..>Inthepastfiveyears,housingpricesinFairfa*County,Virginiahavegrown12timesasfastashouseholdincomes.Today,thecounty’saveragefamilywouldhavetospend54%ofitsincometoaffordthecounty‘saveragehome;in2000,thefigurewas26%.ThesituationissodirethatFairfa*recentlybeganofferinghousingsubsidiestofamiliesearning$90,000ayear;soon,thatfiguremaygoashighas$110,000ayear.THEHOUSINGCRISISGOESSUBURBANMichaelGrunwald1.SeventyyearsafterPresidentFranklinD.RooseveltdeclaredthattheDepressionhadleftone-thirdoftheAmericanpeople"ill-housed,ill-clothedandill-nourished,"Americansarewell-clothedandincreasinglyovernourished.Butthescarcityofaffordablehousingisadeepeningnationalcrisis,andnotjustforinner-cityfamiliesonwelfare.Theproblemhasclimbedtheincomeladderandmovedtothesuburbs,whereserviceworkerscramtheirfamiliesintoovercrowdedapartments,collegegraduateshavetocrashwiththeirparents,andfirefighters,policeofficersandteacherscan'taffordtoliveinthecommunitiestheyserve.2.Homeownershipisnearanall-timehigh,butthegapisgrowingbetweentheOwnsandtheOwn-Nots—aswellastheOwnsandtheOwn-80-Miles-From-Work.One-thirdofAmericansnowspendatleast30%oftheirincomeonhousing,thefederaldefinitionofan"unaffordable"burden,andhalftheworkingpoorspendatleast50%oftheirincomeonrent,a"critical"burden.TherealestateboomofthepastdecadehasproducedwindfallsforAmericanswhoownedbeforeitbegan,butaffordablehousingisnowaseriousproblemformorelow-andmoderate-incomeAmericansthanta*es,SocialSecurityorgasprices.3.Americausedtocarealotaboutaffordablehousing.Rooseveltsignedhousinglegislationin1934and1937,providingmortgages,governmentapartmentsandconstructionjobsforworkersdownontheirluck.In1949,Congress.setanofficialgoalof"adecenthomeandasuitablelivingenvironmentforeveryAmericanfamily,"andin1974,PresidentRichardM.Ni*onbeganofferingsubsidizedrentvoucherstomillionsoflow-incometenantsinprivatehousing.Forhalfacentury,mosthousingdebatesinWashingtonrevolvedaroundhowmuchtoe*pandfederalassistance.4.Butforthepasttwodecades,theonlynewfederalhousinginitiativehasbeenHOPEVI5,aClintonadministrationprogramthathasdemolished80,000unitsoftheworstpublichousingandbuiltmi*ed-incomedevelopmentsintheirplace.Theprogramhaseliminatedmostofthehigh-risehellholesthatgavepublichousingabadnameandhasrevivedsomeurbanneighborhoods.Butithasrazedmoresubsidizedapartmentsthanithasreplaced. 5.Overall,thenumberofhouseholdsreceivingfederalaidhasflatlinedsincetheearly1990s,despiteane*pandingpopulationandaballooningbudget.CongresshasrejectedmostofPresidentBush'sproposedcuts,buttherehasbeenvirtuallynodiscussionofincreases;affordable-housingadvocatesspendmostoftheirtimefightingtopreservethestatusquo. 6.Andit'satoughstatusquo.Today,foreveryoneofthe4.5millionlow-incomefamiliesthatreceivefederalhousingassistance,therearethreeeligiblefamilieswithoutit.Fairfa*Countyhas12,000familiesonawaitinglistfor4,000assistedapartments."It'sgoldenwhenyougetone—nobodywantstogiveitup,"saysConradEgan,chairmanoftheFairfa*housingauthority.Itsoundsodd,butthevictimsoftoday'shousingcrisisarenotpeoplelivingin"theprojects",butpeoplewhoaren'teventhatlucky.7.Someliberalsdreamofe*tendingsubsidiestoalleligiblelow-incomefamilies,butthat$100billion-a-yearsolutionwasunrealisticevenbeforethebudgetdeficitballoonedagain.Soevensomehousingadvocatesnowsupporttimelimitsonmostfederalrentaid.Thetimelimitsincludedinwelfarereform10yearsagowerecontroversial,butstudiessuggestthey'vehelpedmotivaterecipientstogetoffthedole.Andunlikewelfare,housingaidisnotafederalentitlement,sotakingitawayfromonefamilyafterafewyearswouldprovideabreakforanequallydeservingfamily.8."It'sano-brainer,"saysDavidSmith,anaffordable-housingadvocateinBoston."Youcan'tsustaintheinternalcontradictionofnolimits."9.Therootoftheproblemisthestrikingmismatchbetweenthedemandforandthesupplyofaffordablehousing—or,moreaccurately,affordablehousingnearjobs.Fifteenmillionfamiliesnowspendatleasthalftheirincomeonhousing,accordingtoHarvard'sJoint_CenterforHousingStudies:manyskimponhealthcare,childcareandfoodtodoso.Othersreducetheirrentsbyovercrowding,whichstudieslinktohighercrimerates,pooreracademicperformanceandpoorerhealth;LosAngelesalonehas620.000homeswithmorethanonepersonperroom.Otherworkersareenduringincreasinglylongcommutesfromlesse*pensivecommunities,aphenomenonknownas"drivingtoqualify".10.Thiscreatesallkindsoflousyoutcomes—childrenwhodon'tgettoseetheirparents,workerswhocan'tmakeendsmeetwhengaspricessoar,e*urbansprawl,roadscloggedwithlong-distancecommutersemittinggreenhousegases."Idon'tthinkwe'recreatingstrongcommunitiesbyforcingpeopleintotheircarsfourhoursaday,"saysCathyHudgins.chairwomanofthehousingcommitteefortheFairfa*CountyBoardofSupervisors.Affordablehousingalsohelpsmakecommunitiescompetitive;it'snotclearhowFairfa*cankeepcreatingjobsifworkerscan'taffordtolivethere.11.Thebestthinglocalofficialscandotopromoteaffordablehousingistogetoutoftheway—stoprequiringone-acrelotsandtwo-cargarages,andstopblockinglow-incomeandhigh-densityprojects.12.Washingtonpoliticians,ontheotherhand,havethefederalbudgetattheirdisposal.ButCongresshasn'tsupportednewconstructionsincetheLow-IncomeHousingTa*Creditof1986,whichcreatesnearly100,000unitsofaffordablehousingayear,enoughtoreplacehalftheunitsthataretorndownorconvertedtomarketrents.Bushproposedahome-ownershipta*creditduringhis2000and2004campaigns,butitturnedouttobetherareta*cuthedidn'tpursue.AbillpendinginCongresswoulddivertapercentageofprofitsfromfederallycharteredinstitutionssuchasFannieMaetoanationalaffordable-housingtrustfund,butitseemsstalled.Theonlyaffordabilityideaswithanytractionatthenationallevelarenotreallyhousingideas;fore*ample,onewaytomakehousingmoreaffordabletoworkerswouldbetoraisetheirincomes—throughhigherminimumwages,lowerpayrollta*esorane*pandedEarnedIncomeTa*Credit.13.Thereisoneclearsolutiontotheaffordable-housingcrisis:arealestatecrash.It'stheonehousingissuethatattractsmediaattention—becauseitwouldhurttheOwns.Butwhileaneasingofpricescouldbedevastatingforlower-incomeOwnswithriskymortgages,itprobablywouldn'tbringhomeownershipwithinreachformanyOwn-Nots.Priceshavetoofartofall;in2000,two-thirdsofthehomesalesinFairfa*werefor$250,000orless,butlastyear,fewerthanone-twentiethwere.Andevenamodestpriceslumpcouldtriggeraconstructionslowdownthatwouldmakeshortagesofaffordablehousingformoderate-incomefamiliesevenworse.14.Eventually,politiciansmayrediscoverhousing—notasanurbanpovertyissue,butasamiddle-classquality-of-lifeissue,likegaspricesorhealthcare.HomeownershipisoftendescribedastheAmericandream,butthesedaysmanyworkerswouldsettleforadecentrentalthatwon'tbankrupttheirfamilies.unit9-Housingcrisisgoessuburban.doc的翻譯在過去的五年中，住房價格在弗吉尼亞州費爾法克斯縣增長12倍的速度為家庭收入。如今，全縣的平均家庭將不得不花費其收入的54％，得到了縣里的普通家庭，2000年，這一數(shù)字為26％。形勢如此嚴(yán)峻的費爾法克斯最近開場提供住房補貼的家庭年收入90000美元，很快，這個數(shù)字可能會高達(dá)每年$110,000元。住房危機GOESSUBURBA?邁克爾·格倫沃爾德1。70年之后富蘭克林·羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)宣布大蕭條已經(jīng)離開三分之一的美國人"生病安置，不良穿衣和虐待的滋養(yǎng)，〞美國人是良好的豐衣足食和越來越多滋養(yǎng)。但保障性住房的稀缺性是一個民族危機加深，而不是只為福利市內(nèi)家庭。這個問題已經(jīng)爬上了梯子的收入，搬到郊區(qū)，那里的效勞人員塞進(jìn)他們的家庭陷入擁擠的公寓，大學(xué)畢業(yè)生要崩潰與他們的父母，和消防隊員，警察和教師不能住在他們效勞的社區(qū)。2。自置居所附近的歷史新高，但差距正在之間的旗下?lián)碛泻妥约旱母F國，以及該公司旗下?lián)碛泻妥杂?80-萬里-從工作越來越多。三分之一的美國人現(xiàn)在花費其收入的至少30％的住房，一個"負(fù)擔(dān)不起〞的負(fù)擔(dān)聯(lián)邦政府的定義，以及一半的工作窮人花費其收入的至少50％的租金，一個"關(guān)鍵〞的負(fù)擔(dān)。在過去十年的房地產(chǎn)熱潮已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生暴利的美國人誰擁有它開場之前，但經(jīng)濟適用房現(xiàn)在是更多的低收入和中等收入的美國人的一個嚴(yán)重的問題不是稅收，社會保障或天然氣的價格。3，美國用于照顧了很多關(guān)于經(jīng)濟適用房。羅斯福簽署住房立法在1934年和1937年，提供抵押貸款，政府公寓和建筑工作的工人倒在自己的運氣。1949年，美國國會。設(shè)定的官方目標(biāo)?F"一個得體的家庭并為每一個美國家庭一個適宜的居住環(huán)境〞，并于1974年，尼克松總統(tǒng)開場提供補貼的租金優(yōu)惠券以百萬計的私人房屋的低收入租戶。半個世紀(jì)以來，大多數(shù)住房的辯論在華盛頓圍繞著多大的擴大聯(lián)邦援助。4。但在過去的二十年中，只有新的聯(lián)邦住房主動權(quán)一直HOPEVI5，已撤除80000臺最差的公共住房，并內(nèi)置混合收入開展自己的地方克林頓政府的方案。該方案已經(jīng)消除了大局部給了公共住房的名聲，并已恢復(fù)了一些城市街區(qū)高樓hellholes的。但它已被夷為平地更多資助的公寓比它已經(jīng)取代了。5?？傮w而言，承受聯(lián)邦援助的家庭數(shù)量自年初以來flatlined20世紀(jì)90年代，盡管不斷增長的人口和膨脹的預(yù)算。美國國會已經(jīng)拒絕了大多數(shù)美國總統(tǒng)布什提出的削減，但一直存在的升幅幾乎沒有任何討論;保障性住房的倡導(dǎo)者花費其大局部時間的戰(zhàn)斗，以維持現(xiàn)狀。6。這是一個困難的現(xiàn)狀。今天，每一個承受聯(lián)邦住房援助的450萬低收入家庭，有三個符合條件的家庭沒有它。費爾法克斯縣有一個等待名單4000輔助式公寓1.2萬個家庭。"這是金色的，當(dāng)你得到一個沒有人愿意放棄它，〞康拉德伊根，費爾法克斯房屋委員會主席說。這聽起來很奇怪，但今天的住房危機的受害者是不是生活在"工程〞的人，但人誰都不則幸運。7。一些自由主義者的夢想延伸補貼給所有符合條件的低收入家庭，但那1,000十億的一年的解決方案是不現(xiàn)實的，甚至在預(yù)算赤字再次激增。因此，即使一些住房的倡導(dǎo)者現(xiàn)在支持大多數(shù)的聯(lián)邦租金援助的時間限制。包括在社會福利改革限制在10年前的時候曾引起爭議，但研究說明，他們已經(jīng)幫助激發(fā)受助人下車領(lǐng)取失業(yè)救濟金。而不像福利，住房援助是不是一個聯(lián)邦的權(quán)利，所以幾年后拿走它從一個家庭將提供一個同樣值得家人休息。8。"這是一個沒有腦子，〞大衛(wèi)·史密斯，在波士頓的保障性住房的倡導(dǎo)者說。"你不能承受的沒有限制的內(nèi)部矛盾。〞9。這個問題的