（一）核物理基本概念元素element單位，機(jī)組unit粒子particle國際單位制SystemInternational,離子ionSI分子molecule千克kilogram(kg)原子atom伏特volt(V)原子的atomic摩爾mole(mol)原子核nucleus(pl.nuclei)庫侖coulomb核的nuclear電子伏特electron-volt(eV)質(zhì)子proton兆電子伏特megaelectron-volt中子neutron(MeV)電子electron在虧損massdefect核子nucleon結(jié)合能bindingenergy化學(xué)性質(zhì)chemicalidentity動能kineticenergy帶正電的positivelycharged勢能potential,potential帶負(fù)電的negativelychargedenergy不、帶電的uncharged躍遷jump電中性的electricallyneutral核力nuclearforce（元素）周期表periodictable排斥repulsion原子序數(shù)atomicnumber吸引attraction質(zhì)量數(shù)massnumber轟擊bombardment軌道電子orbitalelectron發(fā)射（出）emission(n.),emit(v.)同位素isotope能級energylevel天然存在的naturallyoccurring裂變fission人工的artificial聚變fusion化學(xué)鍵chemicalbond衰變decay化合物compound鋇barium上標(biāo)superscript硼boron下標(biāo)subscript鉍bismuth氧oxygen鈾uranium氫，氕h(huán)ydrogen缽plutonium重氫，氘heavyhydrogen,釷thoriumdeuterium鋰lithium重氫核，氘核deuterion鈉sodium超重氫，氚tritium核反應(yīng)nuclearreaction碳carbon鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)chainreaction氮helium輻射，射線radiation放射性的radioactive超鈾兀素transuraniumelement加權(quán)平均weightedmean可裂變的fissionable質(zhì)量mass易裂變的fissile動量momentum碎片fragment能量energy宏觀的macroscopic-可編輯修改-

微觀的microscopic庫侖力Coulombforce介觀的mesoscopic電磁輻射electromagnetic激發(fā)exciteradiation靜電的electrostatic（二）放射性宇宙射線cosmicray反比于beinversely電離ionizationproportionalto韌致輻射bremsstrahlung(braking根據(jù)經(jīng)驗asaruleofthumbradiation)a射線alpharay輻射，射線radiationP射線betaray正比于beproportionaltoY射線gammaray帶電粒子chargedparticle吸入inhale光子photon動能kineticenergy散射scattering勢能potential(energy)衍射diffraction量子quantum折射deflection屏蔽shielding碰撞collision正電子positron鋁aluminum加速器accelerator鍍beryllium放射性radioactivity氮helium湮火annihilation相互作用interaction光電效應(yīng)photoelectriceffect攝入ingest(三)核反應(yīng)衰減attenuation靶恩barn放大amplification反沖，反作用recoil鎘cadmium平均自由程meanfreepath鉆cobalt轉(zhuǎn)變，轉(zhuǎn)化transmutation氧oxygen擴(kuò)散diffusion氮nitrogen中子擴(kuò)散neutrondiffusion汞mercury斐克擴(kuò)散定律Fick'slawofdiffusion彈性的elastic通量flux非彈性的inelastic中微子neutrino宏觀截面macroscopiccross放射性同位素radioisotopesection半衰期half-life微觀截面microscopiccross熱核反應(yīng)堆thermonuclearreactorsection化合價valence-可編輯修改-

(四)核材料燃料fuel反應(yīng)性reactivity燃料芯塊fuelpellet升華sublime慢化劑moderator中子俘獲截面neutroncapturecross冷卻劑coolantsection包殼cladding散射截面scatteringcross控制棒controlrodsection硼酸boricacid輻照損傷radiationdamage銘chromium腫脹swelling鉿hafnium燃耗burnup釓gadolinium合金alloy錮indium鎂諾克斯合金Magnox鎂magnesium鋯合金zircaloy鎳nickel金屬間化合物inter-metallic鋯zirconiumcompound硅silicon裂變產(chǎn)物fissionproduct重水heavywater裂變碎片fissionfragment石墨graphite腐蝕產(chǎn)物corrosionproduct碳化物carbide可燃毒物burnablepoison氧化物oxide冷軋coldpressing氧化oxidize燒結(jié)sintering二氧化物dioxide開裂crack二氧化碳carbondioxide蠕變creep碳?xì)浠衔飄ydrocarbon增殖材料fertilematerial密度density增殖比breedingratio熱導(dǎo)率，傳熱系數(shù)thermalconductivity濃縮鈾enricheduranium比熱specificheat高溫氣冷堆HighTemperature粘性viscosityGas-cooledReactor飽和saturation(HTGR)熱力性質(zhì)，熱物性thermodynamicproperty(中子)通量展平fluxshaping(五)核反應(yīng)堆理論自持的鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)self-sustainingchain彈性散射碰撞elasticscatteringcollisionreaction燃料循環(huán)fuelcycle熱中子利用系數(shù)thermalutilization臨界(a)criticalfactor次臨界(a)subcritical慢化slowdown超臨界(a)supercritical熱中子thermalneutron臨界(n)criticality快中子fastneutron臨界尺寸criticalsize六氟化物hexafluoride共振resonance六氟化鈾uraniumhexafluoride-可編輯修改-

離心工藝centrifugeprocess再生區(qū)blanket氣體擴(kuò)散工藝gaseousdiffusion半透膜semi-permeablemembraneprocess旋轉(zhuǎn)spin（過去分詞：spun）換料（v）refuel貧鈾depleteduranium快中子增殖反應(yīng)堆，快堆FastBreeding熱中子反應(yīng)堆，熱堆thermalreactorReactor(FBR)快堆fastreactor堆芯，活性區(qū)core倍增系數(shù)multiplicationfactor（十）壓水反應(yīng)堆壓水反應(yīng)堆，壓水堆PressurizedWater(ASME)Reactor(PWR)美國核學(xué)會AmericanNuclearSociety蒸汽發(fā)生器steamgenerator(ANS)一次側(cè)primaryside安全級safetyclass二次側(cè)secondaryside失效failure發(fā)電機(jī)electricalgenerator,安全功能safetyfunctiongenerator裕度margin燃料芯塊fuelpellet反應(yīng)堆冷卻劑系統(tǒng)ReactorCoolant包殼claddingSystem(RCS)堆芯core在役檢查inserviceinspection給水泵feed(water)pump汽水分離器moistureseparator反應(yīng)堆（壓力）容器reactorvessel,干燥器steamdryerpressurevessel堆內(nèi)構(gòu)件reactorinternals硼酸boricacid反應(yīng)堆冷卻劑泵，主泵reactorcoolant化學(xué)補(bǔ)償控制chemicalshimpump(RCP),mainpumpcontrol穩(wěn)壓器pressurizer堆坑reactorpit波動管surgeline氣密的airtight剖視圖sectionalview封頭head控制棒controlrod接管，噴嘴nozzle控制棒組件ControlElement點火區(qū)seedAssembly(CEA)再生區(qū)blanket控制棒驅(qū)動機(jī)構(gòu)ControlElement用戶，業(yè)主，業(yè)界utilityDriveMechanism買主，供應(yīng)商vendor,supplier(CEDM)制造商manufacturer控制棒導(dǎo)向管ControlRodGuide多重屏障multiplebarriersTube(CRGT)縱深防御defenseindepth上部支撐板uppersupportplate冗余性redundancy燃料組件fuelassembly多樣性diversity進(jìn)口接管inletnozzle獨立性independence出口接管outletnozzle包容contain堆芯吊籃corebarrel美國機(jī)械工程師協(xié)會AmericanSocietyof可燃吸收體burnableabsorberMechanicalEngineer管側(cè)tubeside-可編輯修改-

殼側(cè)蒸汽管線一次冷卻劑主蒸汽反應(yīng)性引入濃度殼側(cè)蒸汽管線一次冷卻劑主蒸汽反應(yīng)性引入濃度參考負(fù)荷冷卻劑平均溫度稀釋裂變產(chǎn)物積累反應(yīng)堆調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)（程序）整定值峰值線釋熱率軸向功率分布shellsidesteamlineprimarycoolantmainsteamreactivityinsertionconcentrationreferenceloadcoolantaveragetemperaturedilutionfissionproductbuildupReactorRegulatingSystem(RRS)programmedvaluepeaklinearheatrateaxialpowerdistribution方位角 azimuthal（中子通量）方位角偏差azimuthaltilt偏離泡核沸騰 Departurefrom偏離泡核沸騰比堆內(nèi)測量系統(tǒng)自給能中子探測器信號調(diào)理反應(yīng)堆緊急停堆汽機(jī)脫扣可靠性規(guī)范，法規(guī)燃耗NucleateBoiling(DNB)DeparturefromNucleateBoilingRatio(DNBR)In-CoreDetectorSystem(ICDS)Self-PoweredNeutronDetector(SPND)signalconditioningreactortripturbinetripreliabilitycodeburnup（十一）反應(yīng)堆容器與堆內(nèi)構(gòu)件環(huán)鍛件ring-forgingIntegratedFlux=鍛造forgeFluence=Neutron鍛件forgingdensityxVelocityx監(jiān)視surveillanceTime【unit】：樣品，試樣specimen[n/m3-m/s-s]=[n/m2]安裝mount旁通，支路bypass奧氏體的austenitic磷phosphorous不銹鋼stainlesssteel硫sulfur=sulphur法蘭flange焊weld熱電偶thermocouple臨界值，限值threshold零延性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度nil-ductility（機(jī)）接合，嚙合，對位engagetransitiontemperature凸緣，凸起部，輪轂boss(Tndt)逐漸變細(xì)的tapered注量率fluence圓頂dome集成中子通量NVT=TotalIntegrated圍板shroudNeutronFlux=（十二）反應(yīng)堆堆芯與燃料可燃吸收棒 burnableabsorberrod柵格 lattice蠕變 creep 中子源 neutronsource-可編輯修改-

阻力塞plug柵格架；電網(wǎng)；網(wǎng)格grid反應(yīng)性價值reactivityworth因科銀inconel比功率specificpower固有安全性inherentsafety銻antimony非能動安全passivesafety鎘cadmium能動安全activesafety锎californium套管，套筒sleeve錮indium定位格架spacergrid陶瓷（狀）的ceramic星形架，蜘蛛spider（機(jī)）間隙clearance乏燃料spentfuel污染contaminate（十三）壓水堆冷卻劑系統(tǒng)主要設(shè)備U形管蒸汽發(fā)生器U-tubesteamgenerator核供汽系統(tǒng) NuclearSteamSupplySystem(NSSS)一次系統(tǒng) U形管蒸汽發(fā)生器U-tubesteamgenerator核供汽系統(tǒng) NuclearSteamSupplySystem(NSSS)一次系統(tǒng) primarysystem二次系統(tǒng) secondarysystem主蒸汽 mainsteam汽輪機(jī)，透平機(jī)械turbine給水與凝汽系統(tǒng)feedandcondensatesystem熱管段，熱腿hotleg冷管段，冷腿coldleg堵管裕量tubepluggingmargin在情況下intheeventof換熱器heatexchanger(HX)節(jié)熱器，省煤器economizer給水feedwater一次進(jìn)口水室inletplenum一次進(jìn)口接管primaryinletnozzle一次出口水室outletplenum一次出口接管primaryoutletnozzle管板tubesheet噴放；（SG）排污blowdown上升段riser下降段downcomer滿功率fullpower(FP)額定功率ratedpowerControlSystem(CVCS)加熱，升溫heatup冷卻，降溫cooldown噴淋管線sprayline輔助噴淋管線auxiliarysprayline上充泵chargingpump上充charge下泄letdown水位waterlevel,level備用的backup過壓保護(hù)overpressureprotection額定負(fù)荷 ratedload化學(xué)和容積控制系統(tǒng)ChemicalandVolumeRefuelingWaterStorageTank(IRWST)換料水箱RefuelingWaterStorageTank(RWST)安全閥safetyvalve卸壓閥reliefvalve全廠斷電stationblackout(SBO)（蒸汽）干度quality空泡份額voidfraction熱沖擊thermalshock急冷，驟冷quench安全殼內(nèi)換料水箱In-containment（十四）壓水堆系統(tǒng)與安全殼-可編輯修改-

裂變碎片fissionfragment補(bǔ)水與排水feedandbleed輕水反應(yīng)堆LightWaterReactor(LWR)專設(shè)安全設(shè)施EngineeredSafetyFeature(ESF)熱機(jī)thermalengine設(shè)備冷卻水系統(tǒng)ComponentCooling原動機(jī)primemoverSystem焓enthalpy止回閥non-returnvalve熵entropy蓄壓箱accumulator反饋feedback電動閥motor-drivenvalve熱力學(xué)第二定律secondlawofthermo-氣動閥pneumaticvalvedynamics安注泵safetyinjectionpump最終熱阱ultimatesink安全殼containment一（次）回路primaryloop鋼筋混凝土reinforcedconcrete二（次）回路secondaryloop預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土prestressed核電廠配套子項BalanceofPlant(BOP)reinforcedconcrete一次壓力邊界primarypressureboundary英制壓力單位psi=poundspersquareinch隔離閥isolationvalve英制壓力單位(表壓)psig=poundsper失效failuresquareinchgauge故障fault,malfuction環(huán)形的annular卡諾效率Carnotefficiency潛熱latentheat熱機(jī)效率engineefficiency顯熱sensibleheat高溫?zé)嵩矗瑹釒靐otreservoir氫氧化物hydroxide低溫?zé)嵩碿oldreservoir氫氧化鈉sodiumhydroxide摩擦friction苛性鈉，氫氧化鈉caustic余熱排出系統(tǒng)ResidualHeat-Removal啟動startupSystem(RHRS)飛射物，導(dǎo)彈missile換料（n）refueling蒸汽管線steamline應(yīng)急堆芯冷卻系統(tǒng)EmergencyCore-安全殼地坑containmentsumpCoolingSystem(ECCS)（十五）蒸汽輪機(jī)飛輪flywheel被稱為……bereferredtoas葉片，葉柵blade,bucket,vane缸體，箱體casing功work推力thrust沖動式汽輪機(jī)impulseturbine拉金lashing反動式汽輪機(jī)reactionturbine除濕moistureremoval沖動級impulsestage節(jié)流閥stop-throttlevalve反動級reactionstage扭矩torque反動度degreeofreaction每秒…轉(zhuǎn)rev/s=revolutionsper漸縮的convergingsecond漸擴(kuò)的diverging每分鐘…轉(zhuǎn)rpm=revolutionsper噴嘴，接管nozzleminute-可編輯修改-（十六）主蒸汽、給水與凝汽系統(tǒng)汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)turbinegenerator汽動給水泵turbinedrivenfeedwaterpump蒸汽排放steamdump汽水分離再熱器MoistureSeperatorReheater(MSR)密封蒸汽系統(tǒng)glandsteamsystem限流器flowrestrictor主蒸汽隔離閥mainsteamisolationvalve機(jī)組unit負(fù)荷load主蒸汽集管mainsteamheader給水聯(lián)箱feedwaterheader給水回?zé)嵫h(huán)regenerativefeedheatingcycle磨損wear污垢，結(jié)垢fouling裝量inventory蒸汽（旁路）排放steamdump冷凝器排放condensersteamdump大氣排放atmosphericsteamdump除氧器排放deoxidizersteamdump電纜electriccable輔助給水系統(tǒng)auxiliaryfeedwatersystem壓差differentialpressure,pressuredifferential,pressuredifference增壓泵boosterpump增壓boostpressure吸入口suction凝汽器condenser凝汽器熱阱condenserhotwell給水流量調(diào)節(jié)閥feedregulatingvalve給水調(diào)節(jié)旁通閥feedregulatingbypassvalve疏水drain階躍變化stepchange線性（斜坡）變化rampchange溢流閥overflowvalve工藝汽processsteam緊急停堆trip;scram停堆shutdown停堆，停堆期outrage手動地manually自動地automatically質(zhì)量流率massflowrate關(guān)斷閥shutoffvalve（美國）聯(lián)邦管理法規(guī)CFR=CodeofFederalRegulations凝結(jié)液 condensate水頭，壓頭 head汽機(jī)脫扣（甩負(fù)荷）turbinetrip（十七）核電廠運行工藝熱工藝熱公用電網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)負(fù)荷運行退役的運行因子負(fù)荷因子processheat

utilitygridbaseloadoperationoutofserviceoperationfactorloadfactor使用因子，運行因子servicefactor可利用因子availability技術(shù)規(guī)范technicalspecification穩(wěn)壓器汽空間建立drawapressuresteambubble未能緊急停堆的預(yù)計瞬變AnticipatedTransientWithoutScram(ATWS)未能緊急停堆的預(yù)計瞬變AnticipatedTransientWithoutTrip-可編輯修改-(ATWT)失電 (ATWT)失電 lossofpower失流 lossofflow輔助噴淋 auxiliaryspray采樣 sampling(美國)核管會NuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)負(fù)荷跟蹤 loadfollowing（十八）輻射危害與屏蔽屏蔽shieldingAchievable(ALARA)核輻射nuclearradiation希弗Sivert發(fā)射，發(fā)出emit急性的acute劑量dose慢性的delayed劑量率doserate輻射病radiationsickness保健物理healthphysics吸入inhalation天然本底輻射naturalbackground攝入ingestionradiation食物鏈foodchain轟擊bombardment權(quán)重因子weightingfactor地殼theearth'scrust活化產(chǎn)物activ