自動化專業(yè)英語課程性質(zhì)質(zhì)和目的的初步掌握握自動化化專業(yè)的的專業(yè)詞詞匯和常常用表達達方法；；能夠借助助專業(yè)詞詞典閱讀讀和翻譯譯專業(yè)資資料、專專業(yè)教材材、與自自動化技技術(shù)有關(guān)關(guān)的說明明書、手手冊或者者其它技技術(shù)資料料；能夠初步步撰寫專專業(yè)論文文摘要和和常用應應用文。。文獻范圍圍電路（TheoryofCircuit）模擬電子子技術(shù)（（AnalogElectronicsTechnology））數(shù)字電子子技術(shù)（（DigitalElectronicsTechnology）電機學（（TheoryofElectricElectricMotors）自動控制制理論（（AutomaticControlTheory）現(xiàn)代控制制理論（（ModernControlTheory）微機原理理（PrincipleofMicrocomputer）計算機控控制技術(shù)術(shù)（ComputerControlTechniques）過程控制制系統(tǒng)（（ProcessControlSystem）專業(yè)詞匯匯電氣工程程自動控制制計算機考試考試內(nèi)容容全部來來自教材材內(nèi)閱讀：50%翻譯：35%寫作：15%不能帶詞詞典要求生詞記熟熟每篇課文文至少讀讀三遍課前1遍遍課內(nèi)1遍遍課后1遍遍課前預習習通讀課文文1遍生詞查出出在頁邊按按1、5、10……標標上頁內(nèi)內(nèi)行標。。頁內(nèi)行行標的標標注辦法法：大標標題、圖圖形、圖圖題、表表格不算算一行，，公式、、小標題題算一行行。閱讀方法法Skimming：瀏瀏覽或者者略讀。。只需要要理解文文章內(nèi)容容的大約約50%%，快速速地獲取取中心意意思和重重點。Scanning：瀏瀏覽或者者查閱。。查閱只只需要從從文章中中有目的的地迅速速查找某某一具體體事實或或者特定定信息。。Fastreading：：快速閱閱讀。速速度為200~~350WPM。要要求基本本上理解解文章內(nèi)內(nèi)容。精讀：在在閱讀的的同時對對文章從從各方面面進行分分析。Newwordspowerelectronicstechnology:電電力電子子技術(shù)resultanta.（作作為）結(jié)結(jié)果（而而產(chǎn)生））的、結(jié)結(jié)局的、、最后的的beproportionalto：：與………成比比例summationn.相加加、累加加、求和和proportionalityconstant比比例常常數(shù)、比比例系數(shù)數(shù)voltagesource電電壓源currentsource電電流源magnitude幅幅值equivalentelectricalcircuit等等效電路路KirchhoffLaw基基爾霍夫夫定律inductorvoltage電感感電壓定律law：：各種現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象之間間恒定關(guān)關(guān)系的簡簡潔陳述述。Ohm’sLaw,Faraday’slaw,Kerchhoff’sfirstlaw,thelawofgravity..定義definition：表達達基本特特征的說說明定理theorem:在在已明晰晰的假設(shè)設(shè)基礎(chǔ)上上已被證證明或?qū)⒈蛔C明明的命題題NewwordsPowerfactor：：功率率因數(shù)phasor：：相圖圖、相量量vector：：向量量，矢量量thedistributionofthree-phasepowerrequiresonlythree--fourthsasmuchlinecopperasdoesthesingle-phasedistributionofthesameamountofpower.用三相傳傳輸法所所消耗的的銅只相相當于單單相傳輸輸法所傳傳輸同等等電量所所用銅的的四分之之三。NewwordsGain增益益ontheorderof………在在………數(shù)量量級KVLKirchhoffVoltageLawOneproblemwithelectronicdevicescorrespondingtothegeneralizedamplifiersisthatthegains,AUorAI,dependuponinternalpropertiesofthetwo-portsystem.對于一般般的放大大器。一一個問題題是其增增益AU或者者AI取取決于兩兩端口系系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)內(nèi)部特性性。Operationalamplifiersaredifferentialdevices運算放大大器為差差動裝置置通讀“Transistors”一一至兩遍遍。并回回答以下下問題：：Whatissemiconductormaterial??Normallyhowmanyleadsdoesatransistorget??Whatarethethreepolaritiesofatransistor??2、Pleasetranslatethesecondparagraphof““TheOperationalAmplifier””intoChinese.英語閱讀讀時要注注意的幾幾個問題題注意轉(zhuǎn)折折詞以意群為為單位進進行閱讀讀注意文章章的類型型注意整體體把握UNIT5A：OneoftheDC--to--DCSwitch-modeConverters-buckConverterNewwordsbuckconverter降降壓變換換器boostconverter升升壓變變換器steadystate穩(wěn)穩(wěn)態(tài)filtern.濾波波器impedancen.阻阻抗durationn.持續(xù)（時時間）saw--tooth鋸鋸齒齒（波））kilohertzn.千赫赫芝dissipatevt.消耗耗low--pass低低通instantaneousad.瞬瞬間的fluctuatev.波動動、起伏伏forcecommutated強制制換流dutyratio占空空比Thecontrolvoltagesignalgenerallyisobtainedbyamplifyingtheerror,,orthedifferencebetweentheactualoutputvoltageanditsdesiredvalue..控制信號號通常是是由將實實際的輸輸出電壓壓與期望望的電壓壓之差放放大后得得到。B：Switch-modeDC-toACInvertersRectifying:整流流,將將交流電電能變成成直流電電能Inverting::逆變,,而將將直流電電能轉(zhuǎn)變變成交流流電能，，相應的的裝置就就稱為逆逆變器（（Inverter））。Newwordssinusoidala.正弦的kineticenergy動動能powerflow功率率流regenerativebraking再再生制動動cancellationn.補償utilitygrid公公用電電網(wǎng)blockdiagram方框框圖lagv滯后quadrantn.象象限ToslowdowntheacmotorinFig1-5B-1,,thekineticenergyassociatedwiththeinertiaofthemotoranditsloadisrecoveredandtheacmotoractsasagenerator.為了制動動圖1--5B--1,中中的交流流電動機機，電動動機和電電動機負負載的動動能被轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)化為電電能；此此時電動動機成為為一個發(fā)發(fā)電機。。Theenergyrecoveredduringthebrakingoftheacmotorcanbedissipatedinaresistor,,whichcanbeswitchedinparallelwiththedc-buscapacitorforthispurposeinFig1--5B--1.交流電動動機制動動過程所所轉(zhuǎn)換的的電能可可以消耗耗在一個個電阻上上。該電電阻在制制動過程程中被接接入，并并且與直直流母線線上的電電容相并并聯(lián)。UNIT6TheUtilityInterfacewithPowerElectronicSystemNewwordsUninterruptiblepowersupplies((UPS)不不間斷斷電源utilitygrid公公用電電網(wǎng)malfunctionn.故障障linefrequency工工頻substantiala.基本的、、本質(zhì)的的cosinen.余弦distortionn.畸形形、畸變變resonancen.諧振振utilityrelay繼電電保護notchn.缺口口proliferationn.擴大大、擴散散electromagneticinterference電磁磁干擾unipolara.單極極性的unidirectionala.單方方向的However,allpowerelectronicconverters(includingthoseusedtoprotectcriticalloads)canaddtotheinherentpowerlinedisturbancesbydistortingtheutilitywaveformduetoharmoniccurrentsinjectedintotheutilitygridandbyproducingelectromagneticinterference.然而，所所有的的電力電電子變換換裝置（（包括那那些保護護關(guān)鍵負負載的））都會由由于諧波波電流注注入公共共電網(wǎng)而而產(chǎn)生波波形失真真或者電電磁干擾擾而產(chǎn)生生對電力力線的干干擾。Theimportanceofthehighpowerfactorhasbeenrecognizedbyresidentialandofficeequipmentmanufacturersfortheirownbenefittomaximizethepoweravailablefromawalloutlet.居民和辦辦公設(shè)備備制造商商都已經(jīng)經(jīng)認識到到提高功功率因數(shù)數(shù)的重要要性。他他們都可可以通過過提高功功率因數(shù)數(shù)而獲得得最大的的電能并并從中獲獲益。Mal--:壞壞,錯錯誤malfunction故故障malnutrition營營養(yǎng)不不良malformation畸畸形maladministration管管理不善善tort詞根根=twist扭扭Distort失真真，畸畸變Torticollis斜斜頸contortion曲解解、扭曲曲作業(yè)Pleasetranslatethesecondparagraphsof‘‘TheUtilityInterfacewithPowerElectronicSystem’’intoChinese.PART2ControlTheoryUnit1A：TheWorldofControlNewWordstediousa.令人厭煩煩的、冗冗長乏味味的proponentn.支持者、、辯護者者detractorn.反對者、、貶低者者Inamodernaircraft,forexample,,thepowerboostcontrolsamplifytheforceappliedbythepilottomovethecontrolsurfaceagainstlargeaerodynamicforces..例如在在現(xiàn)代飛飛行器中中，動力力助推控控制系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)將飛行行員的力力放大以以推動受受到很大大的氣流流作用的的機翼表表面。Lumpedparametersystemsarethoseforwhichphysicalcharacteristicsareassumedtobeconcentratedinoneormore‘‘lumps’’andthusindependentofanyspatialdistribution.集中參數(shù)數(shù)系統(tǒng)是是指這樣樣一些系系統(tǒng)，其其物理特特性都集集中在一一個或者者多個集集中體上上，因此此與空間間分布無無關(guān)。Ineffect,,bodiesareassumedrigidandtreatedaspointmassed;;sprigsaremasslessandelectricalleadsresistanceless,,suitablecorrectionsaremadetothesystemmassorresistance;temperatureareuniform;etc.在效果上上，物體體被假設(shè)設(shè)為是剛剛體并且且質(zhì)量都都集中在在一點上上，彈簧簧的質(zhì)量量可以忽忽略；導導線的電電阻為零零；或者者是可以以得到合合適的關(guān)關(guān)系式使使得系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量量、電阻阻和溫度度的分布布是均勻勻的。B：TheTransferFunctionandtheLaplaceTransformationNewWordstransferfunction傳傳遞函函數(shù)Laplacetransformation拉普普拉斯變變換ordern.階次stationaryn.穩(wěn)定定initialcondition初初始條件件polynomialn.多項項式complexLaplacevariable復復拉普普拉斯變變量denominatorn.分母母numeratorn.分子子characteristicfunction特特征函函數(shù)operationalmathematics運運算數(shù)數(shù)學ordinarydifferentialequation常常微分分方程homogeneoussolution通通解particularsolution特解解superpositionn.迭加加initialvalue初值值finalvalue終終值shiftingtheorem平移移定理piecewisea.分段段的ForphysicalsystemsN(s))willbeoflowerorderthanD(s))sincenatureintegratesratherthandifferentiates.對于實際際的系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)，由于于其積分分特性要要強于微微分特性性，所以以N(s)的階階次要低低于D((s)的的階次。。Thiscombinationorreductionprocessistermedblockdiagramalgebra..這一合并并和化簡簡過程稱稱為方框框圖代數(shù)數(shù)。TheLaplacetransformisanevolutionfromtheunilateralFourierintegral………拉氏變換換是由單單邊富立立葉變換換的演變變而來的的SincethedefiniteintegralofEq..2--1B--4isimproper,notallfunctionsareLaplacetransformable………由于方程程2-1B-4是奇異異的，所所以并非非所有的的函數(shù)的的拉氏變變換都存存在。NewWordsdiscretea.離散散的intuitivelyadv.直觀觀地excitationn.激激勵equilibriumn.平衡衡點criterionn.criteriapl.指標標、尺度度、準則則exponentiala.指數(shù)數(shù)的oscillationn.振蕩蕩qualitativelya.定性性地factoredform因式式分解的的形式reala.實（（數(shù)）的的Routhcriterion勞勞斯判判據(jù)signn.符符號unitstepinput單單位階躍躍響應forcesolution強強迫解transientsolution瞬瞬態(tài)解解timeconstant時時間常數(shù)數(shù)realaxis實實軸軸permissibleovershoot允允許許超調(diào)machinetool機機床床gougevt.在某物上上胡亂地地或者破破壞性地地鑿Theoutputwillpassthroughatransientphaseandsetdowntoasteadystateresponsethatwillbeofthesameformas,orboundedby,theinput.輸出經(jīng)過過瞬態(tài)階階段后將將回到與與輸入有有相同形形式的穩(wěn)穩(wěn)態(tài)或者者是在輸輸入的附附近。B：SteadyStatesNewWords::rampn.斜坡Acontrolsystemisdesignedtocontrolthebehavior(thetimeresponse)ofaplantsubjecttocommandsordisturbances.控制系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)設(shè)計就就是使裝裝置在有有指令信信號或者者干擾時時有滿意意的行為為（時域域響應））。Anaccuracyofasystemisameasureofhowwelliffollowscommands.系統(tǒng)的精精度是衡衡量其是是否能夠夠跟蹤指指令的一一個指標標。UNIT3A：TheRootLocusNewWords::performancecriteria性性能指標標Routh-Hurwitzcriterion勞勞斯--霍爾維維茨判據(jù)據(jù)transientresponse瞬瞬態(tài)響響應characteristicequation特特征方程程unfactoreda.未因因式分解解的depictv.描述述Angleandmagnitudecriteria相角角與幅值值準則complexconjugates復復數(shù)共共軛vectorn.向量量、矢量量horizontaln.水平counterclockwisea.逆時時針的oddmultiple奇奇數(shù)數(shù)倍的facilitatev..使容容易coinciden.一致致、重合合Thesntermrepresentsnpoles,allequaltozeroandlocatedattheoriginofthesplane.sn表示n個極點，，其值為為零，位位于s平面的原原點。Theanglesareuniformlydistributed..各個角度度是均勻勻分布的的。Ifthepartoftherealaxisbetweentwoo..l.poles((o.l.zeros)belongstotheloci,theremustbeapointofbreakawayform,,orarrivalat,,therealaxis..如果實軸軸的一部部分位于于兩個開開環(huán)極點點（或者者開環(huán)零零點）之之間且屬屬于軌跡跡，則在在其間必必有分離離點（或或者會合合點）。。B：TheFrequencyResponseMethods:NyquistDiagramsNewWords::amplituden.幅值thereofadv..在其中、、其antennan.天線superimposev.添上、加加上、附附加上gustn.陣風partialfractionexpansion部部分分式式展開inversetransform逆逆變換換undampedoscillation無無阻尼振振蕩displacev.轉(zhuǎn)移移radiann.弧度度polarplot極坐坐標圖gainmargin增增益裕量量phasemargin相相角角裕量Thefrequencyresponseisasteady-stateresponse.Althoughsomeinformationcanbeobtainedaboutthetransientresponse,itisonlyapproximateandissubjecttomisinterpretation.翻翻譯見注注解。Fromtheseequationsweseethatasinusoidalinputtoalinearstablesystemproducesasteadystateresponsethatisalsosinusoidal,havingthesamefrequencyastheinputbutdisplacedthroughaphaseangleΦΦandhavinganamplitudethatmaybedifferent..根據(jù)以上上方程，，我們可可以看到到將正弦弦輸入信信號加至至一個穩(wěn)穩(wěn)定的線線性系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)時，其其輸出也也是一個個同頻率率的正弦弦信號，，但是相相角和幅幅值會有有所不同同。練習：1、將下下列名詞詞翻譯成成英文：：時域響應應、傳遞遞函數(shù)、、方框圖圖、反饋饋控制系系統(tǒng)、零零點、極極點2、朗讀讀下列幾幾個英文文單詞并并翻譯成成中文。。Afghanistan,Argentina,Bangladesh,Burma,Cambodia,,Lebanon,,Iraq,,Iran,,Israel,Nigeria,Palestine,SaudiArabiaUNIT4A：TheFrequencyResponseMethods:BodePlotsNewwordsdecibeln.分貝貝commonlogarithm常常用對數(shù)數(shù)Bodeplot伯伯德圖圖minimumphase最小小相位unitn.單位位polarplot極坐坐標圖interpretv.解釋釋、口譯譯slopen.斜率率lagn.(相相位)滯滯后leadn.(相相位)超超前asymptoten.漸進進線deviationn.偏差差decaden.十倍倍abrupta.陡峭峭的、突突然的crossoverfrequency穿穿越頻率率gainmargin增益裕量量phasemargin相角裕量量productn.乘積積Unit5A:IntroductiontoModernControlTheoryNewWords::adventn.（事事件、時時期）的的出現(xiàn)、、到來stimulusn.刺激激realistica.實際際的、現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實的optimalcontrol最最優(yōu)控控制applicabilityn.適用用性bandwidthn.帶寬寬phase-plane相相平面describingfunction描述述函數(shù)alleviatev..減輕輕、減小小prominentlyadv.顯著著地、突突出地numericsolution數(shù)值值解n-dimensionala.n維的Whendifferentialequationsareencountered,theyarelinearizedandsubjectedtowhateverconstraintsarenecessarytoestablishusefulinput-outputrelationships.當使用微微分方程程時，要要對其進進行線性性化并受受限于一一定的約約束條件件才能建建立有用用的輸入入-輸出出關(guān)系。。Arecognitionoftheapplicabilityofwell--knownmethodsinotherfieldsofknowledge.認識到其其他領(lǐng)域域的一些些有名的的方法的的適用性性。Optimalcontroltheoryoftendictatesthatnonlineartimevaryingcontrollawbeused,evenifthebasicsystemislinearandtime-invariant.即使系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)是線性性定常的的，最優(yōu)優(yōu)控制理理論通常常給出非非線性時時變控制制律。Whennonlinearitiesandtimevariationarepresent,theverybasisforclassicaltechniquesisremoved..Somesuccessfultechniquessuchasphase--plane,,describingfunction,,andadhocmethods,havebeendevelopedtoalleviatethisshortcoming..當系統(tǒng)存存在非線線性和時時變特性性時，經(jīng)經(jīng)典方法法賴以存存在的基基礎(chǔ)就不不存在了了。一些些成功的的方法，，如相平平面法、、描述函函數(shù)法以以及一些些特定的的方法可可以改進進經(jīng)典控控制理論論。翻譯80頁最后后一段（（從IntheBodeplot,,到asshowninFig..2-4A-2.）。。寫出下列列中文術(shù)術(shù)語：階躍響應應、斜坡坡（ramp））響應、、超調(diào)量量、調(diào)節(jié)節(jié)時間、、開環(huán)系系統(tǒng)、閉閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)，復數(shù)數(shù)、實軸軸、頻率率域。B:StateequationsNewWordsControllabilityn.可控性O(shè)bservabilityn.可觀觀性coordinaten.坐標標unitmatrix單單位矩陣陣adjointn.伴隨隨矩陣determinantn.行列列式eigenvaluen.特征征值Part3ComputerControlTechnologyUnit1A:FundamentalsofComputerandNetworksNewWords::Workstationn.工作作站touchscreen觸觸摸屏屏busn.總線線Parallelport并口口serialport串串口operatingsystem操作作系統(tǒng)Jobmanagement作作業(yè)管理理ultimatelyadv..最終的、、最后的的separationn.區(qū)別別，分別別facilityn.設(shè)備備、設(shè)施施provisionn.供應應作業(yè)翻譯下列列中文術(shù)術(shù)語：矩陣、向向量、特特征值、、特征方方程、行行列式、、坐標、、共扼復復數(shù)、微微分方程程、分子子、分母母、多項項式預習：PART3UNIT2::AandBUnit2A::TheApplicationofComputerNewWord:trajectoryn.軌跡跡artilleryshellsn.炮彈彈simultaneousequations聯(lián)聯(lián)立方程程retrievev.檢索索virtualreality虛虛擬現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實numericalcontrol數(shù)數(shù)控adaptivecontrol自適適應控制制unrivalleda.無敵敵的algorithmn.算法terativea.重重復的、、迭代jointn.關(guān)節(jié)節(jié)civilwork土土木工程程manualn.手冊冊decisivea.決定性的的asynchronousa.異步步的subdivisionn.分支支stereotypea.陳規(guī)規(guī)、舊套套expertisen.專門門知識、、專長Forexample,calculatingthetrajectoryofartilleryshellsrequiresresolvingasetofsimultaneousalgebraicequationswhichmayhaveuptohundredsofvariablesmaytakemathematiciansyears,butcanbedonebyacomputerprograminhours.例如計算算彈道軌軌跡要求求在數(shù)秒秒鐘內(nèi)解解一組微微分方程程或者設(shè)設(shè)計一個個大壩可可能有數(shù)數(shù)百個變變量也許許要數(shù)學學家數(shù)年年的時間間，但是是計算機機只要數(shù)數(shù)小時的的時間即即可完成成。Virtuallycomputersimulationisbasedonmathematicalmodelsrepresentingthenatureoftheobjectunderstudyorexamination..Themathematicalmodelcomprisesaseriesofequationsthatdepicttheinherentprocessoftheobjectinmathematicalterms.Acomputersimulationprogramincludesalgorithmsthatarederivedfromthoseequations.虛擬的計計算機仿仿真是建建立在能能夠代表表要研究究或檢查查的對象象的數(shù)學學模型之之上的。。該數(shù)學學模型包包含了一一組描述述了對象象內(nèi)在過過程的數(shù)數(shù)學方程程。一個個計算機機仿真程程序包含含了從以以上方程程推導出出來的算算法。CADissoftwarethatcanhelpengineeringintheirdesignsfornewproductsbuilding,,printcircuitboards,civilworkslikebridgeandairports,,relievingthemfromthetedious,,back==breakingandtimeconsumingjobslikedraftinganddrawing.CAD是是這樣的的軟件，，可以幫幫助工程程師設(shè)計計新產(chǎn)品品、建筑筑、印刷刷線路板板、橋梁梁和機場場等土木木工程；；使他們們從繪圖圖等繁瑣瑣、累人人和費時時的工作作中解脫脫出來。。Managementisoneofthedecisivefactorsthattellsuccessorfailureofanybank,corporation,firm,university,researchinstituteincompetition.管理是一一個銀行行、公司司、學校校、研究究機構(gòu)在在競爭中中是否成成功的決決定性因因素。B:MultimediumInformationSuperhighwayNewWords::optic-fiber光光纖animationn.動畫畫hypen.皮下下注射v.使熱熱烈liquidcrystal液液晶megabyten.兆位位encyclopedian.百科科全書insatiablea.不能能滿足的的、貪得得無厭的的resolutionn.分辨率Internetn.因特特網(wǎng)internetn.互連連網(wǎng)imagen.圖象象videon.視頻頻livea.現(xiàn)場場直播的的distanceeducation((distancelearning)遠遠程教育育Combinedwithdigitaltelevisionset,,videodiscscannotonlypresentfilmsbutalsooffersurroundsoundwhichprovidestheaterquality-amazingrealitybywhichtheviewermayhaveanillusionthatwereatthesceneandwitnessedeverythinghappeningjustaroundthem.加上數(shù)字字式電視視，影碟碟不僅能能夠提供供電影，，還能提提供影院院效果的的環(huán)繞立立體聲，，使觀眾眾有身臨臨其境的的感覺。。預習Unit3A:IntelligentRobotsUNIT4A：：ComputerStructureandFunctionAbstractGuidelines摘要是論論文的梗梗概，是是對論文文的簡單單描述科技論文文文摘應應該有四四個組成成部分研究的目目的研究的過過程和采采用的方方法結(jié)果結(jié)論好的科技技文摘應應具備以以下條件件完整性：：completeinandofitself;thatis,itshouldbeabletoserveasastand-alonedescriptionwhichprovidesacompletepictureoftheresourceattheselectedlevelofspecificity;可讀通俗俗：comprehensiveinitsrepresentationofthekeyconceptsorsignificantcontentthatarepresentintheresource;精煉準確確：concise,,precise,,andaccurateinitsuseofterminology;清晰緊湊湊客觀：：writteninaclear,terse,non-criticalstyle;and結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯輯性：logicallystructuredinitspresentationoftheselecteddataandinformation.Unit3A:IntelligentRobotsIfambientlightingservesasilluminationsource,theimagingprocessispassive..Thistypeofimagingiscommoninmilitaryapplicationssincethepositionoftheviewerisbeyondthecontroloftheviewer..Butinindustrialapplication,controlledilluminationoractiveimagingcanbeusedasfreelyaspossible..如果周圍圍的光作作為照明明源，則則成像過過程為被被動的。。這種成成像通常常用于軍軍事，因因為觀察察者很難難控制自自己的位位置。但但是在工工業(yè)應用用中，受受控的照照明或稱稱主動成成像可以以盡可能能自由地地使用。。UNIT4A：：ComputerStructureandFunctionNewWordsarchitecturen.體體系結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)interpretv.解釋、翻翻譯（口口譯）addressn.地地址addressinga.&v.尋尋址locationn.單元元wordlength字字長enablev.使能能alterv.改變變、改動動fieldn.段、、域、字字段opcoden.操作作碼operandn.操作作數(shù)bitn.位byten.字節(jié)節(jié)single--precisionn.單精精度floating-point浮浮點的的erasablea.可擦擦除的participationn.參與與、分區(qū)區(qū)flagregister標標志寄存存器UNIT5A:FundamentalsofSingle-ChipMicrocomputersNewWords::culminationn.結(jié)果果、結(jié)局局、頂點點、極點點arguablyadv.可論論證的volatilea.易易揮發(fā)發(fā)的volumen.體積積、容量量emulationn.模擬擬、模仿仿stackn.堆棧棧solidstaterelay固固體繼電電器fluorescenta..熒光光的protocoln.協(xié)議議framen.幀parityn.奇偶偶校驗Clearly,thisimpliesarigorousapproachtoROMcodedevelopmentsincechangescannotbemadeaftermanufacture.顯然，這這就意味味著ROM代碼碼的開發(fā)發(fā)必須十十分精確確，因為為一旦生生產(chǎn)出來來就無法法更改。。Thistypeofdevicecanbehavefunctionallyasthesingle--chipmicrocomputerfromwhichitisderivedalbeitwithrestrictedI//Oandmodifiedexternalcircuit.這種設(shè)備備從單片片機上派派生出來來，盡管管帶有受受限制的的I/O和更改改過的外外部電路路，在功功能上表表現(xiàn)為一一個單片片機。TheuseoftheseROMlessdevicesiscommoneveninproductioncircuitswherethevolumedoesnotjustifythedevelopmentcostsofcustomon-chipROM,therecanstillbeasignificantsavinginI/Oandotherchipscomparedtoaconventionalmicroprocessorbasedcircuit.無ROM的設(shè)備備普遍使使用，即即使在產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品電路路中批量量使得片片內(nèi)ROM開發(fā)發(fā)成本過過高，和和基于微微處理器器的傳統(tǒng)統(tǒng)電路相相比還是是可以顯顯著地節(jié)節(jié)省I//O和其其他芯片片。Boththecommonasynchronousandsynchronouscommunicationschemesrequireprotocolsthatprovideframing((startandstop))information.ThiscanbeimplementedasahardwarefacilityorUARTrelievingprocessor(andapplicationsprogrammer))ofthislow-level,time-consuming,detail.異步和同同步通信信策略需需要協(xié)議議提供（（啟動、、停止））幀信息息。這種種工作可可以使用用硬件或或者UART來來實現(xiàn)，，可以將將處理器器或者應應用程序序從這種種底層的的、費時時的和瑣瑣碎的工工作解脫脫出來。。B:PLCNewWords:queryv.詢問、咨咨詢mushroomv.迅速速發(fā)展ladderlogic梯梯形形邏輯flowchartingn.流程程圖citev.引用用intertwinev.相互影響響、纏繞繞outweighv.勝過embracev.包包含proprietarya.專用的bandwagonn.（馬戲團團等吹打打過鬧市市的）樂樂隊彩車車、宣傳傳車broadbandn.寬帶帶disproportionatea.不相稱的的、太大大的”O(jiān)ne”,hesays,““iswherethesizeoftheprocesscontrolsystemthat’’sbeingautomateddoesn’’tjustifyDCS.Withthestartingpricetagsofthoseproductsbeingrelativelyhigh,,aprogrammablecontrollermakessenseforsmall,lowloopcountapplications..Thesecondiswhereyouhavetointegratetheloopcloselywiththesequentiallogic.Batchcontrollersareprimeexamples,wherethesequenceandmaintainingtheprocessvariablesareintertwinedsocloselythatthebenefitsofhavingaprogrammablecontrollertodothesequentiallogicoutweighssomeofthedisadvantagesofnothavingadistributedcontrolsystem..

第一點，，考慮到到集散控控制系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)的初始始價格比比較高，，一些要要進行自自動控制制的過程程控制系系統(tǒng)的規(guī)規(guī)模并不不適合使使用DCS。對對于小型型、底層層的應用用，一個個可編程程控制器器更為合合理。第第二點是是，人們們必須將將一些控控制環(huán)與與順序邏邏輯控制制更緊密密地集成成。批量量控制器器就是一一個主要要的例子子，這里里順序量量和保持持過程參參量穩(wěn)定定相互影影響，使使用可編編程控制制器做順順序邏輯輯控制的的好處勝勝于不使使用DCS的壞壞處。MAP（（ManufacturingAutomationProtocol）制造自動動化協(xié)議議。制造自動動化協(xié)議議是美國國通用汽汽車公司司GM提提出的一一種用于于制造自自動化的的局域網(wǎng)網(wǎng)協(xié)議。。MAP基基于ISO的OSI基基本參考考模型，，它有七七層結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)。WhilethereareconcernsaboutthelackofcompatiblecommunicationsbetweenPLCsfromdifferentvendors,theconnectionattheotherend-theI/O–isevenmorefragmented.當人們考考慮不同同制造商商的PLC系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)之間的的通信兼兼容性問問題時，，可別忘忘了，I/O接接口終端端的連接接更為困困難。注：fragment，形容容詞，意意思是碎碎片，意意指各個個I/O段無法法通信。。Part4ElectricDriveUNIT1A:DCMachineNewWords::slotn.槽peripheryn.圓周周armaturen.電電樞ironcore鐵鐵芯芯Laminatev.分成成薄片eddyn.渦流流conductorn.導體體fluxn.磁通通commutatorn.換向向器、整整流子brushn.碳刷刷quadraturen.正交交turnsn.匝rheostatn.變阻阻器statorn.定子子rotorn.轉(zhuǎn)子子Thebrushesaresoplacedthatwhenthesidesofanarmatureturn((orcoil)passthroughthemiddleoftheregionbetweenfieldpoles,thecurrentthoughitchangesdirection..Thismakesalltheconductorsunderonepolecarrycurrentinonedirection.電刷是這這樣安排排：當電電樞繞組組（或者者線圈））的邊通通過勵磁磁磁極區(qū)區(qū)域中部部時，流流經(jīng)其的的電流就就會改變變方向。。這樣就就可以保保證流經(jīng)經(jīng)導體的的電流在在一個磁磁極下的的方向不不變。Whatkindsofvocabularydoweneedmost?4vocabularycategoriesHigh-frequencywordsAcademicwordsTechnicalwordsLow--frequencywordsHigh-frequencywordsIncludingalmostallandmanycontentwordsfunctionwords:e.g.I,me,butcontentwords:government,forest,,production,,adoption,represent2500-3000corewordsTherearearound2,,000wordfamilies((Awordfamilyconsistsofabaseword,,itsinflectedformsanditscloselyrelatedderivedforms),,consistingofalmost80%oftherunningwords.e.g..basewordsandtheirtypicalwordfamiliesbasewords:think((v)sure((adj)Regularinflection::thinks,,thinkingsurer,surestirregularinflection:thoughtTransparentderivatives:thinker(n)surety(n)Unthinking(adj))assure(v)AcademicwordsAcademicwordsrefertomanywordsthatarecommonindifferentkindsofacademictext,e.g.policy,,phase,adjusted,sustained.Theyconsistofabout9%%oftherunningwordsinthetext.TechnicalwordsTechnicalwordsarethewordscloselyrelatedtothetopicandsubjectareaofthetextTheyconsistofabout5%%oftherunningwordsinthetext.Low--frequencywordsincludeallthewordsthatareNotHigh-frequencywordsNotacademicwordsNottechnicalwordsforaparticularsubjectLow--frequencywordsconsistoftechnicalwordsforothersubjectareaPropernounsWordsthatalmostgetintothehigh-frequencylistWordswerarelymeetinouruseofthelanguageTasksSkimthehead-wordsoftheacademicwordlistReadPLConp159in10minutesandunderlinethewordsthatyouconsider‘‘a(chǎn)cademic’words.B:Induction((Asynchronous)MachineNewWords::ruggeda..堅固固的aluminiumn..鋁punchv..打孔孔shearv.剪剪Suchwindingsmakebetteruseofironandcopperandalsoimprovethemmfwaveformandsmoothoutthetorquedevelopedbythemachine.這種繞組組可以更更好地使使用鐵和和銅,并并改善磁磁動勢的的波形以以及平滑滑電機所所產(chǎn)生的的力矩。。Forexample,supposeaninductionmachineisfedfromavariable-frequencysupplytocontrolthespeedofadrivesystem..Tostopthedrivesystem,thefrequencyofthesupplyisgraduallyreduced.Intheprocess,theinstantaneousspeedofthedrivesystemishigherthantheinstantaneoussynchronousspeedbecauseoftheinertiaofthedrivesystem..Asaresult,thegeneratingactionoftheinductionmachinewillcausethepowerflowtoreverseandthekineticenergyofthedrivesystemwillbefedbacktothesupply.例如，假假設(shè)給感感應電動動機加一一個頻率率可變的的電壓以以控制拖拖動系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)速速。為了了使拖動動系統(tǒng)停停止，逐逐漸減小小頻率；；此時，，由于慣慣性的緣緣故拖動動系統(tǒng)的的瞬時速速度比同同步瞬時時速度要要高。結(jié)結(jié)果，由由于感應應電動機機為發(fā)電電機，功功率流將將反向，，拖動系系統(tǒng)的動動能將被被反饋回回電網(wǎng)。。作業(yè)：將將以下下中文翻翻譯成英英文“該系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)由一個個高精度度的熱電電偶(thermocouple))和8031單單片機組組成，采采用自適適應PID控制制算法。。”PART5ProcessControlUNIT1A:AProcessControlSystemNewWords::compositionn.成成分ensuinga..后續(xù)續(xù)的ensuevi..接著著發(fā)生、、結(jié)果是是注意區(qū)分分：ensurevt..擔保保、保證證fixv.牢記記heatexchanger熱熱交換換器condensingsteam冷冷凝蒸汽汽inletn.入口口outletn.出口口deviatevt.使偏偏離correctvt.校正正thermometern.溫溫度計計thermistorn.熱熱敏電阻阻transmittern.變變送器器finalcontrolsystem執(zhí)執(zhí)行機機構(gòu)Asweshallseeintheensuingpages,,processesaredynamicinnature..Changesarealwaysoccurring,,andifactionsarenottaken,,theimportantprocessvariables——thoserelatedtosafely,,productquality,andproductionrates——willnotachievedesignconditions.在后續(xù)的的章節(jié)中中，我們們可以看看到過程程的特性性是動態(tài)態(tài)的。各種參量量總是在變變化，如如果不采采取措施施，這些些重要的的，與安安全、產(chǎn)產(chǎn)量以及及生產(chǎn)率率有關(guān)的的過程變變量將無無法達到到設(shè)計值值。Theengineerdesigningacontrolsystemmustbesurethattheactiontakenaffectsthevariabletobecontrolled,thatis,thattheactiontakenaffectsthemeasuredvalue..Otherwise,thesystemisnotcontrollingandwillprobablydomoreharmthangood.工程師在在設(shè)計控控制系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)時，必必須確保保控制行行為是可可控的，，即，控控制行為為所影響響的變量量是可測測量的。。否則的的話，系系統(tǒng)不但但是不可可控的，，而且還還會有有有害的結(jié)結(jié)果。B:FundamentalsofProcessControlNewWords:flawn.缺點點、缺陷陷transducern.變換換器、轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換器、、變送器器fluidflow流體體heattransfer熱傳傳遞separationprocess分分離過過程reactionprocess反應應過程Themanipulatedvariableisthevariableusedtomaintainthecontrolledvariableatitssetpoint.操縱量是是指維持持被控變變量在設(shè)設(shè)置點的的變量。。UNIT2A:SensorsandTransmittersNewWords::pressuren.壓力temperaturen.溫度度flown.流量量leveln.液位位differentialpressuresensor差壓壓傳感器器differentialpressuretransmitter差差壓變變送器nominala.標稱稱的Adifferentialpressuresensormeasuresthedifferentialpressure,h,acrossanorifice.ThisdifferentialpressureisrelatedtothesquareofthevolumetricflowrateF.ThatisF2ah.差壓傳感感器測量量一個孔孔口兩邊邊的壓力力差。該該壓力差差與體積積流量的的平方成成正比。。即F2ah。注：F2ah應該是之之誤。。Thisexpressionshowsthatthegainisnotconstantbutratherafunctionofflow..該表達式式說明，，增益不不是常量量，而是是一個流流量的函函數(shù)。PART5ProcessControlUNIT3A:PControllersandPIControllersNewWords::reverse-actingcontroller反作作用控制制器direct--actingcontroller正正作用用控制器器ultimategain臨界界增益surgetank平衡衡箱Theproportionalcontrolleristhesimplesttypeofcontroller,withtheexceptionoftheon-offcontroller,whichweshallnotdiscusshere