TED如何在六個(gè)月內(nèi)學(xué)好一門語言演講稿TED如何在六個(gè)月內(nèi)學(xué)好一門語言演講稿TED如何在六個(gè)月內(nèi)學(xué)好一門語言演講稿xxx公司TED如何在六個(gè)月內(nèi)學(xué)好一門語言演講稿文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度TEDx-LearnAnyLanguage6MonthsChrisLonsdaleHaveyoueverheldaquestioninmindforsolongthatitbecomespartofhowyouthinkMaybeevenpartofwhoyouareasapersonWellI’vehadaquestioninmymindformany,manyyearsandthatis:howcanyouspeeduplearningNow,thisisaninterestingquestionbecauseifyouspeeduplearningyoucanspendlesstimeatschool.Andifyoulearnreallyfast,youprobablywouldn’thavetogotoschoolatall.Now,whenIwasyoung,schoolwassortofokaybutIfoundquiteoftenthatschoolgotinthewayoflearningsoIhadthisquestioninmind:howdoyoulearnfasterAndthisbeganwhenIwasvery,veryyoung,whenIwasaboutelevenyearsoldIwrotealettertoresearchersintheSovietUnion,askingabouthypnopaedia,thisissleeplearning,whereyougetataperecorder,youputitbesideyourbedanditturnsoninthemiddleofthenightwhenyou’resleeping,andyou’resupposedtobelearningfromthis.Agoodidea,unfortunatelyitdoesn’twork.But,hypnopaediadidopenthedoorstoresearchinotherareasandwe’vehadincrediblediscoveriesaboutlearningthatbeganwiththatfirstquestion.IwentonfromtheretobecomepassionateaboutpsychologyandIhavebeeninvolvedinpsychologyinmanywaysfortherestofmylifeupuntilthispoint.In1981ItookmyselftoChinaandIdecidedthatIwasgoingtobenativelevelinChineseinsidetwoyears.Now,youneedtounderstandthatin1981,everybodythoughtChinesewasreally,reallydifficultandthatawesternercouldstudyfortenyearsormoreandneverreallygetverygoodatit.AndIalsowentinwithadifferentideawhichwas:takingalloftheconclusionsfrompsychologicalresearchuptothatpointandapplyingthemtothelearningprocess.WhatwasreallycoolwasthatinsixmonthsIwasfluentinMandarinChineseandtookalittlebitlongertogetuptonative.ButIlookedaroundandIsawallofthesepeoplefromdifferentcountriesstrugglingterriblywithChinese,IsawChinesepeoplestrugglingterriblytolearnEnglishandotherlanguages,andsomyquestiongotrefineddownto:howcanyouhelpanormaladultlearnanewlanguagequickly,easilyandeffectivelyNowthisareally,reallyimportantquestionintoday’sworld.Wehavemassivechallengeswithenvironmentwehavemassivechallengeswithsocialdislocation,withwars,allsortsofthingsgoingonandifwecan’tcommunicatewe’rereallygoingtohavedifficultysolvingtheseproblems.Soweneedtobeabletospeakeachother’slanguages,thisisreally,reallyimportant.Thequestionthenishowdoyoudothat.Well,it’sactuallyreallyeasy.Youlookaroundforpeoplewhocanalreadydoit,youlookforsituationswhereit’salreadyworkingandthenyouidentifytheprinciplesandapplythem.It’scalledmodellingandI’vebeenlookingatlanguagelearningandmodellinglanguagelearningforaboutfifteentotwentyyearsnow.Andmyconclusion,myobservationfromthisisthatanyadultcanlearnasecondlanguagetofluencyinsidesixmonths.NowwhenIsaythis,mostpeoplethinkI’mcrazy,thisisnotpossible.Soletmeremindeverybodyofthehistoryofhumanprogress,it’sallaboutexpandingourlimits.In1950everybodybelievedthatrunningonemileinfourminuteswasimpossibleandthenRogerBannisterdiditin1956andfromthereit’sgotshorterandshorter.100yearsagoeverybodybelievedthatheavystuffdoesn’tfly.Exceptitdoesandweallknowthis.HowdoesheavystuffflyWereorganisethematerialsusingprinciplesthatwehavelearnedfromobservingnature,birdsinthiscase.Andtodaywe’vegoneeverfurther,soyoucanflyacar.YoucanbuyoneoftheseforacouplehundredthousandUSdollars.Wenowhavecarsintheworldthatcanfly.Andthere’sadifferentwaytoflythatwe’velearnedfromsquirrels.Soallyouneedtodoiscopywhataflyingsquirreldoes,buildasuitcalledawingsuitandoffyougo,youcanflylikeasquirrel.No,mostpeople,alotofpeople,Iwouldn’tsayeverybodybutalotofpeoplethinktheycan’tdraw.Howevertherearesomekeyprinciples,fiveprinciplesthatyoucanapplytolearningtodrawandyoucan2actuallylearntodrawinfivedays.So,ifyoudrawlikethis,youlearntheseprinciplesforfivedaysandapplythemandafterfivedaysyoucandrawsomethinglikethis.NowIknowthisistruebecausethatwasmyfirstdrawingandafterfivedaysofapplyingtheseprinciplesthatwaswhatIwasabletodo.AndIlookedatthisandIwent‘wow,’sothat’showIlooklikewhenI’mconcentratingsointenselythatmybrainisexploding.So,anybodycanlearntodrawinfivedaysandinthesameway,withthesamelogic,anybodycanlearnasecondlanguageinsixmonths.How:therearefiveprinciplesandsevenactions.Theremaybeafewmorebuttheseareabsolutelycore.AndbeforeIgetintothoseIjustwanttotalkabouttwomyths,dispeltwomyths.Thefirstisthatyouneedtalent.LetmetellyouaboutZoe.ZoecamefromAustralia,wenttoHolland,wastryingtolearnDutch,strugglingagreatdealandfinallypeopleweresaying:‘you’recompletelyuseless,’‘you’renottalented,’‘giveup,’‘you’reawasteoftime’andshewasvery,verydepressed.Andthenshecameacrossthesefiveprinciples,shemovedtoBrazilandsheappliedthemandwithinsixmonthsshewasfluentinPortuguese,sotalentdoesn’tmatter.Peoplealsothinkthatimmersioninanewcountryisthewaytolearnalanguage.ButlookaroundHongKong,lookatallthewesternerswho’vebeenherefortenyears,whodon’tspeakawordofChinese.LookatalltheChineselivinginAmerica,Britain,Australia,Canadahavebeenthereten,twentyyearandtheydon’tspeakanyEnglish.Immersionpersedoesn’tnotwork,whyBecauseadrowningmancannotlearntoswim.Whenyoudon’tspeakalanguageyou’relikeababyandifyoudropyourselfintoacontextwhichisalladultstalkingaboutstuffoveryourhead,youwon’tlearn.So,whatarethefiveprinciplesthatyouneedtopayattentionto;first:thefourwords,attention,meaning,relevanceandmemory,andtheseinterconnectinveryimportantways.Especiallywhenyou’retalkingaboutlearning.Comewithmeonajourneythroughaforest.Yougoonawalkthroughaforestandyouseesomethinglikethis.Littlemarksonatree,maybeyoupayattention,maybeyoudon’t.Yougoanotherfiftymetresandyouseethis.Youshouldbepayingattention.Anotherfiftymetres,ifyouhaven’tbeenpayingattention,youseethis.Andatthispoint,you’repayingattention.Andyou’vejustlearnedthatthisisimportant,it’srelevantbecauseitmeansthis,andanythingthatisrelated,anyinformationrelatedtoyoursurvivalisstuffthatyou’regoingtopayattentiontoandthereforeyou’regoingtorememberit.Ifit’srelatedtoyourpersonalgoalsthenyou’regoingtopayattentiontoit,ifit’srelevantyou’regoingtorememberit.So,thefirstrule,thefirstprincipleforlearningalanguageisfocusonlanguagecontentthatisrelevanttoyou.Whichbringsustotools.Wemastertoolbyusingtoolsandwelearntoolsthefastestwhentheyarerelevanttous.Soletmeshareastory.Akeyboardisatool.TypingChineseacertainway,therearemethodsforthis.That’satool.Ihadacolleaguemanyyearsagowhowenttonightschool;Tuesdaynight,Thursdaynight,twohourseachnight,practicingathome,shespentninemonths,andshedidnotlearntotypeChinese.Andonenightwehadacrisis.WehadfortyeighthourstodeliveratrainingmanualinChinese.Andshegotthejob,andIcanguaranteeyouinfortyeighthours,shelearnedtotypeChinesebecauseitwasrelevant,itwasimportant,itwasmeaningful,shewasusingatooltocreatevalue.Sothesecondtoolforlearningalanguageistouseyourlanguageasatooltocommunicaterightfromdayone.Asakiddoes.WhenIfirstarrivedinChinaIdidn’tspeakawordofChinese,andonmysecondweekIgottotakeatrainrideovernight.Ispenteighthourssittinginthediningcaretalkingtooneoftheguardsonthetrain,hetookaninterestinmeforsomereason,andwejustchattedallnightinChineseandhewasdrawingpicturesandmakingmovementswithhishandsandfacialexpressionsandpiecebypiecebypieceIunderstoodmoreandmore.Butwhatwasreallycool,wastwoweekslater,whenpeopleweretalkingChinesearoundme,IwasunderstandingsomeofthisandIhadn’tevenmadeanyefforttolearnthat.Whathadhappened,I’dabsorbeditthatnightonthetrain,whichbringsustothethirdprinciple.Whenyoufirstunderstandthemessage,thenyouwillacquirethelanguage3unconsciously.Andthisisreally,reallywelldocumentednow,it’ssomethingcalledcomprehensibleinputandthere’stwentyorthirtyyearsofresearchonthis,StephenKrashen,aleaderinthefieldhaspublishedallsortsofthesedifferentstudiesandthisisjustfromoneofthem.Thepurplebarsshowthescoresondifferenttestsforlanguage.Thepurplepeoplewerepeoplewhohadlearnedbygrammarandformalstudy,thegreenonesaretheoneswholearnedbycomprehensibleinput.So,comprehensionworks.Comprehensioniskeyandlanguagelearningisnotaboutaccumulatinglotsofknowledge.Inmany,manywaysit’saboutphysiologicaltraining.AwomanIknowfromTaiwandidgreatatEnglishatschool,shegotAgradesallthewaythrough,wentthroughcollege,Agrades,wenttotheUSandfoundshecouldn’tunderstandwhatpeopleweresaying.Andpeoplestartedaskingher:‘a(chǎn)reyoudeaf’andshewas.Englishdeaf.Becausewehavefiltersinourbrainthatfilternthesoundsthatwearefamiliarwithandtheyfilteroutthesoundsoflanguageswe’renot.Andifyoucan’thearit,youwon’tunderstanditandifyoucan’tunderstandit,you’renotgoingtolearnit.Soyouactuallyhavetobeabletohearthesesounds.Andtherearewaystodothatbutit’sphysiologicaltraining.Speakingtakesmuscle.You’vegotforty-threemusclesinyourface,youhavetocoordinatethoseinawaythatyoumakesoundsthatotherpeoplewillunderstand.Ifyou’veeverdoneanewsportforacoupleofdays,andyouknowhowyourbodyfeelsAndithurtsIfyourfaceishurtingyou’redoingitright.Andthefinalprincipleisstate.Psycho-physiologicalstate.Ifyou’resad,angry,worried,upset,you’renotgoingtolearn.Period.Ifyou’rehappy,relaxed,inanAlphabrainstate,curious,you’regoingtolearnreallyquickly,andveryspecificallyyouneedtobetolerantofambiguity.Ifyou’reoneofthosepeoplewhoneedstounderstand100%everywordyou’rehearing,youwillgonuts,becauseyou’llbeincrediblyupsetallthetime,becauseyou’renotperfect.Ifyou’recomfortablewithgettingsome,notgettingsome,justpayingattentiontowhatyoudounderstand,you’regoingtobefine,you’llberelaxedandyou’llbelearningquickly.Sobasedonthosefiveprinciples,whatarethesevenactionsthatyouneedtotakeNumberone:listenalot.Icallitbrainsoaking.Youputyourselfinacontextwhereyou’rehearingtonsandtonsofalanguageanditdoesn’tmatterifyouunderstanditornot.You’relisteningtopatterns,you’relisteningtothingsthatrepeat,you’relisteningtothingsthatstandout.So,justsoakyourbraininthis.Thesecondaction:isthatyougetthemeaningfirst,evenbeforeyougetthewords.YougowellhowdoIdothat,Idon’tknowthewords,well,youunderstandwhatthesedifferentposturesmean.Humancommunicationisbodylanguageinmany,manyways,somuchbodylanguage.Frombodylanguageyoucanunderstandalotofcommunication,therefore,you’reunderstanding,you’reacquiringthroughcomprehensibleinput.Andyoucanalsousepatternsthatyoualreadyknow.Ifyou’reaChinesespeakerofMandarinandCantoneseandyougoVietnam,youwillunderstand60%ofwhattheysaytoyouindailyconversation,becauseVietnameseisabout30%Mandarin,30%Cantonese.Thethirdaction:startmixing.Youprobablyhaveneverthoughtofthisbutifyou’vegottenverbs,tennounsandtenadjectivesyoucansayonethousanddifferentthings.Languageisacreativeprocess.WhatdobabiesdoOkay:Me.Bat(h).Now.Okay,that’showtheycommunicate.Sostartmixing,getcreative,havefunwithit,itdoesn’thavetobeperfectitjusthastowork.Andwhenyou’redoingthisyoufocusonthecore.WhatdoesthatmeanWellanylanguageishighfrequencycontent.InEnglish1000wordscovers85%ofanythingyou’reevergoingtosayindailycommunication.3000wordsgivesyou98%ofanythingyou’regoingtosayindailyconversation.Yougot3000words,you’respeakingthelanguage.Therestisicingonthecake.Andwhenyou’rejustbeggingwithanewlanguagestartwiththetoolbox.Weeknumberoneinyournewlanguage4yousaythingslike:‘howdoyousaythat’‘Idon’tunderstand,’‘repeatthatplease,’‘whatdoesthatmean,’allinyourtargetlanguage.You’reusingitasatool,makingitusefultoyou,it’srelevanttolearnotherthingsaboutthelanguage.It’sbyweektwothatyoushouldbesayingthingslike:‘me,’‘this,’‘you,’‘that,’‘give,’youknow,‘hot,’simplepronouns,simplenouns,simpleverbs,simpleadjectives,communicatinglikeababy.Andbythethirdorfourthweek,you’regettingintowhatIcallgluewords.‘Although,’‘but,’‘therefore,’thesearelogicaltransformersthattiebitsofalanguagetogether,allowingyoutomakemorecomplexmeaning.Atthatpointyou’retalking.Andwhenyou’redoingthat,youshouldgetyourselfalanguageparent.Ifyoulookathowchildrenandparentinteract,you’llunderstandwhatthismeans.Whenachildisspeaking,it’llbeusingsimplewords,simplecombinations,sometimesquitestrange,sometimesverystrangepronunciationandotherpeoplefromoutsidethefamilydon’tunderstandit.Buttheparentsdo.Andsothekidhasasafeenvironment,getsconfidence.Theparentstalktothechildrenwithbodylanguageandwithsimplelanguagewhichtheyknowthechildunderstands.Sowehaveacomprehensibleinputenvironmentthat’ssafe,weknowitworksotherwisenoneofyouwouldspeakyourmothertongue.Soyougetyourselfalanguageparent,who’ssomebodyinterestedinyouasapersonwhowillcommunicatewithyouessentiallyasanequal,butpayattentiontohelpyouunderstandthemessage.Therearefourrulesofalanguageparent.Spousesbythewayarenotverygoodatthis,okayButthefourrulesare,firstofall,theywillworkhardtounderstandwhatyoumeanevenwhenyou’rewayoffbeat.Secondly,theywillnevercorrectyourmistakes.Thirdlytheywillfeedbacktheirunderstandingofwhatyouaresayingsoyoucanrespondappropriatelyandgetthatfeedbackandthentheywillusewordsthatyouknow.Thesixththingyouhavetodo,iscopytheface.Yougottogetthemusclesworkingright,soyo