北師大版2019選擇性必修第一冊UNIT3ConservationStep1考點必備【過單詞】重點單詞A核心詞匯一-寫其形1.adj.緊急的，急迫的2.adv.非常地，極端地3.adj.滅絕的，絕種的4.vi.&VL獵取，獵殺5.adv.非法地，違法地6.vi.&Vt.轉換，改變7.n.威脅；（災難等壞事）發(fā)生的可能8.vi.&Vt.再利用，回收利用9.n.一項，一條10.vt.破壞：毀掉11.adj.塑料制的12.n.保護?閱讀詞匯一-知其意cutleryn.swallowvi.&vt.innovativeadj.coconutn.solaradj.packagingn.chopsticksn.cartonn.counciln.hatchvi.&vt.packetn.重點詞轉conserve仇保護fn.保護increase。.增加-vi.&vt.減少n.減少；減少的量⑤Foodpricesincreased10%inlessthanayear.blame”責怪,指責，把歸咎于［U］責任，責備blame...for(doing)sth.因(做)某事貴備blamesth.onsb./sth.把某事歸咎于某人/某事betoblamefor(doing)sth.因(做)某事應受責備：對(做)某事負有責任(不定式用主動形式表示被動意義)(ake/bear(heblameforsth.承擔某事的責任lay/puttheblame(forsth.)on...把(某事的)責任歸咎于◎單句語法填空①Somepeopleblame(hesmartphonethetragedy,yetinfactpeople'sweakeningself-controlandself-disciplineare(blame).②Lotsofpeoplefindithardtogetupinthemorning,andputtheblamethealarmclock.◎翻譯句子③不要總是把自己的失敗歸咎于他人。你自己應該對其負責。④科學家認為該疾病的暴發(fā)應歸咎于被污染的水。variedM/.各種各樣的，形形色色的varyv,存在不同之處；使多樣化varyfrom...to...在到的范圍內變化variousadj.各種各樣的varietyn.品種；種類；多樣化；變種avarietyofsth.各種各樣的某事/物◎單句語法填空?Thequalityoftheirproductsnever(vary);itisalwaysexcellent.②Theseopinionschangewithtime,andvaryplacetoplace.③Thesupermarketoffers(vary)goodstochoosefrom,somoreandmorepeopleprefertoshopthere.◎翻譯句子④人們對這部新劇發(fā)表J'各種各樣的意見。(varied)

⑤大學所學的課程往往與當今工作所需要的各種知識和技能不相匹配。（varied）quantity//.［C,U］數(shù)量，數(shù)額，數(shù)目；大量；［UJ量◎單句語法填空?Inthepicturewecanseethattherequantitiesofapplesinthebasketandtherealargequantityofmilkinthebucket,(be)◎完成句子②若是你大量訂購的話，我認為有可能會打折。Ifyouorderit,Ithinkadiscountwillbepossible.aware的.意識到的，明白的(1)be/beeawareof...(=beconsciousof..)知道……；察覺到……；意識到……beawarethat...知道;察覺到makesb.awareof/that...使某人知道(2)unawareadj.不知道的：未意識到的；未察覺到的he/beeunawareof...不知道；未意識到beunawarethat...不知道：未察覺到(3)awarenessn.意識；認識raise/incrcaseawarenessof...提高對的意識◎單句語法填空him.?Hedidn'trealisehewasindangerandwas(aware)ofwhatwasgoingonaroundhim.②Theprogrammeisaimedatraisingpublic(aware)ofthedangerofdrugabuse.?Thoughfullyawarehisdilemma.MarycontinuedherrelationwithClancy.?Havcyoubeenawareunderthetreearcascholarandtwoassistants.collectionit.收集；收藏品;專輯collectorn.收藏家；收集者；收票員(l)acollectionof...一批(2)collectz;.聚集；收集：搜集：收藏：領?。侯I走；征收：募集collectone'sthoughts使集中思想(3)collectiveadj.集體的；共有的◎單句語法填空①Wc(collect)forthefloodvictimsnow.②Hebecameaticket(collect)atWaterlooStationaftergraduation.

③Hemadearrangementsforthe(collect)ofhisbaggagefromtheairport.?Therewasacollectiondustinthecorner.⑤Thecountry'spoliticiansaregivinga(collect)sighofrelief.anxious焦慮的，不安的beanxiousaboutsth./forsb.為某事/某人擔心beanxioustodosth.渴望做某事beanxiousforsth.渴望得到某物beanxiousforsb.todosth.渴望某人做某事◎單句語法填空?Parentsareanxiousourhealthandsafety.②Thereisgrowingpublic(anxious)overlevelsofairpollutioninourcities.③Hecausedhisparentsgreat(anxious)byingbackhomelate.?Itwasaclosematchandshewatched(anxious)atthescreen.@We'reanxious(hear)fromanyonewhocanhelp.⑥Iamanxioushertodoaslittleaspossible.stickvt.(stuck,stuck);n.棒，棍(1)stickvt.粘貼；刺，插；放置：伸出sticksth.onsth.把一物貼在另一物上sticksth.insth.sticksth.insth.sticksth.insth.把一物刺入/插入sticksth.insth.把一物刺入/插入/放進另一物里(2)stuckadj.卡住的，陷住的，無法移動的。常與in連用陷(入)；陷(入)；困(于)(get)stuck(in...)◎完成句子①她在信封上貼了?張郵票。Sheastampontheletter.②護士把針扎進他的胳膊里。Thenurse(slick)aneedleinhisarm.③她把書放入抽屜里。She(slick)herbookin(hedrawer.④他把頭伸出公交車窗外。Hehisheadoutofthebuswindow.⑤車陷入泥里了。Thecarwas(stick)inthemud.⑥別走開，我過一會兒需要你幫助。around.I'llneedyoutohelpmelater.

annoyed〃辦生氣的，煩惱的（表示人自身的感受）(l)bcannoyedwithsb.生某人的氣beannoyedat/aboutsth.因某事生氣beannoyedtodo/that...使人惱火（2）annoyvt,使生氣，使惱怒：打擾(3)annoyance/?.(3)annoyance/?.(3)annoyance/?.［5惱怒，煩惱；［C］使人煩惱的事(3)annoyance/?.［5惱怒，煩惱；［C］使人煩惱的事tosb.'sannoyancetosb.'sannoyancetosb.'sannoyancetosb.'sannoyance讓某人生氣的是(4)annoyingadj.◎單句語法填空tosb.'sannoyance讓某人生氣的是(4)annoyingadj.◎單句語法填空(4)annoyingadj.◎單句語法填空(4)annoyingadj.◎單句語法填空(4)annoyingadj.(4)annoyingadj.◎單句語法填空使惱怒的，使生氣的，使煩惱的（表示事或物的性質）①Beingannoyedotherpeopleeasilyisharmful(oyourhealth.②Shestayedawaketillmidnightbecauseofher(annoy)sleepingproblem.?Whenevertheyounganimalisfrightenedor(annoy),italwaysrushestoitsmother.@Toour(annoy),theairconditionerbrokedownonthehottestnightoftheyear!relate”.把……聯(lián)系起來況.相聯(lián)系，有關聯(lián)”講述，敘述relate...to...把和聯(lián)系起來berelatedto...與有關聯(lián)relateto涉及，與……相關，談到；能夠理解并同情relatesth.（tosb.）（向某人）講述◎單句語法填空?Notonlyislikabilityrelatedpositivelifeoutes,butitisalsoresponsiblefor（hoseoutes,too.◎完成句子②他說的那些與我們現(xiàn)在討論的有什么關系嗎？Howdohisremarks?◎一句多譯你應該寫下與這個問題有關的所有信息。③Youshouldwritedownalltheinformationtheproblem.④Youshouldwritedownalltheinformationtheproblem.16.involve”.包含,需要;涉及;使參與involvesb.in(doing)sth.使某人參與(做)某事be/getinvolvedin/with參與；卷入；投入involvementn.參與；卷入：牽連◎用involve的正確形式填空?Itisreportedthattherearemanyhealthproblemswithsmoking.②Thankstoyour,wcsucceedinplctingtheproject.◎翻譯句子③父母應當參與子女的教育。④不要把我牽扯到解決你的問題里。.claim聲稱；主張”?&況.(根據(jù)權利)要求；索要”.認領；對宣示所有權主張；聲稱；斷言；所有權；索賠；索要claimtodo/be...聲稱做/是claimtohavedonesth.聲稱做過某事claim(that)...聲稱Itis/wasclaimedthat...有人主張haveaclaimonsth.擁有的所有權makeaclaimforsth.對提出要求/索賠◎單句語法填空①Twoyounggirlsclaimed(see)thefairies.②Thelawyerclaimedthedefendantwasnotguilty.(3)11(claim)thatsomedoctorswereworking80hoursaweek.◎翻譯句子④Thepolicesaidthatifnobodycametoclaimthewatch,youcouldkeepit.@Heshouldbeabletoclaimbackhismoney..memoriala辦紀念的［C］紀念物；紀念碑◎單句語法填空?Anactormustbeableto(memory)hislines.②Hehadgoodmemoiyforfaces,andhewassurehehadn'tseenherbefore.③Thechurchwasa(memory)tothedisastervictims.?Hefoundedthecharitymemoryofhislatewife.?第二版塊I重點短語cutdown削減，縮小（尺寸、數(shù)量或數(shù)目），可作及物短語動詞和不及物短語動詞;（自根基部分）砍倒，為及物短語動詞。cut...down（to...）減少（至）cutdownon...減少cutin插嘴cutout剪下cutup切碎cutoff停止，中斷（供給）cutoff使與外界隔絕◎用cut的相關短語完成句子?Thepanyhasthegassupplytemporarilytorepairthedamagedgaspipe.②h'sratherimpolitetowhenotherpeoplearetalking.?Evidencesuggeststhattheykeptthefireburningallwinterandusedsharpenedstonetoolstothemeat.?Expertsthinktheamountofhomeworkforthestudentsshouldbe.indanger意為“處于危險中"，其后接of可構成indangerof...“處于的危險中”。dangern.[U]危險indanger處于危險中outofdanger脫離危險dangerousadj.危險的endangervt.使處于險境，危及endangeredadj.瀕危的◎選詞填空：endanger/endangered/dangerous/結合danger的用法完成句子①Weshoulddowhatwecantosavethosespecies,includingtigerswhichareconsideredbecausetheycanpeople'slives.②Theoldmanisstill.Heisnobelterthanhewasyesterday.③IheardJackhadacaraccidentandwaslosinghislife,butluckily,heisnow.dieout滅絕，消失dieoff相繼死去diefrom/of死于bedyingforsth.渴望某物，極想要某物bedyingtodosth.渴望做某事diedown（tobeegraduallylessstrong,loud,noticeable,etc.）逐漸變弱，逐漸平息dieaway（tobeegraduallyweakerorfainterandfinallydisappear）逐漸減弱，逐漸消失◎用die的相關短語完成句子?Withmoreandmorebirds,somedaysomespecieswill.Inaddition,someofthemhaveenvironmentalpollution.?Don'tworry.Thestrongwindwillsoonandwecangoouttohaveabaseballmatchasplanned.③NowI'mthirstyandaglassofwater.Ihavewalkedforalongtime.atrisk意為“有危險，冒風險”attheriskofdoingsth.冒著做某事的風險lakearisk/risks（todosth.）冒險（做某事）runtherisk（ofsth./ofdoingsth.）冒的風險；冒險（做某事）runrisks冒險riskdoingsth.冒險做某事◎結合risk的用法完成句子①Hegotwellpreparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn't（冒險失去這次良好的機會）.②Ifyou（冒險不系安全帶）,youwillbe（處于危險中）.（3）1nspiteofgreatdanger,thesoldierjumpedintotheriverand（冒著生命危險救那個女孩）.?Thoughitisfuntoplayonthefrozenriver,（這有危險）.5.setout（todosth.）開始做某事，著手進行besetin...以為背景setabout（doingsth.）開始（做某事）；著手（做某事）setaside留出（時間、錢等）；把置于一旁setdown寫下；記下；制訂；規(guī)定setoff出發(fā)；引起；觸響（警報等）；使（炸彈等）爆炸setup建立；創(chuàng)立；建起；豎起◎完成句子①她開始打掃屋子。Shecleaningthehouse.②媽媽每個月都想存點錢。Mothertriestoeverymonth.③開門會引發(fā)警報。Openingthedoorwillthealarm.④他們成功地完成了他們打算做的事。Theysucceededinwhattheyhavetodo.⑤警察在出城的路上設置了路障。Thepoliceroadblocksonroutesoutofthecity.⑥標準由管理機構制定。Thestandardswerebythegoverningbody.6.endupendupdoingsth.結果是做某事（表示伴隨動作，強調結果）endupin...以……告終/結局（強調結果）endupwith...以方式結束（強調方式）endupas...最終成為endup+M/.以狀況而告終endin...以……收場/結束/告終（多指以不好的結局收場）frombeginningtoend從頭到尾intheend最后；終于attheendof...在末端/盡頭；在結尾bytheendof...到為止（常與完成時連用）beatanend結束etoanend結束make（both）endsmeet使收支相抵；勉強維持生計put/bringanendtosth.（=put/bringsth.toanend）結束某事◎單句語法填空①Althedinnerweusuallybeginwithsoupandendupfruit.②Atfirsttheyhatedeachother,buttheyendedup（bee）goodfriends.③Shehasalwayswantedtobeawriterbutendedupateacher.◎完成句子?Hertriedvariousjobsand（最后）becameamusician.?Everyonewishesthatthewarwould（結束）soon.?Thefinaldecisionofthethreeimportantleadersofthecountry（結束）thewar.?Iwasworriedshewouldwalkoutortheinterview（使結束）.@Wedon'tneedtodoextraworkthisevening.Theday'sworkisalmost（結束）now.⑨（到為止）theholidayIhadspentallmymoney.⑩（在末）（he16thcentury,aboutfivetosevenmillionpeoplespokeEnglish.?（最后），theheadmasterrose（oindicate（hat（heconversationwas（結束）.7.goup（價格、溫度等）上漲，上升；近義詞有rise和increase,反義詞（組）有reduce,decrease,godown；被興建，被建造，主語是事物。goupby...上升了（表示上升的程度或幅度）goupto...上升到……（表示上升后的結果）goby（時間）流逝goahead先走；開始做，著手干goinfor愛好：參加考試（或競賽）gothrough仔細察看；檢查；經(jīng)歷，遭受goover仔細檢查gointo開始做；（金錢、時間等）用于goagainst反抗：違反：不利于godown（物價等）下跌；（船等）下沉；（日、月）落下◎選出能替換畫線部分的詞語?Across-seabridgeisgoing.upnotawayfrommyhometown,（beingbuilt/beingdesigned）②Itispredictedthatfoodpriceswillcontinuetogoupinthenextfewmonths,（raise/rise）◎用go的相關短語完成句子③Tallbuildingsarealongthenewroadleadingtothedowntownarea.@1didn'tpoetrybefore,butnowI'mbeginningtotakeaninterestinit.⑤Astime，hefindsitimportanttolearnanotherforeignlanguage.?—ThewomanbiologisthadstayedinAfricastudyingwildanimalsfor13yearsbeforesherelumed.—Shemusthavealot!stressedoutadj.因壓力而累垮的1）understress在壓力之下underthestressof...在的壓力下lay/place/putstresson/upon...強調：給壓力sth./that...強調(2)stress"[theimportanceof強調的重要性(3)stressfuladj.(指物)壓力重的；緊張的(4)stressedadj.(指人)焦慮不安的：心力交瘁的單句語法填空?Morestressshouldbeplacedthecultivationofcreativity.②thestressofbadweathertheshiphadtoreturn.完成句子③Wemust(強調)onself-reliance.?Worryingoverhisjobandhiswife'shealth(使他處于極大的壓力之下).句型轉換?Ourteacheroftenplacesstressongoodeducation.fOurteacheroftengoodeducation.opponentof...的反對者/對手opponentn.[C]對手；反對者theopponentof...的反對者opponentat/insth.方面的對方/對手sb.'sopponent某人的對手apoliticalopponent政敵◎完成句子①我們星期六比賽對手很強大。OuropponentsSaturday'sgamearcverypowerful.②強烈反對核武器的人將在會上提出一個新法案。Afierceopponentnucleararmswillputfonvardanewbillattheconference.lO.resultin導致resultin…(=leadto或contributeto...)導致resultvi.發(fā)生，由導致resultn.[C,U]結果，成果resultfrom...由造成resultin...導致asaresultof...=becauseof作為的結果：由于asaresult因此；所以；結果◎完成句子opposevt.反對一adj.對面的；另一邊的；相反的n.對立面；對立的人/物一n.反對者；對手，敵手collectV,收集；收藏一n.收集；收藏品；專輯consume消費一兒消費者-小消費instancen.例子，實例f（adj.立即的）一add立刻，馬上destroy”.破壞，毀壞fn.破壞，毀壞storev.貯存一（使）恢復chemistry〃.化學f〃.化學品44化學的danger危險一adj.危險的一".使遭危險；危害；危及-*adj.瀕危的【過短語】起某種作用徹底毀滅開始做某事，著手進行與……有關聯(lián)盡自己的職責把……歸咎于trafficjamforinstancedieoutbeatriskstressedoutsumup【過句式】Lit作形式主語替代that引導的主語從句humanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth,includinganimalsandplants.顯然，人類活動對地球上所有其他物種產(chǎn)生了負面影響，包括動物和植物。as引導各類狀語從句Trafficisoneofthemajorcausesofglobalwarmingandclimatechange.交通是全球變暖和氣候變化的主要原因之一，因為汽車發(fā)動機會產(chǎn)生各類溫室氣體。while引導并列句，表對比Upto90peoplecantravelinonebus,willneedatleast18cars.①他犯了錯誤。因此，他丟了工作。Hemadeonebigmistake.,helosthisjob.②由于這場雨，野餐被取消了。oftherain,thepicnicwascancelled.③他考試不及格是由于粗心大意。Hisfailureintheexamresultedhiscarelessness.④他的粗心大意導致了他考試不及格。Hiscarelessnessresultedhisfailureintheexam.11.turnonsb.突然攻擊某人turnonsb.突然攻擊某人turnonsth.以某事為主要議題(urnonsth./doingsth.(=dependonsth.)依某事物而定turnsb.on使某人激動或興奮(尤指異性方面)turnsth.on扭開(烤箱、收音機、電燈等)(urnout結果是tum叩把聲音調大：露面，到場turndown把聲音調?。痪芙^(urnoff關掉turnaround轉身turnto轉向：求助于turnover把翻過來waitinturn排隊等候waitone'sturn等待某人的順序It'ssb.'sturntodosth.輪到某人做某事了(urntosb.forhelp向某人求援take(urnsalsth.,，、一u輪流做某事taketurns(at；doingsth.◎完成句子①有胡子的男子每每引起她的興趣。She'softenbymenwithbeards.②打開煤氣開關，點燃烤箱。thegasandlighttheoven.③是否去郊游依天氣而定。Whethergoingforanoutingornottheweather.④由于人類對地球的非善意的行為，大自然已經(jīng)開始懲罰我們了。Asaresultofunkindbehaviourhumanstotheearth,natureisbeginningtous.⑤今天的講座主題是地球各種類型的污染。Today'slectureistothepollutionofallkindsontheearth."第三版塊|典型句式reason后接定語從句的用法［教材原句］Thereisalonglistofreasonswhysomanyspeciesaredyingout:airandwaterpollution,forestsbeingdestroyed,factoryfarmingandoverfishing.導致這么多物種正在消亡的原因有很多：空氣和水污染、森林被毀、工廠化養(yǎng)殖和過度捕撈。［句式分析［reason作先行詞，后接定語從句時：(1)若關系詞在從句中作狀語，要用why或forwhich引導定語從句。(2)若關系詞在從句中作主語、賓語，要用which或that引導定語從句，其中作賓語時關系詞可省略。There'sareasonwhy/forwhichpeopledon'treadthisstuff:it'snotfunny.人們不讀這種東西是有原因的：它并不逗趣。Thereasonwhy/forwhichhewaslatewasthathegotuplate.他遲到的原因是他起床晚了。Hegaveusareasonthat/whichsoundedreasonable.他給了我們一個理由，這個理由聽起來合情合理。(關系詞在從句中作主語)Thereason(which/that)hehasgivensoundsreasonable.他給出的理由聽起來合情合理。(關系詞在從句中作賓語，可省略)［基礎練習］單句語法填空?ThereasonIadmirehimishispositiveattitudetolifehasagreatinfluenceonme.(2)1sthisthereasonheexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork??Anotherreasoncorn'srise:Thegovernmentencouragesfannerstogrowcominsteadofrice(improve)waterquality.“without+名詞”引導含蓄條件句［教材原句］Withoutforests,wewouldhavenoairtobreathe,andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive.沒有森林，我們就不能呼吸空氣；沒有干凈的水，我們將無法生存。［句式分析］虛擬條件句的條件有時不通過條件從句來表示，而是通過介詞短語、上下文或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來，這種虛擬條件句叫作含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句的具體用法如下：(1)含蓄條件的常見表現(xiàn)方式a.將條件隱含在介詞短語中。常見的(短語)介詞有without,butfor等。b.將條件隱含在某些連詞中。常見的此類連詞有or,but,bu”hat等。c.將條件隱含在某些副詞中。常見的副詞是otherwiseod.將條件隱含在特定的上下文中。（2）謂語的形式would/might/could/should+動詞原形（與現(xiàn)在或將來事實相反的假設）would/might/could/should+have+過去分詞（與過去事實相反的假設）Theywouldn'thavereachedtheagreementsoeasilywithoutthatmonground.沒有共同的立場，他們是不會那么容易達成協(xié)議的。Butforyourhelp,wecouldn'thavesucceeded.要不是你幫忙，我們不可能成功。Igotupveryearlyyesterdaymorning,orIcouldnothavecaughttheearlybus.昨天早上我起床很早，否則就趕不上早班車了。Iwastoobusyatthatlime.Otherwise,Iwouldhavecalledyou.我那時太忙了，否則我就給你打了。［基礎練習I單句語法填空?Withouthissupport,wewouldn't（be）wherewearenow.?-DoyouhaveBetty'sphonenumber?—Yes.Otherwise,Iwouldn't（be）abletoreachheryesterday.［能力提升］完成句子③飛機晚點一個多小時才起飛，否則我就不會讓你等這么久了。Therewasadelayofoveranhourbeforetheplanetookoff;othenvisei（keep）youwaitingforsuchalongtime.“介詞+關系代詞”引導定語從句［教材原句］Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.盡管物種自然滅絕并不罕見，但它目前的發(fā)生速度令人擔憂。［句式分析］（I）引導定語從句的關系代詞不僅可以作動詞的賓語，還可以作介詞的賓語。若將介詞提至關系代詞之前，便形成了“介詞+關系代詞”結構，該結構可引導限制性或非限制性定語從句；此結構中的關系代詞可為which（先行詞指物），whom（先行詞指人）。“介詞+關系代詞”結構中介詞的確定在“介詞+which（先行詞是物）/whom（先行詞是人）/\vhose（所有格，既可指人又可指物）”引導的定語從句中，介詞的選用有以下三種方式：①根據(jù)定語從句中謂語動詞或形容詞的搭配確定②根據(jù)與先行詞的搭配確定③根據(jù)主從句的邏輯關系而定（通常是with/without）Theofficialtowhomweappliedforapermitwasverykind.給我們申請許可證的那位官員非常友好。HaveyoufoundthebookonwhichIspent￡10?你找到那本我花了10英鎊買的書了嗎？HewasthemanbywhomMasteroftheGamewastranslated.他就是翻譯《謀略大師》的那個人。(betranslatedby)ThetwothingsofwhichtheyfellproudwereJim'sgoldwatchandDella'shair.他們感到驕傲的兩樣東西是吉姆的金表和德拉的頭發(fā)。(beproudof)IwillneverforgetthedayonwhichIfirstmethim.我永遠也忘不了第一次見他的那一天。(ontheday)Rosehelpedmealot,withoutwhosehelpIwouldnothavepassed(heexam.羅絲幫助了我很多，沒有她的幫助我不會通過考試。［基礎練習］單句語法填空①Thefellow,whomIspokemadenoansweralfirst.②TheWestLake,whichHangzhouisfamous,isabeautifulplace.③Inhisroom,Isawabigdeskwhichtherewereallkindsofbooks.?Yesterdaywehadameetingwhichwediscussedmanyproblems.⑤Air,whichmancouldn'tlive,isreallyimportant.?Thisbookhasopenedawindow,whichwecanseeawonderfulworld.?YesterdaywepaidavisittothehousewhichLuXunoncelived.@Whoisthepersonwithyoushookhandsjustnow?⑨MrLihastwosons,bothofarecollegestudents.it作形式主語［教材原句］ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallocherspeciesonEarth,includinganimalsandplants.很明顯，人類活動已經(jīng)對地球上其他所有物種產(chǎn)牛.了負面影響，包括動物和植物。［句式分析］主語從句充當主語時，為使句子平衡，常用il作形式主語，將主語從句后置，主語從句可用that,what,who,whether,why等詞引導。常見的此類:句式有：(l)It+bc+名詞+從句It+be+apity/shamethat...遺憾的是It+be+nowonderthat...難寸圣It+be4-nosurprisethat...不足為奇(2)It+be+形容詞+從句It+belikelythat...可能It+beclcar/obviousthat...顯而易見的是(3)h+動詞的被動語態(tài)+從句It+besaidthaL.d居說It+bereportedthat...據(jù)報道It+bebelievedthat...人們相信It+besuggested/ordered/demandedthat...(should)do...建議/命令/要求……(從句要用虛擬語氣，即從句謂語動詞用shoulddo,should可以省略)(4)It+特殊動詞+從句Itoccurstosb.that...某人突然想到Ithappensthat...碰巧的是Itdoesn'tmatter+who/why/what...……無所謂/沒關系Itisapity/shamethatyouhavemissedsuchawonderfullecture.你錯過了這么精彩的演講，真遺憾。Sheishard-working,soitisnosurprisethatshehaswonfirstprize.她學習努力，所以她獲得一等獎不足為奇。Itisobviousthatthewaycoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife.很明顯，咖啡的種植方式影響了生活的很多方面。Itissaidthatabout20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,paredwith16%in1991.據(jù)說在25到34歲的人群中大約有20%和父母住在一起，而在1991年這一比例是16%。Itisgenerallybelievedthatabalanceddietisakeytopeople'shealth.人們普遍認為均衡的飲食是健康的關犍。ItisdemandedbymyviolinteacherthatI(should)practiseplayingtheviolineveryday.我的小提琴老師要求我每天練習拉琴。Itoccurredtohimthathisfarmhadmuchpotential.他突然想到他的農(nóng)場還是很有潛力的。［基礎練習］單句語法填空?Itdoesn'tmatterhesays.②Itisnotclearwillattendtothismatter.(3)11doesn'tinterestmeornotyousucceed.［能力提升1根據(jù)括號內提示，用it作形式主語單句寫作④很顯然，地球是圓的。(obvious)⑤我很榮幸被邀請參加你的生H聚會。(anhonour)⑥許多學生認為英語是一門有趣的學科。(consider)⑦他在這次墜機事件中幸免于難真是奇跡。(wonder)⑧人們常常建議生病時要多喝水。(suggest)⑨我們已經(jīng)決定將會議推遲到下周一。(decide)It/Thatsoundslike…聽起來好像［歸納拓展IIt/Thatsoundslike...聽起來好像(iyItlookslike...看起來好像,后可以接名詞、代詞或從句ItseemsHke...似乎像是.Sound+adjJn.聽起來(2)5Itsoundsasif/though聽起來好像Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.那聽起來像是一個好主意。Thestonelookslikeamonkey.這石頭看上去好像是只猴子。Jackseemslikeanhonestboy.杰克似乎像個誠實的男孩兒。Thestorysoundsexciting.這故事聽起來很刺激。Itsoundsasif/thoughyouhadagreattimeinParis.聽起來好像你在巴黎玩得很開心。［基礎練習］翻譯句子①聽起來是個好主意。②它看起來就像一個6機模型。③他的話聽起來是真的。④聽起來好像他去過美國。Itfedsgooddoing...做感覺真棒/真好Itfeelsgoodknowingthattherearesomanyotherpeoplewhoareminedtocontributingtoabetterfutureforourplanet.知道還有那么多人在為地球的美好未來做出貢獻，感覺真好。［句式分析］句型中It為形式主語，真正主語是動名詞短語doing...。另外，Itfeelsgoodtodoslh.(做某事感覺其好)是不定式短語作真正主語，而it是形式主語。如：Ilfeelsgoodtobebackhome.回到家感覺真好。［基礎練習］翻譯句子①在鄉(xiāng)村小路上散步感覺真棒.②跟你在一起感覺真好。③有機會幫別人的忙感覺真棒?！発eep+賓語+賓語補足語”結構［教材原句］Plaslicpackagingkeepstheproductfresh.塑料包裝使產(chǎn)品保持新鮮。［句式分析］“keep+賓語+賓語補足語”結構中，賓語補足語可以是形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞等，用法如下：(l)keep+賓語+形容詞/副詞(2)keep+賓語+介詞短語(3)kecp+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)Everybodymustkeepyourclothesclean.每個人都必須保持衣服干凈。Pleasekeepyourhandsbehindyourback.請把你的雙手放在背后。Remembertokeeptheenginerunning,foritisdifficulttostart.記著讓發(fā)動機不停地運轉，因為把它發(fā)動起來很困難。［基礎練習］單句語法填空?Thequestionkeptme(wonder)fortherestofthenight.②Itcanpreventusfromgettingshort-sightedanditcankeepusphysically(health).③Don'tkeepthem(work)dayandnight.［能力提升］翻譯句子④請把門開著。⑤對不起讓你久等了。8.1ttakessb.sometimetodosth.某人花費時間做某事［教材原句］"Thismorning,ittookme40minutestogodowntown.Moreroadworkson(heAIO!”“今天早上，我去市中心花了40分鐘。A10公路上的道路工程比之前更多了！”［句式分析］Ittakes/tooksb.sometimetodosth.表示“某人花費多長時間做某事”。其中It為形式主語,后面的不定式結構為真正的主語?？膳cIt(akes/tooksometimeforsb.todosth.互換。Ittookhimtenyearstowritethebook.寫這本書花費了他十年時間。IttookalongtimeforhertochangeheraHilude.她用了很長時間才改變了態(tài)度。［知識歸納］表“花費”的幾個句式(1)sb.spendsmoneyonsth.sb.spendsmoney(on)doingsb.spendstimeinsomeplacesb.spendstimeonsth.sb.spendstime(in)doingsth.TOC\o"1-5"\h\z(2)sth.costsomemoney某物花了錢sth.costsb.somemoney某物花了某人錢Itcost(sb.)somemoneytobuysth.買某物花了(某人)錢(3)sb.paysonicmoneyforsth.(4)Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.某人花費時間去做某事［基礎練習|單句語法填空①Ittookhimonlyafewminutes（draw）thepicture.②willtakealongtimeforhertorecoverfromtheillness.③Howlongdoesittake（go）thereonfbo（?.形容詞（短語）作狀語［教材原句］Howoftendowearriveatworkorschool,stressedout,tiredandangry?我們有多少次抵達工作地點或時感到焦慮、疲憊和憤怒？［句式分析I在英語句子結構中，形容詞（短語）可充當狀語，用來描述謂語動作（或分詞短語中的賓補動作）發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件、伴隨狀態(tài)等。當形容詞（短語）作狀語時，通常用逗號與主句分開，位置可在句首、句中或句末。Thesurvivorslayonthebeach,shockedandexhausted.幸存者躺在海灘上，心有余悸，疲憊不堪。（表狀態(tài)）Hungry（=Becausehewashungry）,hehurriedtothekitchen.因為太餓了，他匆忙跑到廚房。（表原因）Eagerforanimmediatereply（=Becausehewaseagerforanimmediatereply）,hesentmeanothere-maiL由于渴望立刻得到回復，他又給我發(fā)了一封電子郵件。（表原因）Heapproachedus,fullofapologies.他向我們走來，并連聲道歉。（表伴隨狀態(tài)）Wetorfine（=Whetheritwaswetorfine）,hegotupatsixandtookawalkinthepark.不管下雨天還是晴天，他總是六點鐘起床到公園里散散步。（表讓步）［基礎練習］完成句子①（既驚奇又高興）,Tomcametothefrontandaccepted（heprize.②（沉浸在閱讀中）,hedidn'tnoticesomeoneslideintotheroom.③Hismeallayonthetable.（沒吃）.④（無論生病與否）,theyoungmanalwaysstudiedveryhard.⑤Everynation,（無論大小）,shouldbeequal.@（愿意做這件事）,thegirlnoddedheragreement..thenumberof...作主語時的主謂一致［教材原句］Inthelast20years,（henumberofcarsontheroadshasgoneupby25%.在過去的20年里，道路上的汽車數(shù)量增加了25%。［句式分析1thenumberof的主謂一致“thenumberof+名詞”作主語，中心詞是thenumber,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;anumberof意為“若干；許多”，相當于many,和復數(shù)名詞連用，“anumberof+復數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。Thenumberofundergraduateshasincreasedovertheyears.本科生的人數(shù)這幾年已經(jīng)增加了。Anumberofwomenwanttobelanguageleachers.許多女性想成為語言教師。［基礎練習］單句語法填空Wiihariseinnumberofcars,traffichasbeeincreasinglyheavier.goodnumberofbooksinthemarketareexamination-oriented.③Nowadaysthenumberofcollegegraduatesinacountry(reflect)itsculturalstandard.④Anumberofhighlyqualifiedscholars(work)inSingaporetillnow.Step3考點過關I.短語漢譯英.目前，現(xiàn)在.在危險中.過著……的生活.盡自己的職責.起某種作用.對……熱情.削減，減少.采取措施.由于，幸虧.總之.處境危險，受到威脅.依賴，依靠.由于.負有責任.毀滅：抹去.消失；絕跡，滅絕.對某物有影響.扔掉.從今往后.廢除；結束；去掉.同意；和意見一致.以……告終.充滿了.幾個；一對.中途停留一輛公共汽車最多可以乘坐90人，而乘坐小汽車這曲人至少需要18輛車。【過語法】限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句定語從句體系構建圖語法精講限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句在復合句中用來限制、描繪或說明主句中某一名詞或代詞而起定語作用的從句叫定語從句；定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫作先行詞：引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。按照關系詞在定語從句中所作的成分，可將關系詞分為關系代詞和關系副詞。根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞之間關系的密切程度，定語從句可以分為限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句。一、定語從句的關系詞.關系詞在定語從句中的作用：①連接主句和從句；②指代先行詞；③在從句中充當一定的句子成分。.關系詞的分類：①關系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,as等：②關系副詞when,where,why等。.引導限制性定語從句的關系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;關系副詞有where,when,why等。引導非限制性定語從句的關系代詞有which,who,whom,whose,as；關系副詞有where,when。［即學即練單句語法填空?Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmastershadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.(2)1fyoulookatallsidesofthesituation,you'llfindprobablyasolutionsuitseveryone.③Wehaveenteredintoanagedreamshavethebestchanceofing(rue.④Byopeninganovel,IcanleavebehindmyburdensandenterintoawonderfulandmysteriousworldIamnowanewcharacter.⑤Thereareseveralreasonsschooluniformsareagoodidea.Firstofall,uniformshelptheschoollooksmart.?Dr.Rowan,secretaryresignedtwoweeksago,hashadtodoallhisowntyping.二、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別n.單句語法填空Whenthewholeareawascutbytheflood,thegovernmentsentfoodtherebyhelicopter.Theclassisdiscussinganewspaperarticlethaturgescitizens(help)reducethenoiseandairpollutioninthecity.Thechairmanaskedmetocutthereport,becausehedidn'twanttospeakfortoolongatthatmeeting.One-fifthoftheanimalsandplantsinthisregionarethreatof(ex(incl).Noises,typicallycausedbyshipsorconstruction,doposeathreatmarineanimals,disturbingtheirabilitytolocatefood.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldnot(win)thefirstprizeinthecontestlastterm.Thereasonheresignedhispostwastherewasamoreattractiveandchallengingjobforhim.Biologistswarnedthatchangescausedbyawarmingplanetwerebehindthebears'(usual)behaviorandcouldaffecttheentireecosystem.Mybrotherlentmethemoney,otherwiseIcouldn't(afford)thetrip.Butforthesoldierswhosetupdefenceagainstthefloodsintime,thecitiesonthelowerpartwould(fall)intoabiggermess.in.單句寫作.我的建議是我們應該告訴他真相。.雖然有霧，但是飛機還是照常起飛了。.這所大學建于1900年，是世界上最著名的大學之一。.他父母死了，給他留下了許多錢。.無論遇到什么困難，我們都能解決它們。.昨天我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先恕?我有--本封面是紅色的故事書。.她永遠忘不了她結婚的那一天。.那就是我遲到的原因。.我有兩個姐妹,她們都是老師。.眾所周知，吸煙有害健康。.作用不同限制性定語從句用于修飾先行詞，具有限制作用，使先行詞的含義更具體、更明確，因此不可缺少，否則主句的意思就不完整或將失去意義。非限制性定語從句與主句的關系不是十分密切，只是對先行詞作附加或補充性的說明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整、清楚。?Peoplewhotakephysicalexerciseregularlylivelonger.經(jīng)常進行體育鍛煉的人更長壽。（若把定語從句去掉，句子意義不完整）（限制性定語從句）?Hisdaughter,whoisinShenzhennow,isinghomenextweek.他女兒現(xiàn)在在深圳，下星期回家。（若把定語從句去掉，句子意義仍然完整）（非限制性定語從句）［即學即練2J單句語法填空?Later,heworkedinAfrica,manypeoplesufferedfromblindnessforlackofpropertreatment.?Understandinghergoodintentions,IcatallthefoodisprovidedbyMomwithappreciation..形式不同限制性定語從句與主句之間不用逗號隔開；非限制性定語從句必須用逗號和主句隔開。?Thebookthat/whichyouborrowedlastweekisreallymoving.上周你借的那本書真令人感動。?Thisisanimportantpresent,whichIreceivedyesterday.這是一件重要的禮物，我是昨天收到它的。.先行詞不同限制性定語從句的先行詞一般為單個的名詞或代詞，而非限制性定語從句的先行詞既可為單個的名詞或代詞，也可為整個主句或其中一部分。?ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.這是我看過的最好的小說。（限制性定語從句，先行詞是thebestnovel）?Hechangedhismind,whichmademeveryangry.他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。（非限制性定語從句，which指整個主句）［即學即練3J單句語法填空①Youcanbetheonedirectstheconversationtofuntopicsthatarcripeforotherstoaddhumor.②Sheandherfamilybicycletowork,helpsthemkeepfit.?Mr.Smithownedthisoilpaintinguntiltheearly1990s,hegaveittohisgrandson..關系詞的使用情況不同（l）that,why不可用于引導非限制性定語從句,而要用which代替that,forwhich代替

whywhywhywhywhywhywhywhy?他通過了考試，這使他的老師感到欣慰。,thatmadehisteacherrelieved.【誤】Hepassedtheexam,thatmadehisteacherrelieved.whichmadehisteacherrelieved.[IE]Hepassedtheexamwhichmadehisteacherrelieved.?Ihavetoldthemthereason,forwhichIdidn'tattendtheparty.我已經(jīng)告訴他們我沒參加聚會的原因了。(2)關系代詞替代情況不同①關系代詞whom在限制性定語從句中作賓語時可用who/g戊代替，但在非限制性定語從句中作賓語時不可用wko/that代替。?Thisistheman(whom/wlao/that)wearetalkingabout.這就是我們正在談論的那個人。(限制性定語從句)?Theyoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.3口個年輕人新交了一個女朋友，他想給她留下深刻的好印象。(非限制性定語從句)②在限制性定語從句中，先行詞指人時，關系代詞可用who,Ihat或whom；但在非限制性定語從句中，先行詞指人時，關系代詞只能用who或whom。她有一個弟弟，是一名醫(yī)生?！菊`】Shehasayoungerbrother,(halisadoctor.【正】Shehasayoungerbrother,whoisadoctor.［即學即練4J單句語法填空①WhenIwas13myonlypurposewastobeethestaronourfootballteam.ThatmeantbeatingoutMillerKing,wasthebestplayeratourschool.②Whenwalkingdownthestreet,IcameacrossDavid,Ihadn't