁(yè)Maxim of Quality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Quantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Relation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）：Be relative.Maxim of Manner（方式準(zhǔn)則）第108頁(yè)Maxim of Quality（數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim

56、 of Quantity（質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Relation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）Maxim of Manner(方式準(zhǔn)則)： Be perspicuous.Avoid obscurity of expression.Avoid ambiguity.Be brief.Be orderly.第109頁(yè)Macro-Linguistics宏觀語(yǔ)言學(xué)第110頁(yè)Sociolinguistics 社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)1.定義2.語(yǔ)言變體 language variety3.雙語(yǔ) 第111頁(yè)Sociolinguistics 社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)1定義：The sub-field of linguistics that stud

57、ies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.Speech語(yǔ)言變體雙語(yǔ)第112頁(yè)Sociolinguistics 社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)定義Speech variety/language variety 語(yǔ)言變體: refer to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speaker

58、s.雙語(yǔ)第113頁(yè)speakerregionageracegendersocial classsituation第114頁(yè)Language variety 語(yǔ)言變體regionRegional dialect地域方言Social classSociolect社會(huì)方言genderGender dialect性別方言ageAge dialect年齡方言raceEthnic dialect種族方言situationRegister/situational dialect語(yǔ)域第115頁(yè)Idiolect個(gè)人方言Regional dialectSociolectAge dialectGender dial

59、ectEthnic dialect第116頁(yè)P(yáng)idgin(洋涇浜語(yǔ)/皮欽語(yǔ))：a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speaks different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 上海洋涇浜 第117頁(yè)上海話中洋涇浜英語(yǔ)“蹩腳”（BILGE，船底污水，引申為骯臟、下三濫、劣質(zhì)）“癟三”（BEG SIR，乞丐先生，用來(lái)形容叫花子、難民、逃荒者等各式窮人，后引申為最廣泛罵人用語(yǔ)之一?！俺嗬小笔?/p>

60、英語(yǔ)“CHEAT”（坑騙）和漢字“佬”混生詞語(yǔ)，一個(gè)魯迅時(shí)代最流行洋涇浜俚語(yǔ)（隱語(yǔ)）。第118頁(yè)119From pidgin to creoles(克里奧語(yǔ)):Pidgin has become the primary language as a result of intermarriage, it is spoken at home and learned by children as a mother tongue.舉例. French-based Haitian Creole, English based jamaica Creole第119頁(yè)Sociolinguistics 社會(huì)語(yǔ)言