2022年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can'tfindnorth,wehaveafewtrickstohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourself6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwouestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticularareaAndwhereisthenearestwatersourceHumansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater._9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowany1120youfind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe11howuicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowof1ightpollution.18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofreuent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.Text4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer,spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdicin'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn,thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren*tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed,"EachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,〃hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherulealimitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.Amazon,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven?tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsreuiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,“Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywillbetterbusinesses'relationswithstates.putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.forcesomestatestocutsalestax.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisionshaveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers.I'D]wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehashinderedeconomicdevelopment.broughtprosperitytothecountry.harmedfairmarketcompetition.boostedgrowthinstates'revenue.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtrulingInternetentrepreneurs.Big-chainowners.Third-partysellers.Smallretailers.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthorgivesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconseuences.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.citessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Foruestions41-45,youarereuiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.Learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments-fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto"win"anargument.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstoouickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrcuiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spel1outtheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:uThereisonlyoneway,togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit.〃Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneway.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"Yes,"andIyell,"No,〃neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother,spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.41-42一F一43-44-C-45tCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefreuentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.WhyissomuchbadsciencepublishedArecentpaper,titled“TheNaturalSelectionofBadScience”,publishedontheRoyalSocietyJsopensciencewebsite,attemptstoanswerthisintriguingandimportantuestion.Itsaysthattheproblemisnotmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcurrentsystemofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatisimportantisnottruth,butpublication,whichhasbecomealmostanendinitself.Therehasbeenakindofinflationaryprocessatwork:(47)nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenreuiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago.Nevermindtheuality,then,countthenumber.(48)Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytryingtoincorporatesomemeasureofualityaswel1asuantityintotheassessmentofanapplicant'spapers.Thisisthefamedcitationindex,thatistosaythenumberoftimesapaperhasbeenuotedelsewhereinthescientificliterature,theassumptionbeingthatanimportantpaperwillbecitedmoreoftenthanoneofsmallaccount.(49)Thiswouldbereasonableifitwerenotforthefactthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemselvesintheirfuturepublications,orgetassociatestodosofortheminreturnforsimilarfavours.Boilingdownanindividual,soutputtosimplemetrics,suchasnumberofpublicationsorjournalimpacts,entailsconsiderablesavingsintime,energyandambiguity.Unfortunately,the1ong-termcostsofusingsimpleuantitativemetricstoassessresearchermeritarelikelytobeuitegreat.(50)Ifweareseriousabout-15-ensuringthatourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensurethatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindofscience.SectionIIIWritingPartADirections:Supposeyouareworkingforthe“AidingRuralPrimarySchool"projectofyouruniversity.Writeanemailtoanswertheinuiryfromaninternationalstudentvolunteer,specifyingthedetailsoftheproject.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyourownnameintheemail.Use“LiMing〃instead.(10points)PartBDirections:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Tnyouressay,youshoulddescribethepicturebriefly,interprettheimpliedmeaning,andgiveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)2022年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題參考答案SectionIUseofEnglishCfewCrunBIfDliterallyAbackBoffDunfamiliarCwayAsoDeventuallyAsurprisedBoption.DForexample.Cspot.Bthrough.Dbreaks.Aartificial.AFinally.Bmark.CleadSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAText1.Aenhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibility.D”short-termism“ineconomicactivities.Badverse.Ctheapproachestopromoting"long-termisnr.BPatienceasaCorporateVirtueText2.DTheinfluenceofconsumerculture.ATohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.Aobtainmorefinancialsupport.Ctobeidenticalwitheachother.CanalyzingthecausesbehinditText3.CinvolvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.Distoolimitedforustoreproduceit.Bisstillbeyondourcapacity.Aaffirmation.CTheconscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitableText4.Cmakemoreonlineshopperpaysaletax.Dwereconsideredunfavorablebystates.Charmedfairmarketcompetition.Bbig-chainowners40.AgivesafactualaccountofitanddiscussitsconseuencesPartB新題型EDGBA

1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]along7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result13.[A]Aboveal1[B]Tncontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A]Finally[B]Conseuently[C]Incidentally[D]Generally19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[Djbelongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]exposeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswertheuestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecision-making,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.**Short-termism^orthedesireforuickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEnglandJstopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Heuotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglikeuchildrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce"ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighuarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirn】'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.ThishasbeendubbedQuarterlycapitalism.”Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofeuities,uickcruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.uThereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,z/saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2022haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduceashort-termism.InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart“ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencouragealong-termism,"suchaschangesinthetaxcodeanduickerdisclosureofstockacuisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleistoenhancebankers'senseofresponsibility.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.AlfredMarshallisuotedtoindicatetheconditionsforgeneratinguickernmentsjimpatienceindecision-making.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies."short-termism"ineconomicactivities.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbeindirect.adverse.minimal.temporary.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustratetheobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.theapproachestopromoting“l(fā)ong-termism”.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetextFailureofuarterlyCapitalismPatienceasaCorporateVirtueDecisivenessReuiredofTopExecutivesFrustrationofRisk-takingBankersText2Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent*soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusually1imitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowal1undergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Ultimately,“saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubseuentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention-sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents-who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill-feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumersJexpectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students*andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.WhatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflationThechangeofcoursecatalogs.Students,indifferencetoGPAs.Colleges'neglectofGPAs.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.WhatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgivenessTohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.Toincreaseuniversities,incomefromtuition.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegestoobtainmorefinancialsupport.boosttheirstudentenrollments.improvetheirteachinguality.meetlocalgovernments*needs.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymeanTocounterbalanceeachother.Tocomplementeachother.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessbyassessingitsfeasibility.analyzingthecausesbehindparingdifferentviewsonit.listingitslong-runeffects.Text3ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofuFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,，zbyMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicaluestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentaluestions:"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousnessWhatmakeshumanshumans〃Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld"and"Humans.〃Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.，zButthatdoesn,tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolv