Chapter1I.YES，Pleaserefertothe1stparagraphofthetext.II.流動性過剩自給自足經(jīng)濟(jì)資源直接投資國際收支易貨交易出口退稅傾銷出口型經(jīng)濟(jì)增長東道國貿(mào)易差額貿(mào)易順差／貿(mào)易逆差歐盟國際收支順差／國際收支逆差有形貿(mào)易無形貿(mào)易貨物貿(mào)易服務(wù)貿(mào)易excessliquidityself-sufficienteconomicresourcesdirectinvestmentbalanceofpaymentsexporttaxrebatedumpingexport-driveneconomicgrowthhostcountrybalanceoffavorable/unfavorablebalanceoftradeEuropeanUnionfavorable/unfavorablebalanceofpaymentsvisibletradeinvisibletradetradeingoodstradeinservicesIIIThechartaboveshowstheU.S.importsfromChina,U.S.exportstoChinaandthetradebalance.TheU.S.hasanegativetradebalancewithChina,andithasbeengrowing.Duringtheperiodfrom1997to2003,importsfromChinahavegrown244%whileexportstoChinahavegrown221%,indicatingthatthetradedeficitisincreasing.TherehadalreadybeenasizeabletradebalancedeficitwithChinain1996,totaling$39.5billionattheendoftheyear.IVExportgoodsaretangiblegoodssentoutofcountries.Tradeinservicesareinternationalearningsotherthanthosederivedfromtheexportingandimportingoftangiblegoods.Importgoodsaretangiblegoodsbroughtin.Internationaltradeisallbusinesstransactionsthatinvolvetwoormorecountries.5.FDIisonethatgivestheinvestoracontrollinginterestinaforeigncompany.6.Investmentisusedprimarilyasfinancialmeansforacompanytoearnmoremoneyonitsmoneywithrelativesafety.VInternationaltradeisthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsand/orservicesacrossnationalboundaries.Itconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexportandincludesthepurchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.Intoday'scomplexeconomicworld,neitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient. Nationsparticipateintheinternationaltradeformanyreasons.Astotheeconomicreasons,nonationhasalloftheeconomicresources(land,laborandcapital)thatitneedstodevelopitseconomyandculture,andnocountryenjoysaparticularitemsufficientenoughtomeetitsneeds.Asforthepreferencereasons,internationaltradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationofstyle.Besides,everynationcanspecializeinacertainfieldandenjoyacomparativeadvantageinsomeparticularareaintermsoftradesothattheyneedtodobusinesswitheachothertomakeuseofresourcesmoreefficientlyandeffectively.Inmeasuringtheeffectivenessofglobaltrade,nationscarefullyfollowtwokeyindicators, mely,balanceoftradeandbalanceofpayments.FDI,theabbreviationformForeignDirectInvestment,meansbuyingofpermanentpropertyandbusinessinforeignnations.Itoccurswhenacquisitionofequityinterestinaforeigncompanyistrade.ThegreatsignificanceofFDIforChinamightbethat:FDIsolvetheproblemofcapitalshortageforChinasothatChinamayspendthemoneyonimportingadvancedequipmentandtechnologiesforitsinfrastructure,nationalsupportingindustry,keyprojects,etc.Chapter2I關(guān)稅壁壘非關(guān)稅壁壘從量稅配額限價本地采購規(guī)則增加內(nèi)需DomesticcontentRed-tapebarriersExportsubsidiesBindingquotaAbsolutequotasTariff-ratequotasZeroquota"Buylocal"rulesTariffbarriersnon-tariffbarriersspecificdutiesquotaprotectivetariffmarketfailureinfantindustrylicensingsystemRevenuetariffgovernmentprocurementtradeprotectionismAdValoremDutiesfloorprice"buylocal"rulesraisedomesticdemand制關(guān)稅配額零配額本地采購原則IIProtectionismmeansthedeliberateuseorencouragementofrestrictionsonimportstoenablerelativelyinefficientdomesticproducerstocompetesuccessfullywithforeignproducers.保護(hù)主義是指蓄意使用或鼓勵進(jìn)口限制，以此使本國相對效率低的產(chǎn)品能成功地和外國產(chǎn)品競爭。.IftheRussiansreleasetheirstocksoffinintotheworldmarket,thepriceofthemetalwillsinkthroughthefloor.一旦俄羅斯人將其持有的錫礦股票投放于國際市場之中，那么該市場中金屬的價格會跌破最低限價。Protectivetariffmeansadutyortaximposedonimportedproductsforthepurposeofmakingthemmoreexpensiveincomparisontodomesticproducers,therebygivingthedomesticproductsapriceadvantage.保護(hù)性關(guān)稅表示對進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品征收的關(guān)稅，旨在讓它們相比起本國商品更貴，從向使得本國商品具有價格優(yōu)勢。Typesoftariffsincludeadvalorem,specific,variable,orcompound.IntheUnitedStates,theimpositionoftariffsismadeonimportedgoodsonly.Tariffsraisethepricesofimportedgoods,thusmakingthemlesscompetitivewithinthemarketoftheimportingcountry.Afterseven"Rounds”ofGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradetradenegotiationsthatfocusedheavilyontariffreductions,tariffsarelessimportantmeasuresofprotectionthantheyusedtobe.IIITariffisadutycollectedbycustomsofagovernmentonimportsand/orexports.Arevenuetariffcanbesomeoftheincomesofagovernment,butitmustbetakenundercontrol.Toexportgoodsatanunreasonablylowpriceistakenasdumpingwhichmightbefoughtagainstbygovernmentoftheimportingcountry.Atariffmaybeassessedonaperunitbasis,inwhichcaseitisknownasaspecificduty.Italsomaybeassessedasapercentageofthevalueoftheitem,inwhichcaseitisknownasanadvaloremduty.Importtariffsprimarilyserveasameansofraisingthepriceoftheimportgoodssothatcompetitivelyproduceddomesticgoodswillgainarelativepriceadvantage.Chapter3IAPECAsia-pacificEconomicCo-operationFTAAPFreeTradeAgreementofAsiaandthePacificEU EuropeanNAFTANorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementMERCOSURMercadoComunDelConoSur/SouthernCommonMarketASEANAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsEFTAEuropeanFreeTradeAreaAFTA ASEANFreeTradeAreaPTAs PreferentialTradeagreementsIITradebloc貿(mào)易集團(tuán)Tradeblock貿(mào)易禁運/封鎖Openregionalism開放式區(qū)域主義Freetradearea自由貿(mào)易區(qū)Customsunion關(guān)稅聯(lián)CommonmarketEconomicunionTradeembargoesBoycotts抵制discriminatorytariffseconomicsanctiontradeelasticitybilateraltradeagreement最惠國mostfavoredChapter4I.GATT GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeHOD HeadsofDelegationsTRIPs Trade-relatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRightsGeneralAgreementonTradeinServicesTRIMs TradeRelatedInvestmentMeasuresMFNMostFavoredNationsII.施惠國 Patronagenations受惠國 Favorednations締國 ContractingParties市場準(zhǔn)入 marketaccess透度transparency緊急進(jìn)口措施UrgentImportingMeasures爭端解決機制disputesettlementmechanism可持續(xù)發(fā)展sustainabledevelopment特許經(jīng)營franchiseIII.UntilnowWTOhasalreadyhad150membersanditstradevolumecovers90%ofthetotaltradevolumeinthewholeworld.TopmostofWTOistheMinisterialConferencewhichhastomeetatleastonceeverytwoyears.UndertheMinisterialConferenceistheGeneralCouncilthathastomeetatGenevaregularly.TheWTOSecretariat,whichofficesonlyinGeneva,Swizerland,hasaround550regularstuffandisheadedbyaDirector-General.SincedecisionsaremadebyMembersonly,theSecretariathasnodecision-makingpowersastheotherinternationalinstitutions.TheSecretariatprovidessomeformoflegalassistanceinthedisputesettlementprocessandadvisesgovernmentswishingtobecomeMembersoftheWTO.Chapter5IFOB班輪條件清關(guān)FOB吊鉤下交貨平艙多式聯(lián)運船舷內(nèi)陸水運理艙卸貨費投保CFR卸至岸上(含著陸費)班輪單據(jù)買賣CFR艙底交貨CFR班輪條件象征性交貨FOBlinertermcustomsclearanceFOBUnderTacklemultimodaltransportshipboardmarinenavigationoninlandwaterwaystowdischargeexpensecoverinsuranceCFRLandeddocumentarysalesCFREx-ship'sHoldCFRlinertermssymbolicdeliveryIIUnderCFR,buyersshouldeffectinsurance.UnderCIFEx-Ship'sHold,sellershouldpaythedischargecharges.UnderCIF,theinsuredamountshouldbeUS$22000ifthecontractedpriceisUS$20000.4.UnderCIP,sellerhastoprocureinsuranceagainstthebuyer'sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.TheFAStermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexportTheDEQtermrequiresthebuyertoproceedwiththecustomsclearanceforimportsandpaymentofallcustomsduty.UnderDDP,thesellermustpaythecostsofcustomsdutiesaswellasallduties,taxesandotherofficialchargespayableuponexportationandimportationofthegoods.UnderDDUthesellermustgivethebuyerinstantnoticeoftheshippingofthegoodsaswellasanyothernoticerequiredinordertoallowshebuyertotakemeasure.III1.該報價為FOB的價格并含5％的傭金。2.在CPCIP同中承諾通過鐵路、公路、航空、海運、內(nèi)河水運或多式運輸?shù)确绞酵瓿韶浳镞\輸?shù)娜恕CA方有裝載責(zé)任。如果交貨地在其它地方，賣方對卸載沒有責(zé)任。FOBQuestions│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│N│N│N│N│Y│N│Y│N│N│N││N│N│N│N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│N│N│N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│VA.1.c;2.d;3.a;4.c;5.c;6.c;7.d;8.b;9.d;l0.cB.1.a;2.ab;3.abcdf;4.abc;5.aefChapter6I1.SalesbySeller's/Buyer'sSample2.Reference/DuplicateSample3.QualityTolerance4.CounterSample5.MoreorLessClauses6.NeutralPacking7,CustomsFormality8.InspectionCertificateofQuality9.FDA10.MarkingofGoods憑賣方樣品買賣／憑買方樣品買賣 基準(zhǔn)樣品／副樣品質(zhì)公差等樣品溢短裝條款中性包裝報關(guān)手續(xù)質(zhì)量檢驗證書食品及藥物管理局標(biāo)記貨物II毛重理論重量凈重約定皮重公量單位重量含水量習(xí)慣皮重法定重量實際皮重從價稅平均皮重貨樣不符grossweighttheoreticalweightnetweightcomputedtareconditionedweightunitweightwatercapacitycustomarytarelegalweightactualtareadvaloremdutyaveragetaregoodsnotequaltothe副產(chǎn)品國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督校驗檢疫總局by-productsGeneralAdministrationofQualitySupervision,InspectionandQuarantineoftheple'sRepublicofChinaIII(B)mineralore A.sample(C)ordinarygarments B.manual(D)fishC.F.A.Q(E)Hairwashingmachines NLQmedicalapparatus E.famousbrand(A)wheat F.specificationcalligraphicworks G.inspection(F)powerplantgenerator H.drawingordiagramIVI.Thequalityandpriceofcommoditiesshouldbetakenintoconsiderationinchoosingthe ngmaterialandpackagedesigning.2．Atopper,matchedwiththesuperior-gradepacking,speaksitselfforitshighqualityand preciousness.Itwillextremelyincreasethecostofthegoodstopackthemedium-lowqualitywiththe qualitymaterial,andtherefore,influenceitssale.Itwilleffectitsmarketingofthegoodstodoggedlystriveforthriftinawa5topackthe orqualitywiththelowqualitymaterial.Weshouldtakenotonlythequalityandappearanceofthegoodsintoconsideration,but alsothecustomers'tasteandpreference.Wemustimprovethequalityoftheexportgoodssoastostrengthenitscompetitivenessin internationalmarket.Chapter7I.油輪定程租船滾裝船定期租船載駁輪光船租船船期表租船合同滯期費班輪運價表速遣費選卸附加費直航附加費OiltankerVoyageCharterRo/RovesselTimeCharterLASH(LightAboardShip)BareBoatCharter(BBC)sailingschedulechartercontractdemurragechargelinerfreightratescheduledispatchmoneyoptionaladditionaldirectadditional轉(zhuǎn)船附加費港口擁擠附加費運輸代理包裹拼箱貨結(jié)匯整箱貨空運單集裝箱貨運站裝運通知處置權(quán)Partialshipment/transshipmentBillofladingCleanB/LOrderB/LCombinedtransportB/LBlankB/LStraightB/LThroughB/LLinerB/LAnte-datedB/LAdvancedB/LConsignmentnoteBlankendorsementCombinedtransportdocumentsFCL/LCLtransshipmentsurchargePortCongestionSurchargensportationagentpackageLCL(Lessthancontainerload)settlementFCL(FullcontainerloadAirwaybillcontaineryardshippingnoticerightofdisposal分批裝船提單預(yù)借提單陸運或鐵路運輸通知空白背書國際航空運輸協(xié)會多式聯(lián)運單據(jù)整箱貨／拼箱貨II1.√2.√xdelay→advancexaccepted→unaccepted5.√6．X把“orwithout”去掉III12．班輪公司通常把航海時間表登載在報紙上或者分發(fā)給托運人。3.在多式聯(lián)運提單上，卸貨港應(yīng)該是提單許可的中轉(zhuǎn)碼頭。4.集裝箱收費是多種多樣的。例如附加費，總費率的確定是基本費率加上附加費率。5．集裝箱的好處在于：方便處理貨物，減少盜竊，減少暴露，節(jié)約裝船成本。IVTransportdocumentswhichappearontheirfacetoindicatethatshipmenthasbeenmadeonthesamemeansofconveyanceandforthesamejourney,providedtheyindicatethesamedestination,willnotberegardedascoveringpartialshipment,evenifthetransportdocumentsindicatedifferentdatesofshipmentand/ordifferentportsofloading,placesoftakingincharge,ordispatch.Cleantransportdocumentisonewhichhearsnoclauseornotationwhichexpresslydeclaresadefectiveconditionofthegoodsand/orthepackaging.Neitherthecardernortheshippershallberesponsibleinanyeventforlossordamageto,orinconnectionwith,goodsifthenatureorvaluethereofhasbeenknowinglymisstatedbytheshipperintheBilloflading.Wheretheperformanceofthecarriageorpartthereofhasbeenentrustedtoanactualcarrier,whetherornotinpursuanceofalibertyunderthecontractofcarriagebyseatodoso,thecarrierneverthelessremainsresponsiblefortheentirecarriage.Thecarrierisresponsible,inrelationtothecarriageperformedbytheactualcarrier,fortheactsandomissionsoftheactualcarrierandofhisservantsandagentsactingwithinthescopeoftheiremployment.ChapterI故承保人單獨海損保險費航空運輸貨物戰(zhàn)爭險陸運險陸運一切險估損費用航空運輸一切險OceanmarineinsuranceWarrisksBasicriskscoverageInsuredamountT.P.N.DTaintofOverlandtransportationinsuranceParcelpostinsuranceinsuredgeneralaverageinsuredamountextraneousrisksinsurancepolicyconstructiveaveragemarinekssalvagechargessueandlaborexpensesmisfortuneinsurerparticularaverageinsurancepremiumairtransportationwarrisklandtransportationriskslandtransportationallrisksriskestimationchargesairtransportationallriskscharges海運保險戰(zhàn)爭險基本險種投保金額偷盜、失竊、提貨不著險串味險陸上運輸保險郵寄包裹保險FreefromparticularaverageAdditionalriskscoverageFreshwaterand/orraindamageWithparticularaverage平安險附加險別淡水雨淋險水漬險II.1.√2.√3.√XSpecialadditionalcoveragesuchaswarrisks,strikesandsoonmustbetakenout withFPA,WPA.(andallrisks)XInessence,openpolicyis(not)thesameastheinsurancecertificate.6.√7.√XThree(two)typesofrisksarecoveredbyoceanmarineinsurance,namelytheperilsofsea,theextraneousrisksandtheforcemajeure).XOceanmarineinsurancecoverstwotypesoflosses,partiallassandtotalloss→perilsofseaandextraneousrisksIIIExposedtomanyrisksintheprocessoftransportingandloadingandunloading,export facethepossibilityofloss.Supposedthatthegoodsisputondeckinsteadofinthecabinwhereitshouldbeaccording theclausestipulatedintheinsurancecontract,insurerhastherighttoagainstanypossibleclaimslodgedbytheinsured.Cabincoverageincludestheriskoffallingintooceanonly,andexcludestherisksoffresh ter,rainandsoak.Expertcreditinsuranceisakindofcreditinsurances.Theinsuredshoulddeliverthegoodstothecarrierbytheagreedwaybeforethematurity ofnsurance.Initialvalueassuranceissealedbythesellernormally,whereasincreasedvalueassurance boughtbythebuyer.Iftheinsuredcannotgetthewholeorpartialpaymentduetothecommercialcreditor risks,theinsurershouldpaytheindemnity.MarineinsurancepolicyisthepartoftheBillofLading.Insureristhemarineinsurance any.IV1．從廣義上來講，海運保險的可保風(fēng)險應(yīng)包括貨物在海上運輸中可能的損失和損壞。2．戰(zhàn)爭條款是保單中的一項條款，用以保因戰(zhàn)爭引起損失的風(fēng)險。3.CIF．倉至倉保險所承保的風(fēng)險包括從貨物因運輸目的而離開倉庫起經(jīng)運輸期間以及到達(dá)目(或者到期日前15天)為止，這段時間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險。5賠償。Chapter9ⅠCoststructureCostofproductionProfitmarginSellingcostTargetcosting目標(biāo)成本法Everydaylowpricing(EDLP)每日低價Totalfixedcost總固定成本Variablecost變動成本Skimmingpricestrategy 撇脂定價戰(zhàn)略 Penetrationstrategy 滲透定價略Floatingexchangerisk浮動匯率風(fēng)險成本導(dǎo)向定價法pricingbasedoncost盈虧平衡定價法break-evenpricing邊際成本定價法marginalcostpricing損益兩平點break-evenpoint計貨幣 moneyofaccount支付貨幣 moneyofpayment硬貨幣 hardcurrency軟幣softcurrency匯率exchangerate價款調(diào)整priceadjustment傭金/折扣commission/discount期貨/現(xiàn)貨市場future/spotmarketⅡCountry CurrencyBritain GBPpoundJapan JPYJapaneseYanFrance FRFFrenchFrancAustralia PAustraliandollarChina CNYRMBYuanBurma BUKBurmeseKyatngapore SGDSingaporedollarNewZealand NZDNewZealanddollarThailand THPThaiBahtMalaysia MYRMalaysiandollarNepal NPRNepaleseRupeeINRIndiaRupeeIndonesia IDRIndonesianRupiahSwiss CHFSwissFrancPhilippines PHPPhilippinePesoItaly TLItalianLiraChapter10Ⅰ信用狀況creditstandard遠(yuǎn)期信用證timeL/C,usanceL/C通知銀行advisingbank信用證有效期thematurityofL/C交付運單deliveryofB/L支付保障條款confirmationofcredit支付結(jié)算paymentandsettlementapplicantandbeneficiaryⅡirrevocableletterofcreditconfirmedL/Crevocableletterofcreditsightdraft即期匯票commercialbillofexchangetimedraft遠(yuǎn)期匯票governmentalguaranteedrawee付款人IrrevocableL/Cisaletterofcreditthatcannotbecanceledorchangedwiththeconsentofallpartiesinvolved.Timedraftisacommercialbillofexchangecallingforpaymenttobemadeatsometimeafterdel