詞匯與語法

第3講

名詞&主謂一致語法部分《考試大綱》對(duì)語法的要求：名詞、代詞的數(shù)和格的構(gòu)成及其用法動(dòng)詞的基本時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的構(gòu)成及其用法；形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成及其用法；常用連接詞、冠詞的詞義及其用法；非謂語動(dòng)詞（不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞）的構(gòu)成及其用法；虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成及其用法；各類從句的構(gòu)成及其用法；強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)及其用法；常用倒裝句的結(jié)構(gòu)及其用法。

重點(diǎn)語法及答題技巧點(diǎn)撥

名詞、代詞（第三講）、冠詞、連詞、數(shù)詞特殊用法主謂一致-(真題回顧)（第三講）動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)（第四講）虛擬語氣、倒裝句（第五講）、非謂語動(dòng)詞、強(qiáng)調(diào)句（第六講）、從句、反義疑問句（第七講）副詞,介詞(短語),動(dòng)詞短語比較級(jí)，最高級(jí)對(duì)名詞，代詞的考察主要包括：不可數(shù)名詞量的表示（P196）；名詞所有格；反身代詞，不定代詞主謂一致（考察名詞代詞常與主謂一致相結(jié)合）

MaryandLinda’sbookMary’sandLinda’sbooks.人名+’s=某人的店鋪，家庭，學(xué)校等地點(diǎn)。IusuallybuysomemeatattheJohnson’s.TheytookpartinthebirthdaypartyatTom’s.

名詞&代詞

of所有格名詞詞組第二次出現(xiàn)時(shí)，用that/those代替。

ThepopulationofNewYorkisgreaterthanthatofChicago.（表示單數(shù)時(shí)有that）ItseemsthatthestudentsofUSAaremoreactivethanthoseofChina.(表示復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用those)

用磚頭建的房子比用木頭建的結(jié)實(shí)。

名詞&代詞練習(xí)Idon’tknow__C___standingoverthere.thegirl’snameB.thename’sgirlthenameofthegirlD.thename’sofgirl2.Today’slibrariesdiffergreatfrom_______.thepastB.thoseofthepastC.thatarepastD.thosepast3.Thepoliceinvestigatethe______aboutthebankrobbery.A.stander-byB.standers-byC.stander-bysD.standers-bys

名詞&代詞真題回顧1.IrespectOprah’sopinion,butIwouldalsolikehertorespect____.A.myownB.mine’sC.mineD.me√√2.____isagreatpitythattherearesomedisagreementsintheschoolboardmeeting.A.ThatB.ThisC.ItD.There

名詞&代詞4.Thereare40teachersinthisschool,tenofwhomare_____.manteachersB.menteacherC.manteacherD.menteachers√

名詞&代詞3.WelikeourEnglishteacherbecausesheoftentells______funnystoriesinclass.A.usB.ourC.weD.ours√主謂一致

（考察名詞代詞常與主謂一致相結(jié)合）１．兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上做主語的單數(shù)名詞用and連接，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)．TomandDick_______(be)goodfriends.但若表示一個(gè)集合體時(shí)則用單數(shù)。Asingeranddancer______(be)presentattheparty.Theworkerandwriter___(be)talkingtothestudents.arewasis2．用and連接的兩個(gè)名詞若被no,each,every,manya修飾，則謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Nobirdandnobeast______(be)seeninthebareisland.Manyaboyandmanyagirl______(have)madesuchafunnyexperiment.AtChristmaseachboyandeachgirl_____(be)givenapresent.ishasis3.兩個(gè)主語由notonly…butalso,or,either…or,neither…nor

等連接時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與第二個(gè)主語保持一致．EitherheorI_____(be)togothere.______(be)eitheryouorhegoingtoattendthemeeting?你還是他是參加這個(gè)會(huì)議？amAre4.主語后有aswellas（=and）,like,with,togetherwith,but,except,besides,等，謂語應(yīng)于前面主語保持一致．Aprofessor,togetherwithsomestudents,_____(be)senttohelpinthework.Noonebuttheteachers_____(be)allowedtousetheroom.wasis5．一些集合名詞做主語，如果看作一個(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果指其中的成員，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)．如audience,committee，class,crew,family,government,public等.但people,police等只能用復(fù)數(shù)．Myfamily_____(be)abigfamily.Myfamily_____(be)listeningtotheradio.Thepolice____(be)tryingtocatchthethief.isareare6．表示時(shí)間、重量、長度等名詞，盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但作為一個(gè)整體看，謂語還是用單數(shù)。Fiveminutes____(be)enough.Onedollarandseventyeightcents__(be)whatshehas.isis7.all作為主語，代表人物時(shí)，一般用作復(fù)數(shù)；代表整個(gè)事件或情況時(shí)，一般看作單數(shù)。AllthatIwant_____(be)agooddictionary.All______(be)silent.人人都緘口無言。萬籟俱寂。All______(be)outofdanger.iswere/arewere/are8．形容詞加定冠詞the表示一類人時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

Whatalifethepoor____(be)living!這窮人過得是什么樣的生活啊！

Theyoung___(be)happytogivetheirseatstotheold.年輕人樂意讓座給老年人。wereare9．who,which,that作定語從句的主語時(shí)，其謂語取決于先行詞。Thosewhowanttogoshouldsignyournameshere.想走的人過來簽一下名字。Heisoneofthestudentswhohavepassedtheexam.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaspassedtheexam.

10.以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱通常作單數(shù).physics(物理學(xué))、mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))、mechanics(機(jī)械學(xué))、politics(政治學(xué))、statistics(統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué))、economics(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))等還有一些以-s接的單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，如:headquarters(總部),means(方法、手段),series(系列),species(種類),works(工廠)等，隨后動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于這些名稱是作單數(shù)，還是用作復(fù)數(shù)。Aheadquarterswassetuptodirecttheoperation(指揮作戰(zhàn)).Theonlymeanstoachievesuccessistoappealtoarms(訴諸武力).12.如果作主語的名詞詞組由“分?jǐn)?shù)(或百分?jǐn)?shù))+of-詞組”構(gòu)成，其動(dòng)詞形式依of-詞組中名詞類別而定。Oversixtypercentofthecity____(be)destroyedinthewar.Thirty-fivepercentofthedoctors______(be)women.waswere13.如果主語是allof...,someof...,noneof...,halfof...,mostof...等表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組，其后的動(dòng)詞形式依of-詞組中的名詞類別而定。例如：Mostofthemoney_____recoveredbyDeputyPlayer.Mostofthemembers______there.Allofthecargo______lost.Allofthecrew______saved.waswerewaswere14.如果主語是由“akind/sort/typeof,thiskind/sort/typeof+名詞”構(gòu)成，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Thiskindofmanannoysme.但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定詞是these/those,同時(shí)，of-詞組中的名詞又是復(fù)數(shù)，則動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)：Thesekindsofmenannoyme.Thosetypes/sortsofmachinesareuptodate(最新的，最近的，現(xiàn)代的).15.1)由who,why,how,whether等wh-詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句作主語，其后的動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。WhowillbechosentotheBeijing

is

notdecided.誰去北京這件事還沒決定下來。

2).兩個(gè)由and連接的并列名詞性分句作主語，如果主語表示兩件事情，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforit

remainamysterytous.主謂一致真題回顧1.TheeducatorandscholarBfromShanghai.（2003年真題）A.comeB.comesC.iscomingD.arecoming2.Manya_C__realizedthatthisdoesn’tmakeanysense.（2003年真題）A.personshasB.personshaveC.personhasD.personhave3.Whattheysaid__B___usmuchtothinkabout.（2004年真題）A.haveleftB.hasleftC.isleftD.areleft4.Adoctor,alongwithagroupofyoungnurses,_A_goingtodemonstratetheheartoperationprocess.（2005年真題）A.isB.areC.willD.shall

5.Neitheroftheemployeesnortheboss__B__satisfiedwiththeprofits.（2006年真題）A.were B.wasC.be D.been6.Thecomputer,workingveryfast,_A__dataatthespeedoflight.（2007年真題）(兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間計(jì)單數(shù))handlesB.handlingC.HandledD.hashandled7.InthefallthecattleBfromthehighcountrybackdowntothefarm.（2008年真題）isdrivenB.aredrivenC.drivesD.drive8.Whenandwheretoholdthemeeting_A_notdecidedyet.（2010年真題）isB.areC.hasD.have9.Aftercarefulinvestigationwefindthatoneofthestatements___A____tobeuntrue.（2012年真題）A.isturnedoutB.havebeenturnedoutC.hasturnedoutD.haveturnedout10.Howcloseparentsaretotheirchildren__B__astronginfluenceonthecharacteroftheirchildren.（2012年真題）A.haveB.hasC.havingD.had1.the+adj.theunemployedthepoor/richthequestionedthestruggledthedisadvantagedtheinjuredTheinjuredweretakentohospitalfortreatment.theoldtheyoungThedisadvantaged,includingthedisabledandtheelderlyneedmorecareandsupportfromthesociety.冠詞2.零冠詞的使用專有名詞：TiananmenSquare節(jié)假日:NewYear’sDay,Mayday,Christmas,AprilFools’Day(中秋，端午例外)雜志：NewsWeek,Times,Reader’sDigest一年四季:spring,summer,fall/autumn,winter冠詞3.固定搭配及與冠詞有關(guān)的表達(dá)使用定冠詞的表達(dá)bythewayintheendinthefaceofinthefutureintheworld究竟，到底intheleast絲毫，一點(diǎn)Idon’tthinkyouneedtoworryintheleast.我認(rèn)為你一點(diǎn)都不用擔(dān)心。ontheaverageonthecontraryontheonehand,ontheotherhandonthespot當(dāng)場，在現(xiàn)場onthewhole總的來說冠詞thedaybeforeyesterday前天forthetimebeing暫時(shí)atthecostof以。。。為代價(jià)Moreandmorecountriesaredevelopingtheirindustriesatthecostofenvironment.totheextentof到。。。程度tellthetruth說實(shí)話冠詞使用不定冠詞的表達(dá)

asamatteroffact,事實(shí)上

asarule,通常，一般說來

haveachance,有機(jī)會(huì)；有希望

haveagoodtime,玩得高興

haveasay,有發(fā)言權(quán)haveatry,嘗試；努力keepaneyeon,照看；留意

onalargescale,大規(guī)模地

inahurry,立即takeawalk,散步takeaninterestin對(duì)。。。感興趣不使用冠詞的表達(dá)

atnoon/night/dawn,在中午/晚上/早

infrontof,在。。。前面atbottom,實(shí)際上inorder,整齊

inpublic/private/danger/trouble/advance/sight/infashion,流行infact,事實(shí)上athand,在手邊；即將到來atlast,最后atpresent,目前；現(xiàn)在dayandnight,日以繼夜

ontopof,另外；在。。。之上takepartin,參加takeplace發(fā)生；舉行冠詞真題回顧Themotheraskedtheboystoput____everythingin____orderbeforetheylefttheroom.(10)A.the,aB.an,theC./,aD./,/√冠詞連詞重點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥一、連詞屬于虛詞之一，它不能在句子里獨(dú)立地?fù)?dān)任句子成分，而只能起連接作用——連接詞與詞、短語與短語、句子與句子。例如：Wouldyoulikesometeaorcoffee?（連接詞與詞）您是喝茶，還是喝咖啡？Dowehaveourmeetinginthemorningorintheafternoon?（連接短語與短語）我們是上午開會(huì)，還是下午開會(huì)？Doitcarefully,oryou’llmakesomemistake.（連接句子與句子）認(rèn)真地干，不然會(huì)出差錯(cuò)的。連詞二、連詞主要可分成兩類：①并列連詞:

用來連接平行對(duì)等（即互不從屬）的詞、詞組、或分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面幾種：1）表示轉(zhuǎn)折意思but,yet,however,nevertheless2）表示因果關(guān)系for,so,therefore,hence3）表示并列關(guān)系and,or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…but(also),both…and,aswellas連詞②從屬連詞:

是用來引起從句的，它在主句和從句中間起連接作用。具體地說，從屬連詞主要引起名詞從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句）和狀語從句，不會(huì)引起定語從句。1.引起名詞從句的連詞：that,whether,if2.引起狀語從句的連詞：1）時(shí)間狀語從句：when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,till,since,eversince,once,assoonas,everytime,themoment,instantly,directly2）地點(diǎn)狀語從句：where,wherever3）原因狀語從句：as,because,since,seeing(that),considering(that),nowthat,notthat…butthat4）目的狀語從句：that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase連詞5）結(jié)果狀語從句：that,so…that,such…that6）條件狀語從句：if,unless,so/aslongas,sofaras,oncondition(that),provided(that)7）讓步狀語從句：though,although,nomatter,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever8）比較狀語從句：than,as9）方式狀語從句：as,asif,asthough連詞真題回顧Westoredupsomefoodandwater____thingsgotworse.(08)eventhoughB.whatifC.nowthatD.incase√√2.Weshouldlearnfromthislessonandconsiderthelong-terminfluenceofdams_______theshort-termbenefits.(08)ratherthanB.owingtoC.becauseofD.orelse連詞3.Herhairwasgoldenwhenshewasachild,butitwentdarker_____shegrewup.(08)A.IfB.asC.sinceD.even√√4.Calltheuniversityoperator,____youwillfindthephonenumberofProfessorSmith.(08)A.SoB.andC.whenD.before連詞5._____itsgoodperformance,themachineistooexpensive.(09)BesidesB.ExceptforC.InspiteofD.Apartfrom√6.Youmaywriteane-mailtomeorjustphoneme._____willdo.(09)A.EachB.EitherC.NeitherD.None√連詞7.Doyoulikepopmusicorcountrymusic?_____.Ionlylikesports.(10)A.EachB.EitherC.NeitherD.Both√Itwasalreadyteno’clockintheevening_______wearrivedatthehotel.(10)A.sinceB.whileC.thatD.when√9._______achangeofweather,pleasetakethecoatwithyou.(11)BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor√寫作中常用的過渡詞可以分為以下幾類：（1）表并列關(guān)系的過渡詞：

and,also，aswell,aswellas，or,too,notonly…butalso,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等。

（2）表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的過渡詞：

besides,inaddition（加之，除……之外）,moreover(此外，而且),what’smore，what’sworse等。（3）表轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比的過渡詞：

but,however,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,although,differentfrom,despite,inspiteof,whereas,unlike,notonly…butalso,theformer…thelatter,thefirst…whereasthesecond,ontheonehand…ontheotherhand,some…others等。

（4）表原因的過渡詞：

because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,thanksto,dueto,forthisreason,owingto,

consideringthat,seeingthat等。

（5）表結(jié)果的過渡詞：

so,thus,therefore,asaresult,sothat,then,hence,so…that,such…that,accordingly等。（6）表?xiàng)l件的過渡詞：

if,unless,onconditionthat,as/solongas等。（7）表時(shí)間的過渡詞：

when,while,after,before,until,assoonas,later,afterwards,soon,lately,recently,since,fromthenon,eventually,inthemeantime,then,suddenly,atthesametime,next,earlythismorning/year/century,afterawhile,inafewdays,now,presently,finally,atlast,allofasudden,formnowon,atpresent,immediately,themoment等。

（8）表特定的順序關(guān)系的過渡詞：

first,firstly,second,secondly,third,thirdly,aboveall,firstofall,then,next,finally,intheend,atlast,afterwards（后來）,meanwhile（幾乎同時(shí)）,thereafter（在那以后）,last,finally,eventually（終于）等。

（9）表換一種方式表達(dá)的過渡詞：

inotherwords,thatistosay,toputitanotherway等。（10）表進(jìn)行舉例說明的過渡詞：

forinstance,forexample,take…asanexample,namely,suchas,like,inotherwords,thatistosay,thatis等。（11）表陳述事實(shí)的過渡詞：

infact,actually,asamatteroffact,totellyouthetruth等。（12）表強(qiáng)調(diào)的過渡詞：

certainly,indeed,aboveall,surely,mostimportant,infact,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,ofcourse,actually,asamatteroffact,chiefly,especially,primarily,inparticular,undoubtedly,absolutely等。

（13）表比較、對(duì)比的過渡詞：

like,unlike,inthesameway,similarly,besimilarto,onthecontrary,bycontrast,ononehand…,ontheotherhand,otherwise等。（14）表目的的過渡詞：

forthisreason,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soasto等。（15）表總結(jié)的過渡詞：

inaword(總之，簡言之),ingeneral,inshort(總之),generallyspeaking,tosumup,finally,inconclusioninsummary,onthewhole等。

（16）表增補(bǔ)的過渡詞：inaddition,furthermore,besides,moreover,what’smore等。

數(shù)詞重要點(diǎn)撥一、基數(shù)詞及其主要用法：表示數(shù)目的詞稱基數(shù)詞。15fifteen242twohundredandforty-two，5058fivethousandandfifty-eight，9,600,000ninemillionsixhundredthousand數(shù)詞1.基數(shù)詞可以用于數(shù)字的計(jì)算。

6+8=14Sixpluseightisfourteen.9-7=2Nineminussevenistwo.7X5=35Seventimesfiveisthirty-five.8÷4=2Eightdividedbyfouristwo.2．基數(shù)詞可以表示人的大致年齡和年代。

Hediedinhisfifties.Thistookplacein1990s/1990's.Theprofessorbecamesuccessfulinhisthirties.數(shù)詞3．基數(shù)詞可以用來表達(dá)年份、時(shí)間、電話號(hào)碼。

1700seventeenhundred1814eighteenfourteen9:20ninetwenty11:30eleventhirty/halfpasteleven5:45fiveforty-five/aquartertosix4．基數(shù)詞可以用于編號(hào)。

Numbersix,line4,page19,Bus(No.)332,Platform(No.)5,Room101數(shù)詞5．基數(shù)詞可以和其他詞一起構(gòu)成合成形容詞，在句子中作定語。Aone-month-oldbabycanrecognizeitsmotherbysmell.Thiseleven-month-oldbabycanspeakafewwords.(Thebabyiselevenmonthsold.)Theteacheraskedustowriteafour-thousan