第第8頁共8頁202161篇PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Opendatasharersarestillintheminorityinmanyfields.Althoughmanyresearchersbroadlyagreethatpublicaccesstorawdatawouldacceleratescience,mostarereluctanttoposttheresultsoftheirownlaborsonline.Somecommunitieshaveagreedtoshareonline—geneticists,forexample,postDNAsequencesattheGenBankrepositoryastronomersareaccustomedtoaccessingimagesofgalaxiesandstarsfrom,say,theSloanDigitalSkySurvey,atelescopethathasobservedsome500milliontheseremaintheexception,nottherule.Historically,scientistshaveobjectedtosharingformanyreasons:itisalotofwork;untilrecently,gooddatabasesdidnotexist;grantfunderswerenotpushingforsharing;ithasbeendifficulttoagreeonstandardsforformattingdata;andthereisnoagreedwaytoassigncreditfordata.Butthebarriersaredisappearing,inpartbecausejournalsandfundingagenciesworldwideareencouragingscientiststomaketheirdatapublic.Lastyear,theRoyalSocietyinLondonsaidinitsreportthatscientistsneedto"shiftawayfromresearchculturewheredataisviewedasaprivatepreserve".Fundingagenciesnotethatdatapaidforwithpublicmoneyshouldbepublicinformation,andthescientificcommunityrecognizingthatdatacannowbeshareddigitallyinwaysthatwerenotpossiblebefore.Tomatchthegrowingdemand,servicesarespringinguptomakeiteasiertopublishresearchproductsonlineandenableotherresearcherstodiscoverandcitethem.Althoughcallstosharedataoftenconcentrateonthemoraladvantagesofsharing,thepracticeisnotpurelyaltruisticResearcherswhosharegetplentyofpersonalbenefits,includingmoreconnectionswithcolleagues,improvedvisibilityandincreasedcitations.Themostsuccessfulsharers—thosewhosedataaredownloadedandcitedthemostoftengetnoticed,andtheirworkgetsused.Forexample,oneofthemostpopulardatasetsonmultidisciplinaryrepositoryDryadisaboutwooddensityaroundtheworld;ithasbeendownloaded5,700times.Co-authorAmyZannethinksthatprobablyrangefromclimate-changeresearcherswantingtoestimatehowmuchcarbonisstoredinbiomass,toforesterslookingforinformationondifferentgradesoftimber."I'dmuchprefertohavemydatausedbythemaximumnumberofpeopletoasktheirownquestions,"shesays."It'simportanttoallowreadersandreviewerstoseeexactlyhowyouarriveatyourresults.Publishingdataandcodeallowsyoursciencetobereproducible."Evenpeoplewhosedataarelesspopularcanbenefit.Bymakingtheefforttoorganizeandlabelfilessootherscanunderstandthem,scientistsbecomemoreorganizedanddisciplinedthemselves,thusavoidingconfusionlateron.Whatdomanyresearchersgenerallyaccept?Itisimperativetoprotectscientists'patents.Repositoriesareessentialtoscientificresearch.Opendatasharingismostimportanttomedicalscience.Opendatasharingisconducivetoscientificadvancement.Whatistheattitudeofmostresearcherstowardsmakingtheirowndatapublic?Opposed.Ambiguous.Liberal.Neutral.Accordingtothepassage,whatmighthinderopendatasharing?Thefearofmassivecopying.Thelackofaresearchculture.Thebeliefthatresearchdataisprivateproperty.Theconcernthatcertainagenciesmaymakeaprofitofit.Whathelpsliftsomeofthebarrierstoopensharing?Theever-growingdemandforbigdata.Theadvancementofdigitaltechnology.Thechangingattitudeofjournalsandfunders.Thetrendofsocialandeconomicdevelopment.Dryadservesasanexampletoshowhowopendatasharing .isbecomingincreasinglypopularbenefitssharersandusersalikemakesresearcherssuccessfulsavesbothmoneyandPassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Macy'sreporteditssalesplunged5.2%inNovemberandDecemberatstoresopenmorethanayear,adisappointingholidayseasonperformancethatcappedadifficultyearfordepartmentstorechainfacingwide-rangingchallenges.ItsflagshipstoresinmajorU.S.citiesdependheavilyoninternationaltouristspending,whichshrankatmanyretailersduetoastrongdollar.Meanwhile,Macy'shassimplystruggledtolureconsumerswhoaremoreinterestedinspendingontravelordiningoutthanonnewclothesoraccessories.ThecompanyblamedmuchofthepoorperformanceinNovemberandDecemberonunseasonablywarmweather."About80%ofourcompany'syear-over-yeardeclinesincomparablesalescanbeattributedtoshortfallsincold-weathergoods,"saidchiefexecutiveTenyLundgreninapressrelease.Thispromptedthecompanytocutitsforecastsforthefullfourthquarter.However,it'sclearthatMacy'sbelievesitstroublesdeeperthanatemporaryaberrationoffthethermometer.Theretailgiantsaidthepoorfinancialperformancethisyearhaspushedittobeginimplementing$400millionincost-cuttingmeasures.Thecompanypledgedtocut600back-officepositions,thoughsome150workersinthosewouldbereassignedtootherjobs.Italsoplanstooffer"voluntaryseparation"packagesto165seniorexecutives.Itwillslashstaffingatitsfleetof770stores,amoveaffectingsome3,000employees.Theretaileralsoannouncedthelocationsof36storeswillcloseinearly2021.Thecompanyhadpreviouslyannouncedtheplannedclosures,buthadnotsaidwhichlocationswouldbeaffected.Noneofthechain'sstoresintheWashingtonmetropolitanareaaretobeclosed.Macy'shasbeenmovingaggressivelytotrytoremakeitselfforaneweraofshopping.IthasplanstoopenmorelocationsofMacy'sBackstage,anewly-developedoff-priceconceptwhichmighthelpitbettercompetewithambitiousT.J.Maxx.It'salsopushingaheadin2021withanexpansionofBluemercury,thebeautychainitboughtlastyear.AtatimewhenyoungbeautyshoppersareoftenturningtoSephoraorUltainsteadofdepartmentstorebeautycounters,Macy'shopesBluemercurywillhelpstrengthenitspositioninthecategory.OnerelativebrightspotforMacy'sduringtheholidayseasonwastheonlinechannel,whereitrangup"double-digit"increasesinsalesanda25%increaseinthenumberofordersitfilled.Thatrelativestrengthwouldbeconsistentwithwhatwasseeninthewilderretailindustryduringtheearlypartoftheholidayseason.WhileThanksgiving,BlackFridayandCyberMondayallsawrecordspendingonline,in-storesalesplungedovertheholidayweekend.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheshrinkingspendingofinternationaltouristsintheU.S.?ItisattributabletotherisingvalueoftheU.S.dollar.Itisadirectresultoftheglobaleconomicrecession.Itreflectsashiftoftheirinterestinconsumergoods.ItposesapotentialthreattotheretailbusinesstheU.S.WhatdoesMacy'sbelieveaboutitsproblems?Theycanbesolvedwithbettermanagement.Theycannotbeattributedtoweatheronly.Theyarenotasseriousinitsonl