專(zhuān)升本重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)匯總I.典型時(shí)態(tài)和特殊用法1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作:(1)表示已經(jīng)預(yù)先計(jì)劃或安排好的肯定將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.主要用于be,come,go,start,begin,1eave,return,end,stop,open,takeplace等瞬間動(dòng)詞句中常有表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如:ThematchtakesplacenextMonday(2)在時(shí)間、條件、方式、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中.表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。Iwillnotgoshopping,ifitrains.2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái):(1)表示最近按計(jì)劃或安排要做的事,往往有表示未來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).能夠這樣用的動(dòng)詞有:arrive,come,leave,return,start,work,play,have等。(2)與always,constantly,continually,forever等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在出狀態(tài),往往帶有說(shuō)話人的感情色彩。(3)在時(shí)間、條件從句中表示將來(lái)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:WeareleavingonFriday./Heisconstantlyleavinghisthingsabout.他老是亂扔?xùn)|西./Don’tinterrupthimifheisreading.(4)表示將來(lái)時(shí)的還有:beaboutto/betodo/beonthepointof等。如:Iwasonthepointofleavingwhenthephonerang./TheroadistoopentothepubliconOctober1,2004.3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):①"must+完成式”表示過(guò)去必定發(fā)生過(guò)的事情,是對(duì)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的一種行為的推測(cè)。②“should(或oughtto)+完成式”表示一個(gè)應(yīng)該在過(guò)去做,而沒(méi)有做的動(dòng)作,它往往帶有埋怨和后悔的情緒。注:表示瞬間行為動(dòng)詞come,join,finish,marry,return等不能和表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,只能用系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替。如:Hehasbeenbackforoveraweek.(不能用hascomeback)/Ihavebeeninthearmyforthreeyears.(不能用havejoined)。4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)下去,通常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如:Allthemorning,forhours,sincethismorning…/Theyhavebeenwatchingtelevisionfortwohours./Hehasbeenwritingletterssincethismorning.5.過(guò)去完成時(shí):1)過(guò)去完成時(shí),表示在過(guò)去某—時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作.即”過(guò)去的過(guò)去”.常用的信號(hào)詞有by(到……時(shí)候?yàn)橹?,before等介詞短語(yǔ)或用unless,when,after,once,assoonas等連詞引起的表示到過(guò)去某—時(shí)間為止的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表示.2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用在“nosooner…than”和“hardly…when(before)”等句型的主句中,從句中常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:Bytheendoflastyear,Ihadworkedinthiscollegefortenyears./Nosoonerhadhefinishedhisperformancethantheaudiencebegantocheer.(＝Hehadnosooner…than…)(他剛表演完，觀眾就喝彩)語(yǔ)態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)：6.有些動(dòng)詞以主動(dòng)形式出現(xiàn),卻有被動(dòng)含義。如：Theknifecutswell./Nylonunderwearwasheseasily.尼龍內(nèi)衣容易洗/Thenovelswrittenbytheyoungmansellwell.那個(gè)年青人寫(xiě)的小說(shuō)銷(xiāo)路好/Thisball-penwritesinfourcolors.這支圓珠筆可以寫(xiě)出四種顏色/Thenotereadsasfollows”…”.字條上寫(xiě)著:”……”7.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,介詞或副詞不可省略。如：Moreschoolsandhospitalswillbesetupinthenearfuture./Theoldwomanhasbeenoperatedon.(這位老婦人已經(jīng)動(dòng)過(guò)了手術(shù))/Thepursewaspickedupandhandedtothepolice.此外,固定搭配“動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞”習(xí)語(yǔ)中,介詞也不能省掉。Timemustbemadegooduseof./Lesscleverchildrenshouldnotbemadefunof.8.如果賓補(bǔ)是不帶to的不定式,在被動(dòng)態(tài)中,主補(bǔ)的不定式必須帶to.如:Hisparentsmakehimstudyhard./Heismadetostudyhard.9.在want,need,desire,require和形容詞worthworth+doing后,動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義.如:Thehousewantsrepairing(=toberepaired)./Thepointdeservesmentioning(tobementioned)./Thenovelisworthreading.(=Thenovelisworthytoberead.=Thenovelisworthyofbeingreading.=Itisworthwhiletoreadthenovel.)II.虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣三大公式:條件句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If+主語(yǔ)+were…If+主語(yǔ)+v-ed…主語(yǔ)+should(would,could,might)+v…與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反If+主語(yǔ)+haddone主語(yǔ)+should(would,could,might)+havedone與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反If+主語(yǔ)+v-edIf+主語(yǔ)+shoulddoIf+主語(yǔ)+weretodo主語(yǔ)+should(would,could,might)+doIfJohnwereherenow(=wereJohnherenow,)hewouldexplainit.Ifyouhadaskedmeearlier,Iwouldhavetoldyou.(=Hadyouaskedmeearlier,Iwouldhavetoldyou.)/Ifitrainedtomorrow(=Ifitshouldraintomorrow=Shoulditraintomorrow=Ifitweretoraintomorrow=Wereittoraintomorrow),Iwouldstayathome.2.有時(shí)條件從句和主句時(shí)態(tài)可以不一致,這叫混合條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:Ifyouwereinbetterhealth,wewouldhaveallowedyoutojointheminthework.(如果你身體好一些,我們就會(huì)讓你參加他們一道干這工作了).Ifyouhadtakenthemedicine(表示與過(guò)去相反,即:”要是你當(dāng)時(shí)吃了的話”),youwouldbewellnow(表示與現(xiàn)在相反,即:”你現(xiàn)在已好了”).含意是:Youdidn’ttakethemedicine,soyouarenotwellnow.Ifthecriminalwerehonest,hewouldhaveconfessedlongago.Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavorable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.如果過(guò)去天氣好一些,現(xiàn)在莊稼還會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好.3.在動(dòng)詞Ifonly,wish,wouldrather,wouldsooner,asif(though)后的句子中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。Ifonly…Wish/wouldrather/…asif(though)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反V-ed(be用were)hadbeen如:Ifonly(=Iwish)Ihadnotcheatedintheexamination./IwishIwereasstrongasyou./IwishIrememberedtheaddress./Hewisheswewouldtryagain./Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.Heoftentalksasifheweremyfather./Helooksasifhehadbeenill.(Buthehasnotbeenill)注意：asif(though)不一定非使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。4.主語(yǔ)+V.+that主語(yǔ)+(should)doV主要有:表示建議(propose,suggest,urge,advise,recommend,move),表示要求(ask,require,request,demand,insist,desire,maintain),表示命令(command,order),表示安排(arrange),表示決定(resolve,decide)等.如:Isuggestwe(should)setoffstraightaway./Thechairmanproposedthatwe(should)discussthequestion./Moststudentsinsistthatthey(should)havemoreEnglishlessons.注意：（1）suggest表示“說(shuō)明”時(shí)后面不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。/suggest+doingsth.（2）insist,maintain表示“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí)后面不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。表示“堅(jiān)決要求”必須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。5.在Itis(was)+adj.+that主語(yǔ)+(should)doadj.主要有：necessary,essential,important,vital,urgent,natural,desired,suggested,requested,ordered,proposed,desirable,advisable,strange等。如:Itisimportantthattheory(should)becloselycombinedwithpractice./Ithasbeendecidedthatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtillnextSaturday.6.It’s(high,about)timethatwedid(were)的句型中要用過(guò)去時(shí)如:Itishightime(that)webegantowork.7.句型：Butfor(=Ifitwerenotbeenfor)+n.,主語(yǔ)+should(would,could)+V//Butfor(=Ifithadnotbeenfor)+n.,主語(yǔ)+should(would,could)havedone如：Butforyourguidance(Ifitwerenotbeenforyourguidance),wewould/shouldfail./Butforyourhelp(=Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp),Iwouldhavefailedinthefinalexams.8.lest(forfearthat/incase)+主語(yǔ)+(should)do如：Wedidn’ttelltheoldwomanthebadnewsforfearthatshe(should)breakdown.9.主語(yǔ)+would（ratherthat）+從句主語(yǔ)+V.的過(guò)去式+其他成分如：Wewouldratherthatyoutoldtheoldwomanthebadnews.Wewouldyoutoldtheoldwomanthebadnews.III.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1.needn’t+不定式完成式:表示本來(lái)不必做而實(shí)際已經(jīng)做的行為.如：Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.你不必親自來(lái).2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+havedone及其它1)could+havedone表示與事實(shí)相反2)might+havedone表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為3)needn’t+havedone表示做了不該做的事情4)must+havedone表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為的肯定推測(cè)5)should+havedone表示該做而未做到的事6)shouldnot+havedone表示做了不該做的事如：Hecouldhavehelpedme,buthedidn’t.他能幫助我,但他沒(méi)有./Youmighthavedonetheworkbetter.你本來(lái)可以把工作做得更好./Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.你本來(lái)不必親自過(guò)。/Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet./Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.他們本來(lái)可把工作做好。/Youshouldnothavedonesuchthings.你不該干出這種事情來(lái).注意：表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為的否定推測(cè)為can’thavedone,而非mustn’thavedone。3.shall/should(oughtto);will/would1)shall在疑問(wèn)句中用于第一、三人稱(chēng)單復(fù)數(shù)表示征求意見(jiàn)、表示詢問(wèn)和請(qǐng)示。如:WhatshallIdonow?/Shallwegoforawalk?我們?nèi)ド⒉胶脝幔?Shallhecometomorrow?你要他明天來(lái)嗎?2)shal1用于二、三人稱(chēng)可表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方”命令”、”警告”、”允諾”、”威脅”等概念.作:”必須”、”可”、”該”解。如:YoushallhavethebookassoonIfinishit.(允諾)/Heshalldoit,whetherhewantstoornot.不管他愿意不愿意,他必須做這項(xiàng)工作.(命令)/Youshallnotleavetotheothers.你不可以將它留給其他人.(警告)3)should除了表示”應(yīng)當(dāng)”,”該”解之外,還表示推測(cè):作”可能”、”該”解。還表示出乎意外,"居然""竟然"。如：Thebookshouldbeinthereading-room./Ineverthoughtsheshouldhavedonethis.4)will/would(1)可用于各種人稱(chēng)表示”意愿”,”意志”和”決心”等。如:Iwilldomybest.(決意)/Letherdothat,ifshewill.(意愿)(2)表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作”總是”,”慣于”。如：Assoonashegetshome,hewill(would)turnontheradio.注:①would在表示意志或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)求時(shí),語(yǔ)氣比will婉轉(zhuǎn),指的是現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:Wouldyoupleasepassmethebook?②在日常生活中,Iwouldlike和Ishouldlike都可以說(shuō)。如:Ishould(would)liketohavealookatyourcoat.4.可以看作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)：1)usedto+V表示"過(guò)去經(jīng)常";而beusedtodoing表示"習(xí)慣于2)hadbetter+V表示”最好是”、”不如…之意3)hadrather+V…than和wouldrather+V…than表示”寧肯…不愿”之意。如:Wewould/hadratherdiethanyield.IV.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一、不定式和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞表示：籠統(tǒng)、泛指的意思/抽象或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作/已成為過(guò)去或經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談不定式表示：一時(shí)性的具體的或特定的動(dòng)作/現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作如：Smokingisprohibitedhere.(抽象)Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具體)Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.(經(jīng)驗(yàn))Tostudyabroadhaslongbeenmydream.(一件尚未完成的事情)二、非謂語(yǔ)的句型(1)Ittakessb.+sometime+todo=sb.spendsometime(in)doing(2)Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo(3)Itis+adj.+ofsb.+todo(常用的形容詞有：kind,nice,considerate,thoughtful,stupid,wise等.(4)Itis+nouse,nogood,nopoint,agreatfun,arealpleasure,awasteoftime,abore等名詞+(in)doingsth.如:Itisagreatfunplayingfootball./Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain./Itisnogoodhelpinghim./Thereisnopointintalkingwithyou.注意：What’sthepointoftalkingwithyou?(5)Thereisno+doing...(Thereisno表示”不可能”)如：Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.說(shuō)出他要干什么是不可能的./Thereisnosayingwhatmayhappen.說(shuō)出要發(fā)生什么是不可能的.(6)havedifficulty(trouble,fun,ahardtime,agoodtime)+(in)+doingsth.(7)go+doing,表示短暫而又愉快的戶外活動(dòng)如:go+jogging(慢跑)/fishing/dancing/skating/bowling(打保齡球)/shopping/sightseeing/camping/surfing(沖浪)(8)bebusy+doing=bebusywithsth.忙著做…sb.spend…time(money,energy)indoingsth.三、V1+V2的模式1.V1+V2(todo)afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起hope希望 pretend假裝 appear似乎intend企圖promise答應(yīng) arrange安排 like喜歡refuse拒絕attempt試圖learn學(xué)會(huì) try試圖decide決定long渴望want想要 desire欲得到manage設(shè)法wish希望expect期望 mean打算fail未能 offer表示要 happen碰巧 plan計(jì)劃2.V1+V2(doing)admit承認(rèn) imagine想象 appreciate贊賞,感激mind介意 avoid避免,避開(kāi) miss錯(cuò)過(guò)complete完成 postpone推遲,延期 consider考慮practice實(shí)踐 delay耽擱,延誤 resist忍住endure忍受 risk冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn) enjoy享……之樂(lè),喜愛(ài)suggest建議 escape逃跑 insiston堅(jiān)持excuse原諒 giveup放棄 objectto反對(duì)can’thelp禁不住 putoff延期如：Headmittedhavingmademistake./Wouldyouconsidergoingnorththissummer?/Theyhavefinishedtheirstudying.3.V1+V2(介詞+doing)succeedin成功地4.V1+V2(todo或doing),但語(yǔ)義不同(1)forgettodo忘記要去做某事(此事未做)/forgetdoing忘記做過(guò)某事(此事已做過(guò)或已發(fā)生)(2)stoptodo停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事/stopdoing停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事(3)remembertodo記住去做某事(未做)/rememberdoing記得做過(guò)某事(已做)(4)regrettodo對(duì)要做的事遺憾/regretdoing對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔(5)trytodo努力、企圖做某事/trydoing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法(6)meantodo打算/meandoing意味著(7)like,love,hate,prefer+todo表示具體行為/like,love,hate,preferdoing表示抽象、習(xí)慣、傾向行為(8)need,require,want,deserve+tobeV-ed或V-ing,表示要(修、清理)等意思.試比較：Don’tforgettocometomorrow.(tocome動(dòng)作未做)/IshallneverforgetseeingtheQueen.//Idon’tregrettellingherwhatIthought.(已講過(guò))/Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實(shí)在沒(méi)辦法.(未做但要做)5.V1+sb./sth.+V2(do/doing/done)(V1為感官動(dòng)詞)V1主要有：find,feel,notice,hear,observe,listento,perceive(察覺(jué)),see,lookat,overhear,watch,notice如：Wefeltthehouseshake./Iheardtheclockstriketwelvelastnight./Isawhimgooutoftheclassroomaminuteago./HesawhissonwatchingTVwhenheleft./Ifindthewindowbroken.四、非謂語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)1.不定式作定語(yǔ)1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning.3)不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語(yǔ),要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~,和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,這里的介詞不能省去.Ineedapentowritewith./Thereisnothingtoworryabout.4)不定式修飾一些抽象名詞,如:①ability,decision,need,plan,promise,failure,wish等.②thefirst,second,last,only,best等.如:Hiswishtobuyacarcametrue./Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.2.分詞作定語(yǔ)(1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義,過(guò)去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意.(2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞表示狀態(tài),或做完(完成)的事.如：Theroomfacing(=whichfaces)southisourclassroom./Isthereanythingplanned(=thathasbeenplanned)fortomorrow?3.不定式和分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的時(shí)間關(guān)系一般來(lái)說(shuō),不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前.如:1)DoyouwanttoseethedoctortobesentforfromBeijing?2)Doyouwanttoseethedoctorworkingonthecasereportintheoffice?五、非謂語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)1.不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)(1)In1935helefthomenevertoreturn.(2)so+形容詞(或副詞)+asto…Thehouseissohighandnarrowastoresemble(象)atower.(3)such+名詞短語(yǔ)+asto…Hisindifferenceissuchastomakeonedespaired.(4)onlyto…竟然…(表示與預(yù)料相反的結(jié)果)Hestudiedhardonlytofailintheexam.(5)形容詞(或副詞)+enough(副詞)to…夠,足以Theroomisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.2.分詞作狀語(yǔ)分詞和分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件,讓步、方式和伴隨情況.在表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步和方式時(shí),通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句,表示方式和伴隨情況時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)成份。Seeingtheteacherenteringtheroom(＝Whenthestudentssawtheteacherenteringtheroom),thestudentsstoodup./Heated.(Whenitisheated),icewillbechangedintowater./Beingexcited(=AsIwasexcited,Icouldn’tgotosleep.),Icouldn’tgotosleep./Istoodthere,listeningtothebroadcast.(=Istoodthereandlistenedtothebroadcast.)(伴隨)./Thechildrenwentawaylaughing.(＝Thechildrenwentaway.Theylaughedastheywent.)(行為方式)/Knowingallthis((＝Althoughtheyknowallthis),theymademepayforthedamage.(讓步)3.分詞作狀語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系(1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作.它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。如：Notknowingwhattodo(Becausehedidn’tknowwhattodo),hewenttohisparentsforhelp.(2)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作。它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如：Givenmoreattention(Ifthetreeshadbeengivenmoreattention),thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.4.分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)前面可用連詞When,while,once,if,unless,though等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句,若其主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)相同時(shí),可保留該副詞連接詞,其余部分則化簡(jiǎn)為分詞短語(yǔ)。如：When(being)free,I’llfetchyou./Whilewalkingalongthestreetearlyinthemorning,hesawher./Iffallingill,I’llseemydoctor./Oncecompleted,thispowerstationsuppliesthenearbytownsandvillageswithelectricity./Eventhoughgiveneveryopportunity,theywouldnottry./Thoughknowingthetruth,sheremainedsilent./Unless(being)rich,Iamnotgoingabroad.5.動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別(1)分詞作狀語(yǔ)一般表示伴隨,而不定式常常表示目的。Theystoodbytheroadsidetalkingabouttheplan.(伴隨)/Theystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplan.(目的)(2)分詞作狀語(yǔ)放在句子開(kāi)頭,除表示原因之外有時(shí)表示時(shí)間或條件;動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),除了表示目的以外,還表示結(jié)果或原因.1)Readingattentively,heforgotthetimeforlunch./Readingcarefully,hefoundsomethinghehadnotknownbefore.(時(shí)間)/Readingcarefully,you’lllearnsomethingnew.(條件)/Herfamilywastoopoortosupporthim.(結(jié)果)/Theboyisnottallenoughtoreachthebookshelf.6.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) 1)結(jié)構(gòu)：(with)+n./pron.+doing(done,adj.,prep.phrase)例句：Withyoustandingthere,wecan’twork./Hefellasleepwiththelampburning./Theboysreturnedwiththeirfacecoveredwithsweat./Hesleptwellwiththedooropen./Hestoodtherewithhishatinhand./Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookinhishand./2)結(jié)構(gòu)：S1,S2.(S1和S2的主語(yǔ)不一致)Weatherpermitting(Ifweatherpermits),we’llplaybasketballtomorrow./Thisdone(Whenthishadbeendone),theypackedtheirtoolsandwenthome.(事情辦完了,他們裝起工具回家了)./Therainhavingstopped(Aftertherainhadstopped),thesoldierscontinuedtheirmatch.六.非謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1．非謂語(yǔ)的完成式：V1+V2(V2的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在V1的動(dòng)作之前)Thehouseissaidtohavebeenburntinafire.Thewholecompanywaspraisedforhavingprovidedagoodservice.注意：在be,wish,intend,mean,plan,hope,expect,should(或)wouldlike等動(dòng)詞之后,則表示沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為.如:Heplannedtohavegoneabroad.他原計(jì)劃出國(guó)(但他沒(méi)有去)./Ihopedtohaveseenher.我原希望會(huì)見(jiàn)到她的(可是我沒(méi)見(jiàn)到她)./Iwouldliketohavehadyourhelp.我本想得到你的幫助(實(shí)際上我卻沒(méi)有得到)./Theenemyexpectedtohavefoundhim.敵人本來(lái)指望找到他(實(shí)際上卻沒(méi)有找到).2.不定式的進(jìn)行式Whenmothercamein,thechildpretendedtobesleeping.Heissaidtobewritingapaperonthisproject.(Itissaidthatheiswritingapaperonthisproject.)試比較：Heissaidtowriteapaperonthisproject.(Itissaidthathewillwriteapaperonthisproject.)3．非謂語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)Dickpreferstobeassignedheavierworktodo.試比較：Dickpreferstodoalightjob.IdislikebeinginterruptedwhenIamspeaking.試比較：Idislikehavingtowork.七、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)1.疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問(wèn)詞who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語(yǔ).如:Whentostarthasnotbeendecided./Idon’tknowwhattodo./Thedifficultywashowtocrosstheriver./Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.注意：1)有時(shí)疑問(wèn)詞前可用介詞,如:Ihavenoideaof(asto)howtodoit.2)why后面不能加不定式。2.不帶to的不定式(1)在表示生理感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶to.(2)使役動(dòng)詞make,1et,have.如:Lethimdoit./IwouldhaveyouknowthatIamill.注:①上述感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞與使役動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),其后的不定式一般須帶”to”,如:Hewasseentocome./Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.②在動(dòng)詞find與help之后,不定式可帶to亦可不帶to,如:Hewassurprisedtofindthesheep(to)breakfenceatthisseason.3.but(except)后帶不帶”to”?決定but(except)是否帶”to”，關(guān)鍵在于看句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否是動(dòng)詞”do”1)donothing／anything／everythingbut(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中不帶to如:LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchT.V./Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.除了農(nóng)活,約翰什么都愿意干。2)but(except)后必須帶”to”如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是”donothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式則須帶”to”。如:Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking./Therewasnothingforthemtodobuttoremainsilent./Ihavenoalternativebuttogowithhim.注意：不得不…cannotbut+do/cannothelpbut+todo情不自禁…cannothelp+doing如:Marycannotbutsing.(=Shecouldn’thelpbuttosing.)/Icannothelpsinging.4.V+to”to”是介詞的詞組下列詞組中的to都是介詞,后面須跟動(dòng)名詞：beaccustomedto=beusedto習(xí)慣于/adaptto適應(yīng)/adjustto適應(yīng)于/agreeto同意/amountto合計(jì)；等于/confessto承認(rèn)/attendto出席;照料/devoteto獻(xiàn)身于/taketo養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣;喜歡/turnto著手工作/lookforwardto盼望/objectto(=beopposedto=oppose)反對(duì)/payattentionto關(guān)注/contributeto貢獻(xiàn)/deny(to)否認(rèn)/cometo提到等.如：Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain./Ipreferreadingbookstodoinghousework./Mostpeopleobjecttosmoking.注意：比較Whenitcomestodoingsth.（說(shuō)到…）…Wetodosth.…（逐漸地…）如：Whenitcomestorepairingthecomputer,heisataloss./Afterseveralfailures,hecametoknowitwasnoteasytopickupalanguage.5．動(dòng)名詞的所有格如:Tominsistedonmygoingwiththem./Hedislikeshiswife’sworkinglate./Iamgladoftheexaminationbeingover./Ineverhearapersonofcharacterdoingsuchathing./Iobjecttoanyonesmokinginmyroom.V.從句的重點(diǎn)一、定語(yǔ)從句1．概念：who,whom,whose,which,that,when,where,why如：Wewenttotheparkwhich/thatweoftenvisited./Thesmiths,whosehousehadbeendestroyedinanearthquake,weregiventents./IneverforgetthedaywhenIbeganmystudiesinBeijingUniversity./ThereasonwhyIdidn’tmakesuchamistakewasthatIpaidmoreattention./ThisistheplacewhereIMichaellives.2、who(m),which和that的主要用法1)用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不用that,而用which.如：Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichfrightenedher.2)all,none,little,much,everything,anything,onething,nothing,something等詞后面宜用that,不用which.如：Allthatisneeded(=Whatisneeded)isasupplyofoil.3)在everybody,everyone,anybody,somebody,someone等詞后面宜用who/whom.如：IsthereanyoneherewhocanspeakRussian?/WhenIentered,theyweretalkingaboutsomebodywhomIdidn’tknow.4)先行詞前有最高級(jí)形容詞,only,any,no時(shí)要用that,不用which.如：Lindaistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.5)先行詞是集體名詞時(shí)which和who的選用Thefootballteam,whichisplayingverywell,willmostprobablyplacefirstintheleaguematched(聯(lián)賽).(team指整體時(shí)，用that)Thefootballteam,whoarehavingbaths,willbebackherefortea.(team指各個(gè)成員時(shí)，用who)6).who/that可以用來(lái)指代人Larryspokehighlyoftheactorthat/whosavedthechildfromtheriver.7).抽象名詞(belief,doubt,fact,idea,knowledge,news,thought等)后一般用that不用which.(同位語(yǔ)從句)如：Thenewsspreadquicklythatthepresidentwaskilledinatrafficaccident.3、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)1)．介詞+which如：Couldyoulendmethenovelaboutwhichyouaretalkingwiththeotherday?/Hangzhouistheplaceinwhich(=where)Iwasborn.試比較：HangzhouistheplacewhichIhavelongwantedtovisit./TheladderonwhichIwasstandingbegantoslip.2)．代詞/數(shù)詞+of+whom/which如：Ihavemanyforeignfriends,someofwhomareMexicans./Shehasfivesons,threeofthemareengineers.3)．介詞+whom/which+不定式如：Henryisapleasantyoungmanwithwhomtowork./Ihavenomoneywithwhichtobuy.4).as在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法:as引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句:主要用在”such…as”和”thesame…as”的結(jié)構(gòu)中.如:Thisisthesamewatchas(that)Ihavelost./Suchpeopleasdescribedintheplayarerarenowadays.二.狀語(yǔ)從句1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):when,as,while,before,after,till,until,since=eversince(自從),nowthat,once(一旦),assoonas=themoment(theminute)=instantly=hardly(scarcely)…when=nosooner…than(一…就)如：Iwaswritingapaperoncomputerwhenaseriousearthquaketookplace./Astimewentby,Ifeltmoreandmoreimpatient./IwaswatchingTVwhileIwaseating./Nosoonerhadthemeetingbeganthantheycame.2.原因狀語(yǔ):because,as,since=nowthat(僅用于肯定句),seeing(that),considering(that),inthat,,forS2如：Thedayarelong,foritisnowJuly.(for表示一種新情況)/Imusthaverained,forthegroundwaswet.(for補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明原因)/Seeingthattheyarebusywiththeirhomework,wedonotneedtoaskthemtoplayfootball.3.條件狀語(yǔ):if,unless(除非),suppose,supposing(僅用于問(wèn)句),provided,as/solongas,giventhat…,onconditionthat如：YoucangetthejobontheconditionthatyouhaveMaster’sdegree.4.讓步狀語(yǔ):although…,(yet),though,even(即使),eventhough,nomatter…,however,whatever,adj.+主語(yǔ)+be,forall如：Patientas(though)shewas(=Althoughshewaspatient),shehadnointentiontolistentoyourcomplainingforthreehours.注意：在時(shí)間、條件、方式、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中.表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作用一般時(shí)，不用將來(lái)時(shí)。三、主語(yǔ)從句WhatIhavetoldyou(AllthatIhavetoldyou)isconvincing./Whoever(Anyonewho)wantstohavethisdictionarycangetitfromme./Whetherwewillgodependsontheweather./Whenhediditisamystery./Thatthematchwillbecancelledisnowcertain.(that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不能省略)Ⅵ.反意問(wèn)句的重點(diǎn)[陳述句,+附加疑問(wèn)句]1.Heis1ate,isn’the?2.Theydidn’tagreewithus,didthey?3.Wehavetogo,don’twe?4.HeusedtoliveinChina,didn’t(usedn’t)he?5.You’dliketocome,wouldn’tyou?You’drathernotdo,wouldyou?You’dbettercometomorrow,hadn’tyou?6.Ioughttocomplain,shouldn’tI?或oughtn’tI?7.Iwishtogohomenow,mayI?(特殊規(guī)律)Iamverykeenonsports,aren’tI?(特殊規(guī)律)8.Let’sgo,shallwe?Gohomenow,willyou?(表命令,請(qǐng)求)Haveacupofcoffee,won’tyou?(表示邀請(qǐng))9.Everythinggoeswell,doesn’tit?Nothinghappenedtohim,didhe?That’swonderful,isn’tit?10.Everyoneknowshisjob,don’tthey?或doesn’the?Noonewashurt,werethey?或washe?11.復(fù)合句:Theydidn’tsayshewouldcome,didthey?Tomsaidhewouldn’tdaretodoit,didn’the?注意:①祈使句加反意問(wèn)句肯定祈使句的反意問(wèn)句形式有:won’tyou?(表示懇請(qǐng));Willyou?,wouldyou?,canyou?,can’tyou?表示要?jiǎng)e人做某事,語(yǔ)氣比祈使句緩和,接近請(qǐng)!如:Dositdown,won’tyou?(請(qǐng)坐吧!)/Givemeahand,willyou?(幫個(gè)忙,行嗎?)否定祈使句的反意問(wèn)句用willyou?如:Don’tsmokeinthemeetingroom,willyou?(別在會(huì)議室吸煙,好不好?)②suppose后賓語(yǔ)從句的反意問(wèn)句當(dāng)suppose,think,believe,fancy,imagine,reason等動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí),不管句子的否定部位在哪兒,suppose后的反意問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)都要與suppose的賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)。如:Isupposeyouareateacher,aren’tyou?/Idon’tthink(that)hecares,doeshe?Ⅷ.主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)一致的重點(diǎn)1.以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般要用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。2.事件、國(guó)家、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱(chēng)、書(shū)刊及其他作品的名稱(chēng)(專(zhuān)有名詞)用作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3.表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、度量、價(jià)值等的復(fù)數(shù)形式主語(yǔ),習(xí)慣上用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如:Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.4.表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱(chēng)的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。5.主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)時(shí),盡管后面跟aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,like,including,inadditionto等,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍為單數(shù)形式。如:Thechildaswellasparentslikesthegame.6.某些不定代詞,如:either,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone,anything,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,noone,nothing等,當(dāng)他們作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。但是口語(yǔ)中當(dāng)either或neither后+of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Neitherofthenovelsis(are)interesting.7.用and連接的并列成分前面有each,every,manya,morethanone,no等詞修飾時(shí),意義為單數(shù),動(dòng)詞則相應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如:EachmanandwomanwhotakestheTOEFLissupposedtogetthescorereportinfiveweeks./Manyastudentandteacherhasseenthefilm.8.用and,both...and,both,(a)few,many,several等。如:Fewpeopleknowit.9.某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類(lèi)人謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Theagedsufferfromvariousmiseriesinthiscountry.10.morethan+數(shù)詞+名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Morethanthreehundredpeopleattendedthemeeting.11.Aseriesof/Agroupof+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞12.用連詞either…or,neither…nor,whether…or,notonly…but(also),or與最靠近它的主語(yǔ)一致。如:Oneortwofriendsarecomingthisevening./Eithertheboyorthegirlknowshimwell./Notonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong.13.一些表示數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)與名詞連用時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù),名詞是復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),反之就用單數(shù)。alot(lotsof),plentyof,aheapof(heapsof),halfof,two-thirds,ninetypercentof,partof,restof,someof,noneof等。如:40percentofthestudentscomefromthesouthofChina./Threemillionstonsofcoalwasexportedthatyear.14.集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)表示的意義.。當(dāng)表示整體時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);當(dāng)主語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個(gè)體時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:army,audience,band,board,crowd,cattle,class,club,committee,crew,family,crowd,firm,flock,gang,government,group,majority,party,police,public,staff,team,troop等。如：Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth./Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.15.定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須與其先行詞一致。Oneofthestudentswhohavewrittentotheauthorityabouttheproblemofpopulationraiseshishand./HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoisfromBeijing.VIII.代詞一致1.由either…or,neither…nor,notonly,but(also),or連接先行詞,如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上是一致的,就用其相應(yīng)的一致的人稱(chēng)代詞；如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致,人稱(chēng)代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)、性上保持一致。如:NeitherMarynorAlicehasherkeywithher./Neitherthepackagenortheletters’havereachedtheirdestination.2.當(dāng)each,everyone,everybody,noone,none,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody用作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的限定詞時(shí),其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語(yǔ)法一致原則,采取單數(shù)形式。如：Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.3.everything,anything,something,nothing之類(lèi)的不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),句中相應(yīng)的代詞,一般只按語(yǔ)法一致的原則,用其單數(shù)的形式。如:Everythingisready,isn’tit?4.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式,后跟each作同位語(yǔ)時(shí),如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果each位于動(dòng)詞之后,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如:Theyeachhavetwocoats./Weareeachresponsibleforhisownfamily.IV.形容詞和副詞一、形容詞1.形容詞的排序1)alargesquaretable(大小+形狀)/alittleredcan(大小+顏色)/anewgreencoat(新舊+顏色)2)限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞(序數(shù)前，基數(shù)后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高矮等形狀+新舊+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料如：thosebeautifulroundmulti-coloredChinesechinavasesduringmyfirsttendaysinEngland2.形容詞的比較級(jí)1)結(jié)構(gòu)：a.be+as+adj.+as//benot(so)as+adj.+asb.bebetterthanc.隱含比較：Ofthetwooranges,Ilikethelargerone./Thedemandforgrainsslightlydeclinedascomparedwiththatoffiveyearsago.2)比較對(duì)象要一致如：Thelifeexpectancyofblacksin1850wasshorterthanthatofwhiteAmericans.3)比較結(jié)構(gòu)要平行如:Itisbettertoprovidemoneyforchildrenthantoteachthemmeanstoearn.4)修飾語(yǔ)的位置①常用的表示程度的形容詞有：much,alot,agreatdeal,far等。②Thenewbuildingis20metershigherthantheoldone./Itisone-fourthcheaperthanthemarketprice./Therearenowfivetimesasmanyschoolsinourtownasin1949.(我們城里的學(xué)校比1949年增加了四倍)/Wehaveproducedtwiceasmuchcottonthisyearaswedidin1966.(今年我們生產(chǎn)的棉花比66年多了一倍)/Thenewmethodwasovertentimesmoreefficientthanthetraditionalone.(新方法比傳統(tǒng)的方法效率提高了十倍以上)3.特殊用法1.Themore…,themore…(越…越…)如：ThemoreIlearn,thelessIseemtoknow.2.形容詞(real,glad,fond,common,polite,able,pleased)用more+adj.=比較級(jí)//most+adj.=最高級(jí)。3.superior,inferior,junior,senior沒(méi)有比較級(jí)。如：Themanisseniortothewoman.(男的比女的年長(zhǎng))4.less…than=notasmuch…as/fewer..than=notasmany…as如:JonathanhasgotfewerbooksthanIhave.(=Jona