經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)名詞解釋-英文版經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)名詞解釋-英文版經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)名詞解釋-英文版資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)名詞解釋-英文版版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：Howpeoplemakedecisions:1.peoplefacetradeoffs2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit3.Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin4.PeoplerespondtoincentivesHowpeopleinteract:canmakeeveryonebetteroff6.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity7.GovernmentcansometimesimprovemarketoutcomesHowtheeconomyas8.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdependsonitsabilitytoproduceAwholeworks:goodsandservices9.Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney10.Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemploymentKeyconcepts:Ability-to-payprinciple（稅收的）能力支付原則:TheideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburdenAbsoluteadvantage絕對優(yōu)勢:ThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityAccountingprofit會(huì)計(jì)利潤:TotalrevenueminustotalexplicitcostAdverseselection逆向選擇:ThetendencyforthemixofunobservedattributestobecomeundesirablefromthestandpointofanuninformedpartyAgent代理人:Apersonwhoisperforminganactforanotherperson,calledtheprincipalAggregate-demandcurve:acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyateachpricelevelAggregaterisk:riskthataffectsalleconomicactorsatonceAggregate-supplycurve:acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellateachpricelevelAppreciation:anincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuyArrow’simpossibilitytheorem阿羅不可能定理:Amathematicalresultshowingthat,undercertainassumedconditions,thereisnoschemeforaggregatingindividualpreferencesintoavalidsetofsocialpreferencesAveragefixedcost平均固定成本:FixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragerevenue平均收益:TotalrevenuedividedbythequantitysoldAveragetaxrate平均稅率:TotaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincomeAveragetotalcost平均總成本:TotalcostdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragevariablecost平均可變成本:VariablecostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAutomaticstabilizers:changesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateactionBalancetrade:asituationinwhichexportsequalimportsBenefitsprinciple受益原則:TheideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservicesBond:acertificateofindebtednessBudgetconstraint預(yù)算約束:ThelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanaffordBudgetdeficit預(yù)算赤字:AnexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceiptsBudgetsurplus預(yù)算盈余:AnexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspendingBusinesscycle經(jīng)濟(jì)周期:Fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproductionCapital資產(chǎn):TheequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservicesCapitalflight:alargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforassetslocatedinacountryCartel卡特爾:AgroupoffirmsactinginunisonCatch-upeffect后發(fā)效應(yīng):thepropertywherebycountriesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythatcountriesthatstartoffrichCentralbank:aninstitutiondesignedtooverseethebankingsystemandregulatethequantityofmoneyintheeconomyCircular-flowdiagram循環(huán)流向圖:AvisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirmsClosedeconomy:aneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesintheworldCollectivebargaining:theprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemploymentCommoditymoney:moneythattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalueCoasetheorem科斯定理:Thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirownCollusion共謀:AnagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestochargeCommonresources共同資源:GoodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludableComparativeadvantage比較優(yōu)勢:ThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycostCompensatingdifferential補(bǔ)償性工資差別:AdifferenceinwagesthatarisestooffsetthenonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobsCompetitivemarket競爭性市場:AmarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetakerComplements互補(bǔ)性商品:TwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheotherCondorcetparadox:thefailureofmajorityruletoproducetransitivepreferencesforsocietyCompounding:theaccumulationofasumofmoneyin,say,abankaccount,wheretheinterestearnedremainsintheaccounttoearnadditionalinterestinthefutureConstantreturnstoscale規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變:Thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputConsumerpriceindex(CPI):ameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumerConsumersurplus消費(fèi)者剩余:Abuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypaysConsumption:spendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousingCost成本:ThevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveupproducingagoodCost-benefitanalysis成本收益分析:AstudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgoodCrowdingout:adecreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromgovernmentborrowingCrowding-outeffect:theoffsetinaggregatedemandthatresultswhenexpansionaryfiscalpolicyraisetheinterestrateandtherebyreducesinvestmentspendingCross-priceelasticityofdemand需求的交叉價(jià)格彈性:Ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgoodCurrency:thepaperbillsandcoinsinthehandsofthepublicCyclicalunemployment:thedeviationofunemploymentfromamarketdistortion,suchasataxDeadweightloss無謂損失:Thefallintotalsurplusthatresultsfromamarketdistortion,suchasataxDemandcurve需求曲線:AgraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedDemanddeposits:balancesinbankaccountsthatdepositorscanaccessondemandbywritingacheckDemandschedule需求表:AtablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedDepreciation:adecreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeighcurrencyitcanbuyDepression:asevererecessionDiminishingmarginalproduct邊際產(chǎn)品遞減:ThepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreasesDiscrimination歧視:Theofferingofdifferentopportunitiestosimilarindividualswhodifferonlybyrace,ethnicgroup,sex,age,orotherpersonalcharacteristicsDiseconomiesofscale規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì):Thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreasesDiscountrate:theinterestrateontheloansthattheFedmakestobanksDiscouragedworkers:individualswhowouldliketoworkbuthavegivenuplookingforjobDiversification:thereductionofriskachievedbyreplacingasingleriskwithalargenumberofsmallerunrelatedrisksDominantstrategy占優(yōu)策略:AstrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardlessofthestrategieschosenbytheotherplayersEconomicprofit經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤:Totalrevenueminustotalcost,includingbothexplicitandimplicitcostsEconomics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué):ThestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresourcesEconomiesofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì):Thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreasesEfficiency效率:ThepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresourcesEfficiencywages效率工資:Above-equilibriumwagespaidbyfirmsinordertoincreaseworkerproductivityEfficientscale:thequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcostElasticity:ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminantsEquilibrium:asituationinwhichthepricehasreachedthelevelwherequantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemandedEquilibriumprice:thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemandedEquilibriumquantity:thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumpriceEquity:thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsocietyExcludability:thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingitExplicitcosts:inputcoststhatrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirmExport:goodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroadExternality:theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewellbeingofabystanderFactorsofproduction:theinputsusedtoproducegoodsandservicesFederalreserve(Fed):thecentralbankoftheunitedstatesFiatmoney:moneywithoutintrinsicvaluethatisusedasmoneybecauseofgovernmentdecreeFinance:thefieldthatstudieshowpeoplemakedecisionsregardingtheallocationofresourcesovertimeandthehandlingofriskFinancialintermediaries:financialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscanindirectlyprovidefundstoborrowersFinancialmarkets:financialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscandirectlyprovidefundstoborrowersFinancialsystem:thegroupofinstitutionsintheeconomythathelptomatchoneperson’ssavingwithanotherperson’sinvestmentFishereffect:theone-for-oneadjustmentofthenominalinterestratetotheinflationrateFractional-reservebanking:abankingsysteminwhichbanksholdonlyafractionofdepositsasreservesFrictionalunemployment:unemploymentthatresultsbecauseittakestimeforworkerstosearchforthejobsthatbestsuittheirtastesandskillsFundamentalanalysis:thestudyofacompany’saccountingstatementsandfutureprospectstodetermineitsvalueFuturevalue:theamountofmoneyinthefuturethatanamountofmoneytodaywillyield,givenprevailinginterestratesFixedcosts:coststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproducedFreerider:apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforitGametheory:thestudyofhowpeoplebehaveinstrategicsituationsGDPdeflator:ameasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100Governmentpurchases:spendingongoodsandservicesbylocal,state,andfederalgovernmentsGrossdomesticproductGDP:themarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftimeHorizontalequity:theideathattaxpayerswithsimilarabilitiestopaytaxesshouldpaythesameamountHumancapital:theaccumulationofinvestmentinpeople,suchaseducationandon-the-jobtrainingIdiosyncraticrisk:riskthataffectsonlyasingleeconomicactorImplicitcosts:inputcoststhatdonotrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirmImportquota:alimitonthequantityofagoodthatcanbeproducedabroadandsolddomesticallyImports:goodsproducedabroadandsolddomesticallyIncomeeffect:thechangeinconsumptionthatresultswhenapricechangemovestheconsumertoahigherorlowerindifferencecurveIncomeelasticityofdemand:ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincomeIndexation:theautomaticcorrectionofadollaramountfortheeffectsofinflationbylaworcontractIndifferencecurve:acurvethatshowsconsumptionbundlesthatgivetheconsumerthesamelevelofsatisfactionInferiorgood:agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemandInflation:anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomyInflationrate:thepercentagechangeinthepriceindexfromtheprecedingperiodInflationtax:therevenuethegovernmentraisesbycreatingmoneyInformationallyefficient:reflectingallavailableinformationinarationalwayIn-kindtransfers:transferstothepoorgivenintheformofgoodsandservicesratherthancashInternalizinganexternality:alteringincentivessothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractionsInvestment:spendingoncapitalequipment,inventories,andstructures,includinghouseholdpurchasesofnewhousingJobsearch:theprocessbywhichworkersfindappropriatejobsgiventheirtastesandskillslaborforce:thetotalnumberofworkers,includingboththeemployedandtheunemployedLabor-forceparticipationrate:thepercentageoftheadultpopulationthatisinthelaborforceLawofdemand:theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrisesLawofsupply:theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrisesLawofsupplyanddemand:theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalanceLiberalism:thepoliticalphilosophyaccordingtowhichthegovernmentshouldchoosepoliciesdeemedtobejust,asevaluatedbyanimpartialobservebehinda“veilofignorance”Libertarianism:thepoliticalphilosophyaccordingtowhichthegovernmentshouldpunishcrimesandenforcevoluntaryagreementsbutnotredistributeincomeLifecycle:theregularpatternofincomevariationoveraperson’slifeLiquidity:theeasewithwhichanassetcanbeconvertedintotheeconomy’smediumofexchangeLump-sumtax:ataxthatisthesameamountforeverypersonMacroeconomics:thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowthMarginalchanges:smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofactionMarginalcost:theincreaseintotalcostthatarisesfromanextraunitofproductionMarginalproduct:theincreaseinoutputthatarisesfromanadditionalunitofinputMarginalproductoflabor:theincreaseintheamountofoutputfromanadditionalunitoflaborMarginalrateofsubstitution:therateatwhichaconsumeriswillingtotradeonegoodforanotherMarginalrevenue:thechangeintotalrevenuefromanadditionalunitsoldMarginaltaxrate:theextrataxespaidonanadditionaldollarofincomeMarket:agroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservicesMarketeconomy:aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservicesMarketfailure:asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficientlyMarketforloanablefunds:themarketinwhichthosewhowanttosavesupplyfundsandthosewhowanttoborrowtoinvestdemandfundsMarketpower:theabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketpricesMaximincriterion:theclaimthatthegovernmentshouldaimtomaximizethewell-beingoftheworst-offpersoninsocietyMedianvotertheorem:amathematicalresultshowingthatifvotersarechoosingapointalongalineandeachvoterwantsthepointclosesttohismostpreferredpoint,thenmajorityrulewillpickthemostpreferredpointofthemedianvoterMenucost:thecostsofchangingpricesMicroeconomics:thestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarketsModelofaggregatedemandandaggregatesupply:themodelthatmosteconomistsusetoexplainshort-runfluctuationsineconomicactivityarounditslong-runtrendMonetaryneutrality:thepropositionthatchangesinthemoneysupplydonotaffectrealvariablesMonetarypolicy:thesettingofthemoneysupplybypolicymakersinthecentralbankMoney:thesetofassetsinaneconomythatpeopleregularlyusetobuygoodsandservicesfromotherpeopleMoneymultiplier:theamountofmoneythebankingsystemgenerateswitheachdollarofreservesMoneysupply:thequantityofmoneyavailableintheeconomy

monopolisticcompetition:marketstructuresinwhichmanyfirmssellproductsthataresimilarbutnotidenticalMonopoly:afirmthatisthesolesellerofaproductwithoutclosesubstitutesMoralhazard:thetendencyofapersonwhoisimperfectlymonitoredtoengageindishonestorotherwiseundesirablebehaviorMultipliereffect:theadditionalshiftsinaggregatedemandthatresultwhenexpansionaryfiscalpolicyincreasesincomeandtherebyincreasesconsumerspendingMutualfund:aninstitutionthatsellssharestothepublicandusestheproceedstobuyaportfolioofstocksandbondsNashequilibrium:asituationinwhicheconomicactorsinteractingwithoneanothereachchoosetheirbeststrategygiventhestrategiesthatallthemorefirmsNationalsaving:thetotalincomeintheeconomythatremainsafterpayingforconsumptionandgovernmentpurchasesNatural-ratehypothesis:theclaimthatunemploymenteventuallyreturnstoitsnormal,ornatural,rate,regardlessoftherateofinflationNaturalrateofunemployment:thenormalrateofunemploymentaroundwhichtheunemploymentratefluctuatesNaturalresources:theinputsintotheproductionofgoodsandservicesthatareprovidedbynature,suchasland,rivers,andmineraldepositsNegativeincometax:ataxsystemthatcollectsrevenuefromhigh-incomehouseholdsandgivestransferstolow-incomehouseholdsNetcapitaloutflow:thepurchasesofforeignassetsbydomesticresidentsminusthepurchasesofdomesticassetsbyforeignersNetexports:thevalueofanation’sexportsminusthevalueofitsimports;alsocalledthetradebalanceNominalGDP:theproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedatcurrentpricesNominalinterestrate:theinterestrateasusuallyreportedwithoutacorrectionfortheeffectsofinflationNominalvariables:variablesmeasuredinmonetaryunitsNormalgood:agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemandNormativestatement:claimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbeOligopoly:amarketstructureinwhichonlyafewsellersoffersimilaroridenticalproductsOpeneconomy:aneconomythatinteractsfreelywithothereconomiesaroundtheworldOpen-marketoperations:ernmentbondsbytheFedOpportunitycost:whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemPerfectcomplement:twogoodswithright-angleindifferencecurvesPerfectsubstitutes:twogoodswithstraight-lineindifferencecurvesPermanentincome:aperson’snormalincomePhillipscurve:acurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemploymentPhysicalcapital:thestockofequipmentandstructuresthatareusedtoproducegoodsandservicesPositivestatements:claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasItisPigoviantax:ataxenactedtocorrecttheeffectsofanegativeexternalityPositivestatements:claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitisPovertyline:anabsolutelevelofincomesetbythefederalgovernmentforeachfamilysizebelowwhichafamilyisdeemedtobeinpovertyPovertyrate貧困率:ThepercentageofthepopulationwhosefamilyincomefallsbelowanabsolutelevelcalledthepovertylinePresentvalue:theamountofmoneytodaythatwouldbeneededtoproduce,usingprevailinginterestrates,agivenfutureamountofmoneyPriceceiling價(jià)格上限:alegalmaximumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesoldPricediscrimination:thebusinesspracticeofsellingthesamegoodatdifferentpricestodifferentcustomersPriceelasticityofdemand:ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinpricePriceelasticityofsupply:ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinpricePricefloor價(jià)格下限:alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesoldPrincipal:apersonforwhomanotherperson,calledtheagent,isperformingsomeactPrisoners’dilemma:aparticular“game”betweentwocapturedprisonersthatillustrateswhycooperationisdifficulttomaintainevenwhenitismutuallybeneficialPrivatesaving:theincomethathouseholdshaveleftafterpayingfortaxesandconsumptionPrivategoods:goodsthatarebothexcludableandrivalProducerpriceindex:ameasureofthecostofabasketofgoodsandservicesboughtbyfirmsProducersurplus生產(chǎn)者剩余:theamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scostProductionfunction生產(chǎn)函數(shù):therelationshipbetweenquantityofinputusedtomakeagoodandthequantityofoutputofthatgoodProductionpossibilitiesfrontier:agraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnologyProductivity生產(chǎn)力:thequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stimeProfit利潤:TotalrevenueminustotalcostProgressivetax累進(jìn)稅:ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayalargerfractionoftheirincomethandolow-incometaxpayersProportionaltax比例稅:ataxforwhichhigh-incomeandlow-incometaxpayerspaythesamefractionofincomePublicgoods:goodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrivalPublicsaving:thetaxrevenuethatthegovernmenthasleftafterpayingforitsspendingQuantitydemanded:theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchaseQuantitysupplied:theamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosellRandomwalk:thepathofavariablewhosechangesareimpossibletopredictRationalexpectations:thetheoryaccordingtowhichpeopleoptimallyusealltheinformationtheyhave,includinginformationaboutgovernmentpolicies,whenforecastingthefutureRealexchangerate:therateatwhichapersoncantradethegoodsandservicesofonecountryforthegoodsandservicesofanotherRealGDP:theproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedatconstantpricesRealinterestrate:theinterestratecorrectedfortheeffectsofinflationRealvariables:variablesmeasuredinphysicalunitsRecession:aperiodofdecliningrealincomesandrisingunemploymentReserveratio:thefractionofdepositsthatbanksholdasreservesReserverequirements:regulationsontheminimumamountofreservesthatbanksmustholdagainstdepositsRegressivetax累退稅:ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayasmallerfractionoftheirincomethandolow-incometaxpayersreserves:depositsthatbankshavereceivedbuthavenotloanedoutRiskaverse:exhibitingadislikeofuncertaintyRivalry競爭:thepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suseSacrificeratio:thenumberofpercentagepointsofannualoutputlostintheprocessofreducinginflationby1percentagepointScarcity稀缺性:thelimitednatureofsociety’sresourcesScreening篩選:anactiontakenbyanuninformedpartytoinduceaninformedpartytorevealinformationShoeleathercosts:theresourceswastedwheninflationencouragespeopletoreducetheirmoneyholdingsShortage:asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysuppliedSignaling信號顯示:anactiontakenbyaninformedpartytorevealprivateinformationtoanuninformedpartyStagflation:aperiodoffallingoutputandrisingpricesStock:aclaimtopartialownershipinafirmStoreofvalue:anitemthatpeoplecanusetotransferpurchasingpowerfromthepresenttothefutureStrike:theorganizedwithdrawaloflaborfromafirmbyaunionSubstitutes替代品:twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepieceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheotherSubstitutioneffect替代效應(yīng):thechangeinconsumptionthatresultswhenapricechangemovestheconsumeralongagivenindifferencecurvetoapointwithanewmarginalrateofsubstitutionSunkcost沉淀成本:acostthathasalreadybeencommittedandcannotberecoveredSupplycurve:agraphoftherelationshi