四川大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告書課程名稱：-實(shí)驗(yàn)名稱：內(nèi)壓薄壁容課程名稱：-系別：——————-專業(yè):——班號(hào):一一一-一姓名：-學(xué)號(hào):—----實(shí)驗(yàn)口期:2023實(shí)驗(yàn)口期:2023年3月10口同組人姓名：……一一-教師評(píng)估一*、實(shí)驗(yàn)名稱內(nèi)壓薄壁容器應(yīng)力計(jì)算機(jī)輔助測(cè)試二、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?了解實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)力測(cè)量的常用方法。.掌握儀器設(shè)備的基本原理和使用方法。3、分析解決實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù),與理論值進(jìn)行對(duì)比。三、重要實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器四種封頭容器120歐姆應(yīng)變片10帶20個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)的應(yīng)變儀DH3818配套軟件四、實(shí)驗(yàn)原理應(yīng)力是由于外因(受力、溫度變化等)或內(nèi)在缺陷而產(chǎn)生變形時(shí)，其內(nèi)部單位截面上形成的內(nèi)力，壓力容器的應(yīng)力來自于其內(nèi)或外的壓力。直接測(cè)應(yīng)力是很困難的,而通過測(cè)量應(yīng)變而間接測(cè)量應(yīng)力是很方便的。實(shí)驗(yàn)中，先用電阻應(yīng)變計(jì)測(cè)出容器表面的線應(yīng)變，通過胡克定律即可算出容器在改方向的應(yīng)力。薄壁容器的廣義胡克定律：TOC\o"1-5"\h\z%=上j凡+"/)①E,、%=T)cr“位容器經(jīng)向、環(huán)向主應(yīng)力。九%容器經(jīng)向和環(huán)向主應(yīng)變。E一彈性模量,在此實(shí)驗(yàn)中E=2*10$MPa。P-泊松比,實(shí)驗(yàn)所用材料u=0.28。很顯然，當(dāng)容器材料一定期，E和u為常量，假如能測(cè)出容器不同部位的經(jīng)向應(yīng)變和環(huán)向應(yīng)變，則根據(jù)①式即可計(jì)算出容器的各項(xiàng)應(yīng)力。五、實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容與環(huán)節(jié).實(shí)驗(yàn)前仔細(xì)閱讀實(shí)驗(yàn)操作規(guī)程,熟悉實(shí)驗(yàn)原理和操作方法。.系統(tǒng)上電，打開應(yīng)變儀電源和計(jì)算機(jī)開機(jī)井運(yùn)營(yíng)監(jiān)控程序。.容器加壓與測(cè)量讀數(shù)。通過手搖泵對(duì)容器進(jìn)行加壓，分布測(cè)量容器加壓和減壓過程中的2.5kg/cm.2、5.5kg/cm"2>8.5kg/cm八2壓力下的各點(diǎn)應(yīng)變值并記錄。.反復(fù)第3步,測(cè)量至少三組數(shù)據(jù)。六、實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)記錄和解決1.數(shù)據(jù)記錄橢圓封頭數(shù)據(jù)如下:橢圓封頭應(yīng)變2.5kg/cm25.5kg/cm八28.5kg/cm"2經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓11131181111112362392282343583583513472102103939221321319420032532530125633843514995911051091481491681634454611994962225148148413752830-16-186463-33-299898-45-4864042-31-348586-70-67131132-102-10572830-35-375960-77-739192-113-11682629-37-375959-76-749393-114-11893535353273737276114113116112106747451213981012021156153橢圓封頭理論值實(shí)測(cè)值應(yīng)變應(yīng)力應(yīng)變應(yīng)力經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向

1153.5151.342.542.235835198.997.52136.614338.339.332530188.784.5313413437.237.214916842.344.94129.9134.836.437.11484134.517.55115.3135.633.336.498-4518.4-4.16186.9-209.627.8-34.2132-10222.3-14.57167.3-204.123.9-34.292-11312.9-19.38165.8-242.321.3-42.593-11413.1-19.5946.8182.821.342.511311631.631.61046.8182.821.342.52115613.834.8平板封頭數(shù)據(jù)如下:平板封頭應(yīng)變2.5kg/cm"25.5kg/cm八28.5kg/cm'2經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓10-146159151014615035302332312493447451231211101122051991731713/////////4-25-404138-49-559698—65-691521505-11-264241-15-2010110564948322711712062571851847251054536865108132119114205202836215857959113614016115521721594227605911010814314718618022722410/一//

平板封頭理論值實(shí)測(cè)值應(yīng)變應(yīng)力應(yīng)變應(yīng)力經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向146.8182.821.342.532.523221.252.3246.8182.821.342.520217254.349.63380.49.7583.125.24-30.1107.6021.5-6711511.928.75-12.5169.17.234.6-13161734.1696.8169.131.342.659.5184.524.143.57174.515547.344.2116.5203.537.751.28181.7195.651.353.515821647.456.59191.7202.253.955.5183225.553.4160.110203.1203.156.456.4椎體封頭數(shù)據(jù)如下:椎體封頭應(yīng)變2.5kg/cm"25.5kg/cm28.5kg/cnf2經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓118177874393817()1686060260262223239288515019919877783053063-148-148-99-100-322-324-214-218-494496-330-3344132130-3-7289290-13-9445447-20-155403812612385832742761281284194246///////////78766151615144143232422222389824171817535126268182

90072-1-21513-3-3202110002033107781213椎體封頭理論值實(shí)測(cè)值應(yīng)變應(yīng)力應(yīng)變應(yīng)力經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向146.8182.821.342.56026028.960.3246.8182.821.342.57830535.371346.9182.321.342.4-496-330-127.6-102.1422.522.566447-2095.723.3525191.611.222.312841953.499.2621.882.69.819.3一722.357.18.313.72422218.649.2810.247.95.111268110.619.3910.6173.34.3-3200.64.3100000812-0.92.3球形封頭數(shù)據(jù)如下:球形應(yīng)變封頭2.5kg/cm"25.5kg/cm*28.5kg/cm"2經(jīng)句環(huán)向經(jīng)句環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)句增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓增壓降壓1101144463131106107504917217221312485036361141145857183182398002121113131324323217197777393911811761605//////////62525212358584848898874737161619204141414063626160834352929767762601171179391

91212182030304041464661611029292020666643421021016665球形封頭理論值實(shí)測(cè)值應(yīng)變應(yīng)力應(yīng)變應(yīng)力經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向經(jīng)向環(huán)向146.8182.821.342.54917221.240.3246.8182.821.342.55718323.643.1376.576.521.321.33136.92.4476.576.521.321.31176129.220.3576.576.521.321.3676.576.521.321.3887423.721.3776.576.521.321.3626117.216.9876.576.521.321.3117933127.1976.576.521.321.3466113.7161076.576.521.321.3101662620.4七、誤差分析1.數(shù)值上實(shí)驗(yàn)與理論值差別分析，數(shù)值上差別也許有應(yīng)變儀機(jī)應(yīng)變片誤差、容器的因素和人為因素由表2和表3對(duì)比可知，幾乎實(shí)測(cè)值的每一組都比理論值大，由此鑒定應(yīng)當(dāng)是壓力表或者是應(yīng)變檢測(cè)裝置的誤差，也又很小也許是容器本生問題,經(jīng)分析有以下幾種也許的情況。A.壓力表在壓力大于0進(jìn)行調(diào)零,導(dǎo)致所測(cè)出的壓力每一組都小于實(shí)際壓力，從而導(dǎo)致實(shí)測(cè)結(jié)果偏大。B.應(yīng)變片的電阻或應(yīng)變檢測(cè)儀的誤差，使測(cè)得的應(yīng)變比實(shí)際應(yīng)變偏大。C.容器由于使用時(shí)間比較久,其容器壁有一定的磨損，導(dǎo)致計(jì)算出的應(yīng)力理論值比實(shí)際值偏小。2.分布趨勢(shì)上理論與實(shí)驗(yàn)所測(cè)的不同，在分布趨勢(shì)上與所計(jì)算的理論值不同，重要是由計(jì)算方法和容器的制造誤差決定得。A.在封頭與筒體連接處，由于結(jié)構(gòu)不連續(xù),其周邊會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的不連續(xù)應(yīng)力，所以式②（及薄膜應(yīng)力公式）并不合用于連接處B.焊縫影響,封頭與筒體之間的焊縫也許有殘余應(yīng)力等焊接缺陷，使焊縫處的受力狀況發(fā)生改變。C.由于制造誤差導(dǎo)致部分地方壁厚或形狀并不均勻，導(dǎo)致部分地方應(yīng)力分布不均。如球形封頭并不是完全的球形等。D.貼片問題，由于貼片時(shí)每片應(yīng)變片與