WilliamShakespeare-----ThepeakofHumanism

WilliamShakespeare

1564-1616“Alltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”MainContents1.Shakespeare'sliteraryposition2.Shakespeare'sLegendarylife3.Shakespeare'smasterpieces2.Shakespeare'slife

(1564-1616)BirthplaceBorninWarwickshireThe3rdof8kidsMarriedatage18Workasanactorbefore

1590.

ThehomeofMaryArden,WillyShakespeare'smother'shouseTheAvonRiver,nearStratford-upon-Avon.HenleyStreet,Stratford-upon-AvonThesonofgrocery

sellergettingmarriedat18LeavinghomeforLondonatabout22,

doingasthegroom,DickinsonStartingwritingplaysatabout30yearsold5yearslater,becoming"universal"shareholderoftroupe.ThelifeofShakespeare

ArrivinginLondonin1586Beingwell-knownin1581Diedon23,Apr,1616ThetombofShakespeareThough

arespectedpoetandplaywrightinhisownday,hedidnotrisetoitspresentheightsuntilthe19thcentury.

KarlMarxregardedAeschylusandShakespeareas“thetwogreatestdramaticgeniusestheworldhaseverknow.”Shakespearetookstoriesfromoldsourcessuchasolddrama,novel,chronicles(編年史)andfolklegends.（民間傳說)UnderShakespeare’spen,thosestoriesassumednewmeaningandsignificance.

Intheexpressionofart,heinheritedthreetraditionsofthedramasofancientGreeceandRome,medievalBritainandtheEuropeanRenaissance.Hetriedhardtoreflectthetruelifeandexploretheinnermysteries,displayingmanydiverseandcomplexpersonalities,vividcharacters.Duringthetwenty-twoyearsofhisliteraryworkheproduced37plays,twonarrativepoemsand154sonnets.Hisliteraryworkmaybedividedintothreemajorperiods：Thefirstperiod(1590-1600)Thesecondperiod(1601-1608)Thethirdperiod(1609-1612)3.Shakespeare'swriting1)154sonnets,twolongpoems

poetry十四行詩（TheSonnets）

愛人的怨訴（ALover'sComplaint）魯克麗絲失貞記（TheRapeofLucrece）維納斯和阿多尼斯（VenusandAdonis）熱情的朝圣者（ThePassionatePilgrim)鳳凰和斑鳩（ThePhoenixandtheTurtle）Sonnet18WilliamShakespeareShallI

compare

theeto

asummer’sday?Thouart

morelove

lyandmore

tempe

rate:Rough

winds

doshake

the

darling

budsof

May,And

summer’slease

hath

all

too

short

adate:SometimetoohottheeyeoftheheavenshinesAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed;Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;Norshalldeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st:Solongasamancanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslivetothee.夏日的時光何其短暫。Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,休戀那麗日當空，Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;轉(zhuǎn)眼又云霧迷蒙；Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,休嘆百花凋零，Bychance,ornatureschangingcourseuntrimed摧殘于無常即或天命。Thefurthestdistanceintheworld

IsnotwhenIstandinfrontofyou

Yetyoucan'tseemylove

Butwhenundoubtedlyknowingthelovefromboth

Yetcannotbetogether

Thefurthestdistanceintheworld

Isnotbeingapartwhilebeinginlove

Butwhenpainlycannotresisttheyearning

Yetpretendingyouhaveneverbeeninmyheart

Thefurthestdistanceintheworld

Isnotbutusingone'sindifferentheart

Todiganuncrossableriver

Fortheonewholovesyouhistories亨利四世，第一卷（HenryIV,part1）亨利四世，第二卷（HenryIV,part2）亨利五世（HenryV）亨利六世，第一卷（HenryVI,part1）亨利六世，第二卷（HenryVI,part2）亨利六世，第三卷（HenryVI,part3）亨利八世（HenryVIII）約翰國王（KingJohn）理查德二世（RichardII）理查德三世（RichardIII）3)ComediesThemerchantofVenicemidsummernight'sdreamhappytwelfthnightComedies錯中錯(TheComedyofErrors)皆大歡喜(All'sWellThatEndsWell)如愿(AsYouLikeIt)仲夏夜夢(AMidsummerNight'sDream)無事生非(MuchAdoAboutNothing)一報還一報(MeasureforMeasure第十二夜(TwelfthNightorWhatYouWill)威尼斯商人(TheMerchantofVenice)空愛一場(Love'sLabor'sLost)冬天的故事(TheWinter'sTale)威尼斯商人第十二夜TheMerchantofVenice劇情：有一個十五世紀威尼斯的正直商人安東尼奧，跟高利貸猶太商人夏洛克對立。某日，安東尼奧因出海向夏洛克借款。后者為報復安東尼奧借錢不要利息而影響自己利益的舉措，定下奇特契約：不還錢就還肉。結果安東尼奧的商隊在海上出事而無法還錢。在法院的夏洛克準備好刀子，等著安東尼奧的肉。假裝律師的波莎以割肉不能流血，否則血債血償?shù)睦碛?，粉碎了夏洛克的陰謀。夏洛克破產(chǎn)，安東尼奧東山再起。ThecharacterofShylockhasraisedadebateoverwhethertheplayshouldbecondemnedasanti-Semitic,andthiscontroversyhasovershadowedmanyotheraspectsoftheplay.

Theplotinvolvesavengeful,greedycreditor,Shylock,aJewishmoney-lenderShylockwhoseeksaliteralpoundoffleshfromhisChristianopposite,thegenerous,faithfulAntonio.Shakespeare'sversionofthechest-choosingdevicerevolvesaroundtheplay'sChristianheroine,Portia,whosteersherloverBassaniotowardthecorrecthumblecasketandthensuccessfullydefendshisbosomfriendAntoniofromShylock'shorridlegalsuit.Shylock,isaJewwhosebeloveddaughterislosttohimwhensheelopeswithamanwhobelongstoavirulentlyanti-Semiticsociety.Whengrief,angerandvengeanceovercomecommonsenseheendsupliterallyforcedtohiskneestorenouncehisfaithandhisfortune.

4)TragediesHamletOthelloMacbethkingLearTragedies羅密歐與朱麗葉(RomeoandJuliet)

麥克白(Macbeth)李爾王(KingLear)哈姆雷特(Hamlet)

奧賽羅(Othello)考利歐雷諾斯(Coriolanus)特洛伊勒斯與克芮絲德

(TroilusandCressida)雅典的泰蒙(TimonofAthens)詩李爾王哈姆雷特ThesummitofShakespeare’sart

Hamlet

Tobeornottobe:thatisthequestion.<Hamlet>Meaning:Isitpossibleornot?Ishealiveornot?Uneasyliestheheadthatwearsacrown.<KingHenryIV>Meaning:Thelifeofleadersisn’teasy.Havingmanyresponsibilities,leadersoftencan’tsleepwell.“Tobe,ornottobe"Itistakenfromsceneone,Hamlet.Itisoneofthemostfamousquotationsinworldliteratureandthebest-knownofthisplay.Theplay,setinDenmark,recountshowPrinceHamletexactsrevengeonhisuncleClaudius,whohasmurderedHamlet'sfather,theKing,andthentakenthethroneandmarriedGertrude,Hamlet'smother.Theplayvividlychartsthecourseofrealandfeignedmadness—fromoverwhelminggrieftoseethingrage—andexploresthemesoftreachery,revenge,incest,andmoralcorruption.仇恨，憤怒，榮譽，尊嚴，……HamletType:

RevengeTragedy,復仇悲劇

RomanticTragedy浪漫悲劇

Time:c.1200

Locale:Elsinore(艾西諾),Denmark

Firstpresented:1602PrincipalCharactersinHamletClaudius克勞迪斯

KingofDenmarkHamlet

哈姆雷特

SontotheformerKingand

Nephew

to

thepresentKingGertrude喬特魯?shù)翾ueenofDenmark,and

MotherofHamletPolonius

波洛涅斯

LordChamberlain（御前大臣）Laertes

雷歐提斯

SontoPoloniusOphelia奧菲莉婭DaughtertoPoloniusGhost（KingHamlet）鬼魂Hamlet'sFatherHoratio

霍拉旭

FriendtoHamletClaudiusisshrewd精明andable干練,thoughnotalwaysethical倫理ormoral道德,Hamletdescribesthecontestofintelligenceandwillbetweenthemasthatof''mightyopposites''(V.ii.62).克勞狄斯形象：集合封建主和暴君的殘忍，陰謀家的野心和陰險，封建統(tǒng)治者和資產(chǎn)階級陰謀家于一身，代表文藝復興新舊交替時期的所有罪惡。Gertrudeisanegativecharacterinplay“Hamlet”.Butthisarticlebelievesthatsheisaweakbutbravefemininecharacter:shelivedinaweaksocialsurroundingsbutshehasbravecharacter.Duetotheprotectionforherson,shehasdevotedherreputationevenherpersonnallife.關鍵詞：柔弱

勇敢

母親Laertesisoftenportrayedbyseeminglyhumbleactorsofthescreen,togivealoyal,wholesomeappealtothecharacter.波洛涅斯的兒子。為了父親和妹妹的死用劍殺死了哈姆雷特。他也死在哈姆雷特的毒劍下，盡管當時哈姆雷特沒有意識到劍是帶毒的。OfallthepivotalcharactersinHamlet,Opheliaisthemoststatic穩(wěn)定andone-dimensional沒有深度的.Shehasthepotentialtobecomeatragicheroine--toovercometheadversitiesinflicteduponher--butsheinsteadcrumbles崩潰intoinsanity,becomingmerelytragic.ThisisbecauseOpheliaherselfisnotasimportantasherrepresentationofthedualnatureofwomenintheplay.Ophelia‘sdistinctpurposeistoshowatonceHamlet’swarped歪曲viewofwomenascallous冷酷無情的sexualpredators,andtheinnocenceandvirtueofwomen.關鍵詞：悲情人物HamletisaclassicexampleofatragedywrittenbyWilliamShakespeare.Ineverytragedy,thecharactersmustdisplaysome.Ifeveryactioniscontrolledbyahero'sdestiny,thenthehero'sdeathcan'tbeavoidedandin"Hamlet"thesadpartisthatitcould.Hamlet'sdeathcouldhavebeenavoidedmanytimes.HehadmanyopportunitiestokillClaudius,buthedidnottakeadvantageofthem.Heiscalledavacillating(優(yōu)柔寡斷)man.

However,inmyopinion,vacillationcanneverberemovedfromHamlet.Thatisthelogicalresult.ItisthesenseofworththatmakesHamletvacillating.ShakespearetookacertainstoryofPrinceAmlethfromoldsourceswhichcanbetracedtothe12thcentury.He,however,wasnotthefirsttodramatizeHamlet’shistory.Intheeighties,aplaythatborethesamenamegainedpopularityamongtheEnglishpublic.ThomasKydissupposedtohavebeentheauthorofthisplay.ThewholetragedyispermeatedwiththespiritofShakespeare’sowntime.Hamletistheprofoundestexpressionofhishumanismandhiscriticismofcontemporarylife.Whichplayisit?KingLear

TheplayisbasedonthelegendofLeirofBritain,amythological(神話的)pre-RomanCelticking.KingLearmour