AbstractStructureThestructureandcontentoftheAbstracthavechangedinrecentdecades.Beforeon-linepublicationdatabasessuchastheScienceCitationIndex,theAbstractwasprintedatthetopofaresearcharticleanditsfunctionwasmainlytoencouragethereadertocontinuereadingthearticleandtofacilitatethatreadingbyprovidingabriefpreview.Thereaderandthewriterdidn’tconsidertheAbstractofaresearcharticleasanindepenunitbecauseitwasnotnormallyreadwithoutreferencetothearticleitself.TheInternethasinfluencedthewaythatscienceresearchiscommunicatedandthewaythatscientistsaccesspublishedresearch.Abstractdatabasesallowscientiststosearchandscanthescientificliteratureandthendecidewhichresearcharticlestheywanttoreadindetail.Somereaderssimplywanttoknowwhatisgoingonintheirresearchareaandmaynotbeinterestedinthedetails;othersmaywanttoknowdetailsbutareonlyinterestedinresearcharticleswhicharedirectlyrelevanttotheirownresearch.However,ifreadersaregoingtoactuallyreadyourresearcharticle,theAbstractnowneedstopersuadethemtoobtainacopyofit,notjustencouragethemtokeepreadingapapertheyhavealreadyaccessed.Abstractscompeteforattentioninon-linedatabases.ManymorepeoplewillreadthetitlethantheAbstract,andmanymorewillreadtheAbstractthanthewholepaper.Thismeansthathowever‘good’andwellwrittentheAbstractis,itneedstohaveindependentvalidity.Itshouldmakesenseasastandalone,self-containeddescriptionoftheresearcharticle,andreadersshouldbeabletounderstandthekeypointsandresultsoftheresearcheveniftheyneverseethewholearticle.TheAbstract,inthissense,isarepresentationoftheresearcharticle.WhydoestheunitonAbstractscomeattheendofthisbookratherthanatthebeginning?Inthefirstplace,thestyleandthelengthoftheAbstractdependonwhereyouplantosubmititandthatdecisionmaybetakenlatein——orevenafter一thewritingprocess.However,themostimportantreasonforputtingthisunitonAbstractsattheendofthebookisthatyouareinabetterpositiontocreateanAbstractafteryouhavefinishedwritingtheothersectionsofyourpaper.ThecontentoftheAbstractisderivedfromtherestofthearticle,nottheotherwayaround.Althoughyoushouldnotsimplycutandpastewholesentencesfromthebodyofthearticle,theAbstractdoesnotcontainmaterialwhichisnotalreadyinthepaper.Thismeansthatyoudon’tneedtocreatecompletelynewsentences;onceyouhavedecidedwhatshouldgointheAbstractyoucanselectmaterial,includingpartsofsentencesandphrases,fromtherelevantsectionsofthepaperandadaptormodifythemtomeetthedemandsofanAbstract.ThisalsomeansthattheAbstractiseasiertowritethantherestofthepaper!DoeseveryAbstractfollowthesamemodel?No,andthetitleoftheAbstractreflectsthis.SomearecalledSummary,somearecalledBackground,somearecalledAbstractandothershavenotitleatall.MostAbstractsareresults-focusedandtherearebasicsimilaritiesinallAbstracts,buttherearetwoquitedistinctmodels.Thefirstmodelissimilartoasummary,andisverystructured.ItdealswithallthemainsubsectionsoftheresearcharticleandcanevenhavesubtitlessuchasBackground/Method/Results/Conclusions.Thesecondmodelismorecommon,andfocusesprimarilyononeortwoaspectofthestudy,usually—butnotalways—themethodandtheresults.Bothmodelswillbediscussedhere.NotethatthemodelsforanAbstractdescribedhereareappropriateforarticles,papers,thesesetc.Abstractsforconferencesmaynotfolloweitherofthesemodels.HowdoIknowwhichmodeltochoose?ThisdecisionisbasedonthetypeofresearchyouhavedoneandtheGuideforAuthorsofthejournalwhereyouwanttopublishyourresearch.Thedecisionisnormallydeterminedbythejournalratherthantheauthor.Ifthechoiceisyours,thengenerallyspeaking,themorenarrowandspecifiedyourresearchtopic,thelesslikelyyouaretousethesummaryformat.Thisisbecauseinanarrowresearchfield,mostreadersalreadyknowthebackground.ThewordlimitsetbyeachjournalalsohasasignificanteffectonthestructureandthereforealsoonthecontentoftheAbstract.Soasyoucansee,whenwecometoaskourthreequestions:HowdoIstarttheAbstract?WhattypeofsentenceshouldIbeginwith?WhattypeofinformationshouldbeintheAbstract,andinwhatorder?HowdoIendthissection?YoualreadyknowalotaboutwhattheAbstractshouldincludeandinwhatorder.Hereareexamplesofbothmodels.RememberthatModel2AbstractsaremorecommonthanModel1.StartbyreadingtheAbstractbelow,whichisanexampleofastructuredAbstractusingthesummaryformat(Model1).Thetitleofthepaperis:Physicalpropertiesofpetroleumreservoirfluidsderivedfromacousticmeasurements.Don’tworryifyouhavedifficultyunderstandingtermssuchasbubblepoint.Justtrytogetageneralunderstandingatthisstageandfamiliariseyourselfwiththestructure.MODEL1Abstract:Thespeedofsoundinafluidisdeterminedby,andthereforeanindicatorof,thethermodynamicpropertiesofthatfluid.Theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheuseofanultrasonic超聲波celltodeterminecrudeoilproperties,inparticularoildensity.Anultrasoniccellwasconstructedtomeasurethespeedofsoundandtestedinacrudeoilsample.Thespeedofsoundwasmeasuredattemperaturesbetween260and411Katpressuresupto75MPs.Themeasurementswereshowntoleadtoanaccuratedeterminationofthebubblepoint沸點oftheoil.Thisindicatesthatthereisapossibilityofobtainingfluiddensityfromsoundspeedmeasurementsandsuggeststhatitispossibletomeasuresoundabsorptionwithanultrasoniccelltodetermineoilviscosity黏度.Nowlookatanexampleofthesecond,morecommon,typeofAbstract.Thetitleofthispaperis:Effectofpolymercoatingsondrugrelease.MODEL2Abstract:Thisstudyinvestigatedtheuseofanovelwater-solublepolymerblendasacoatingtocontroldrugrelease.Itwasfoundthatusingablendofmethylcellulose甲基纖維素andawater-solublecopolymer共聚物significantlyslowedthereleaserateofibuprofen布洛芬compoundsinvitroandallowedforamoreconsistentreleaserateof10-20%perhour.GrammarandWritingSkillsBecausetheAbstractisderivedfromtherestofthearticle,mostofthegrammarandwritingskillshavealreadybeencoveredinpreviousunits.TheuseofVERBTENSE,however,isveryimportantintheAbstract.ThissectionalsodealswiththeLENGTHandLANGUAGEoftheAbstract.VerbtenseVerbtenseisespeciallyimportantintheAbstractbecausethestrictwordlimitmeansthatyoumayneedtoomitphrasesthattellthereaderwhoseworkyouarereferringto,orwhatyouthinkaboutyourresults.Inthiscase,thesecanbeachievedbycarefulandaccurateuseofverbtense.Rememberthatthetenseyouuseinasentencemaybegrammaticallycorrect—andthereforenoeditororproofreaderwillnoticeitordrawyourattentiontoit—butifyouhavenotchosentheappropriatetensethesentencewillnotmeanwhatyouwantedittomeananditwillnothavetheeffectyouhopeditwouldhave.Thegap/problemisnormallyinthePresentSimpletense,forexample:Themainproblem,however,is...Weexaminewhythesemodelshavedifficultywith...However,thisassumptionisnotvalidwhen.Thisiscomplicated復雜的，難懂的by.However,thisassessmentcannotbebasedsolelyon.Althoughitisknowntheoreticallythat.Whenyouarereferringtowhatthepaperitselfdoesorwhatisactuallyinthepaperitself,usethePresentSimpletense,forexample:論文中實際有什么，研究得到了什么結果Thispaperpresentsanewmethodologyfor.Inthispaperweapply.Thisstudyreportsanimproveddesignfor.Inthispaperweextendanexistingapproachto.Weconsideranovelsystemof.Theimplicationsforlearningalgorithmsarediscussed.Newnumericalresultsarepresentedherefor.Whenyouarereferringtoyourmethodology,orwhatyoudidduringtheresearchperiod,itiscommontousethePastSimpletense,也有可能是一般現(xiàn)在時forexample:Twocatalysts催化劑wereexaminedinorderto.Sampleswerepreparedforelectronmicroscopyusing.Acrystalliserwasconstructedusing...TheeffectofpHwasinvestigatedbymeansof.Thedataobtainedwereevaluatedusing.Apermeameterwasusedtoinvestigate.ItisalsopossibletousethePresentSimpletensetotalkaboutyourmethodology,especiallywhenyouarereferringtocalculations計算orequations方程式whichcanbefoundinthepaperitself:Numericalexamplesareanalysedindetail.Thecalculatedwavelengthsarecomparedto.Severalmodelsarecreatedusing.Theaccuracyisevaluatedby.Adetailedcomparisonismadebetween.Themethodisillustratedonblendsofhomopolymers.ResultscanbeexpressedineitherthePresentSimpletense,forexample:Wefindthatoxygenreductionmayoccurupto20micronsfromtheinterface.Nodilationwasobserved.Thiswasconsistentwith.Organisedfiberswerefoundafter6weeks.Theseprofileswereaffectedby.Thisfindingcorrelatedwith...Butbeawarethatthesentencemayusetwodifferenttenses.EvenifthefirstpartofthesentenceisinthePastSimpletense(Wefound/Itwasfoundetc.)youcandecidetoputthefinding/resultitselfortheimplicationoftheresultinthePresentSimpletenseifyoubelieveitisstrongenoughtobeconsideredasafactortruth:Theexperimentsdemonstratedtherearetwomatrices.Itwasfoundthatproteinsareproducedfrom.Theresultsdemonstratedthatthemorphologyisdifferent.Thisimagesuggestedthatthereisadirectrelationshipbetween.SomeofthereasonsbehindthatchoicearediscussedintheunitonIntroductions(Section1.2.1)andtheunitonResults(Section3.4.2).Inadditiontothereasonsgiventhere,itisworthnotingthattheAbstracttendstopresentthecontentsofthepaperinfairlydirectway,notonlybecauseofthewordlimitsimposedbyeditors,butalsotoengagetheattentionofthereader.ThisinfluencesthedecisiontousethePresentSimplefortheresultsortheimplications,eventhoughthoseimplicationsmayhavebeenstatedinthePastSimpleinthearticleitself.AchievementscanbeexpressedinthePresentPerfecttense,asintheDiscussion/Conclusion:WehaveobtainedaccuratequantitativeLIFmeasurements...Thisinvestigationhasrevealedthat.Wehavedevisedastrategywhichallows.Wehavedemonstratedthefeasibilityofthisapproachby.Anovelmaterialhasbeenproducedwhich.Three-dimensionalFEpredictionshaveconfirmedthat.Considerableinsighthasbeengainedconcerning.Themodelconsistentlyunderpredicts.Theratioshiftstowards.Weshowthatthistheoryalsoappliesto.Themostaccuratereadingsareobtainedfrom.Wefindthatthisdoesnotvary.Theseexamplesillustratethatoverpotentialisbetterdescribedintermsof.Or,morecommonly,inthePastSimpletense,forexample:TheY-typewasfoundtoproduce.Thehydrocarbonsshowedamarkedincreasein.andalsointhePresentSimpletense:Thisprocesscansuccessfullybecombinedwith.Theframeworkdescribedhereisbothsimpleanduniversal.Thevalueofourapproachliesin...Thisprovidesapowerfultoolfor.Thisnovelfilmismechanicallyrobustandisableto.Thealgorithmpresentedhereensuresthat.ApplicationsarenormallystatedinthePresentSimpletense:Thisprocessissuitablefortheproductionof.Thisframeworkcanbeusedtoevaluate.Thisapproachcanbeappliedto.Thisdemonstratespotentialforgeneralapplicabilityto.Theseprofilesmayserveasapredictorfor.Thisframeworkcanbeusedtoevaluate.2.2LengthTheAbstractusuallyhasastrictwordlimit.Mostarebetween80-150wordsandarewrittenasasingleparagraph.EvenlongerAbstracts(150一250words)areusuallywrittenasasingleparagraph.Don’tsubmitanAbstractthatisoverthewordlimitoritmaybecutbyaneditorinawaythatdoesnotrepresentyourworkappropriately.Foryourfirstdraft,don’tworrytoomuchaboutthewordlimit.OnceyouhavedecidedwhichofthetwoAbstractmodelsyouwilluse,startbyincludingwhateveryouthinkisimportant,andthengraduallyremovewords,phrasesandevensentencesthatarenotessential.2.3Language不用太專業(yè)，盡量少用縮略詞，需要Thinkofthesearchphrasesandkeywordsthatpeoplelookingforyourworkmightuse.MakesurethatthoseexactwordsorphrasesappearinyourAbstract,sothattheywillturnupatthetopofasearchresultlisting.TheAbstractissometimeswritteninaslightlylesstechnicalwaythanthearticleitselfinordertoattractawideraudience.Thismaymeanthatsomeofyourreadersdonotknowaparticulartechnicaltermoracronym首字母縮寫thatyouwanttoinclude.Tosolvethisproblem,youcanusetheacronym,abbreviation縮寫詞ortechnicaltermintheAbstractbutyoushouldfirstsaywhatitmeansorstandsfor.Forexample:Granules顆粒ofhydroxyapatite(HA)羥磷灰石wereimplanted.BuildaModelsampleanalysisYouarenowreadytobuildamodeloftheAbstractbywritingashortdescriptionofwhatthewriterisdoingineachsentenceinthespaceprovidedbelow.Thisshouldbeveryeasy,becauseallthecomponentsoftheAbstracthaveoccurredinprevioussubsections.Asbefore,theKeyisonthenextpage.GUIDELINESThistimeyouwillneedtobuildtwomodels,tocoverthetwotypesofAbstracts.Youshouldonlyneedtospend10-20minutesonthistask,becausethesentencetypesarefamiliartoyoufrompreviousunits.Don’tforgetthatyourmodelsareonlyusefuliftheycanbetransferredtootherAbstracts,sodon’tincludecontentwordsoryouwon’tbeabletousethemodelstogenerateyourownAbstract.Rememberthatonewaytofindoutwhatthewriterisdoinginasentence,ratherthanwhats/heissaying,istoimaginethatyourcomputerhasaccidentallydeletedit.Whatchangesforyou,asareader,whenitdisappears?Ifyoupressanotherkeyonthecomputerandthesentencecomesback,howdoesthataffectthewayyourespondtotheinformation?Asmentionedinprevioussections,anotherwaytofigureoutwhatthewriterisdoingistolookatthegrammarandvocabularyclues.Whatisthetenseofthemainverb?Whatisthattensenormallyusedfor?Isitthesametenseasintheprevioussentence?Ifnot,whyhasthewriterchangedthetense?Whatwordshasthewriterchosentouse?ModelAnalysis—AbstractPhysicalPropertiesofPetroleumReservoirFluidsfromAcousticMeasurementsAbstractInthissentence,theauthor:

⑷(1)Thespeedofsoundinafluidisdeterminedby,andthereforeanindicatorof,thethermodynamicpropertiesofthatfluid.(2)Theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheuseofanultrasoniccelltodeterminecrudeoilproperties,inparticularoildensity.(3)Anultrasoniccellwasconstructedtomeasurethespeedofsoundandtestedinacrudeoilsample.(4)Thespeedofsoundwasmeasuredattemperaturesbetween260and411Katpressuresupto75MPs.(5)Themeasurementswereshowntoleadtoanaccuratedeterminationofthebubblepointoftheoil.(6)Thisindicatesthatthereisapossibilityofobtainingfluiddensityfromsoundspeedmeasurementsandsuggeststhatitispossibletomeasuresoundabsorptionwithan⑷ultrasoniccelltodetermineoilviscosity.EffectofPolymerCoatingonDrugReleaseAbstractInthissentence,theauthor:(1)Thisstudyinvestigatedtheuseofanovel(1)water-solublepolymerblendasacoatingtocontroldrugrelease.(2)Itwasfoundthatusingablendof(2)methylcelluloseandawater-solublecopolymersignificantlyslowedthereleaserateofibuprofencompoundsinvitroandallowedforamoreconsistentreleaserateof10%-20%perhour.MODEL1KeyInSentence1‘Thespeedofsoundinafluidisdeterminedby,andthereforeanindicatorof,thethermodynamicpropertiesofthatfluid.’thewriterprovidesbackgroundfactualinformation.InSentence2‘Theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheuseofanultrasoniccelltodeterminecrudeoilproperties,inparticularoildensity.’thewritercombinesthemethod,thegeneralaimandthespecificaimofthestudyinonesentence.InSentences3and4‘Anultrasoniccellwasconstructedtomeasurethespeedofsoundandtestedinacrudeoilsample.4Thespeedofsoundwasmeasuredattemperaturesbetween260and411Katpressuresupto75MPs.’thewritersummarisesthemethodologyandprovidesdetails.InSentence5‘Themeasurementswereshowntoleadtoanaccuratedeterminationofthebubblepointoftheoil.’thewriterindicatestheachievementofthestudy.InSentence6‘Thisindicatesthatthereisapossibilityofobtainingfluiddensityfromsoundspeedmeasurementsandsuggeststhatitispossibletomeasuresoundabsorptionwithanultrasoniccelltodetermineoilviscosity.’thewriterpresentstheimplicationsofthestudy.Model2KeyInSentence1‘Thispaperreportstheuseofanovelwater-solublepolymerblendasacoatingtocontroldrugrelease.’thewritercombineswhatthepaperdoes(Thispaperreports),themethodormaterialsused(water-solublepolymerblend),thecontribution(novel)andtheaimofthestudy(tocontroldrugrelease).InSentence2‘Itwasfoundthatusingablendofmethylcelluloseandawater-solublecopolymersignificantlyslowedthereleaserateofibuprofencompoundsinvitroandallowedforamoreconsistentreleaserateof10-20%perhour.,thewriterreferstothemethodinmoredetailandprovidesnumericaldetailsoftheresults.ThemodelHerearethesentencedescriptionswehavecollected:MODEL1Sentence1providesbackgroundfactualinformationSentence2combinesthemethodthegeneralaimandthespecificaimofthestudyinonesentenceSentences3and4summarisesthemethodologyandprovidesdetailsSentence5thewriterindicatestheachievementofthestudy.Sentence6presentstheimplicationsofthestudyMODEL2Sentence1combineswhatthepaperdoes,themethodormaterialsused,thecontributionandtheaimofthestudySentencereferstothemethodinmoredetailandprovidesnumerical2detailsoftheresultsRatherthanconstructtwodifferentmodels,themodeldescriptiongivenintheboxbelowwillincludebothtypesofAbstracts.Wecanstreamlinethesentencetypeswehavecollectedsothatthemodelhasfivebasiccomponents.Themorestructuredtype,Model1,typicallyincludesthefirstfourcomponentsintheboxbelowinapproximatelytheorderpresented;inthistypeofAbstract,eachcomponenttendstooccurseparately.ThesestructuredAbstractsoccasionallyincludethefifthcomponent,LIMITATIONSand/orFUTUREWORK.Model2selectsjusttwoorthreeofthecomponentsandtendstocombinecomponentsinasinglesentencewherepossible.ThecomponentsgenerallyincludeRESULTSand/orACHIEVEMENTSandfrequentlyMETHODOLOGY,butthisdependsontheresearchareaandthelevelofspecificity.AwiderresearchfocusmayrequireBACKGROUNDorAIMintheAbstract.InModel2,theorderofcomponentsisveryflexibleindeed—theonlypatternthatisgenerallyMETHODOLOGYtendstocomebeforeRESULTS.Model1BACKGROUNDAIMPROBLEM

WHATTHEPAPERDOES2METHODOLOGY/MATERIALS3RESULTSACHIEVEMENT/CONTRIBUTIONIMPLICATIONS4APPLICATIONS5LIMITATIONSFUTUREWORKVocabularyfortheAbstract1.BACKGROUNDanumberofstudiesithasrecentlybeenshownthatexist(s)itisknownthatitiswidelyacceptedthatfrequentlyoccur(s)oftengenerallypopularisacommontechniqueproduce(s)is/areassumedtorecentresearchis/arebasedonrecentstudiesis/aredeterminedbyrecentlyis/areinfluencedbyrecently-developed

is/arerelatedtoAIMInordertoToexamineTheaimofo