經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！TOEFL托福閱讀理解真題整合托福閱讀真題1Asurveyisastudy,generallyintheformofanintervieworaquestionnairethatprovidesinformationconcerninghowpeoplethinkandact.IntheUnitedStates,thebest-knownsurveysaretheGalluppollandtheHarrispoll.Asanyonewhowatchesthenewsduringpresidentialcampaignsknows,thesepollshavebecomeanimportantpartofpoliticallifeintheUnitedStates.NorthAmericansarefamiliarwiththemanyperson-on-the-streetinterviewsonlocaltelevisionnewsshows.Whilesuchinterviewscanbehighlyentertaining,theyarenotnecessarilyanaccurateindicationofpublicopinion.First,theyreflecttheopinionsofonlythosepeoplewhoappearatacertainlocation.Thus,suchsamplescanbebiasedinfavorofcommuters,middle-classshoppers,orfactoryworkers,dependingonwhichareathenewspeopleselect.Second,televisioninterviewstendtoattractoutgoingpeoplewhoarewillingtoappearontheair,whiletheyfrightenawayotherswhomayfeelintimidatedbyacamera.Asurveymustbebasedonaprecise,representativesamplingifitistogenuinelyreflectabroadrangeofthepopulation.Inpreparingtoconductasurvey,sociologistsmustexercisegreatcareinthewordingofquestions.Aneffectivesurveyquestionmustbesimpleandclearenoughforpeopletounderstandit.Itmustalsobespecificenoughsothattherearenoproblemsininterpretingtheresults.Evenquestionsthatarelessstructuredmustbecarefullyphrasedinordertoelicitthetypeofinformationdesired.Surveyscanbeindispensablesourcesofinformation,butonlyifthesamplingisdoneproperlyandthequestionsarewordedaccurately.Therearetwomainformsofsurveys:theinterviewandthequestionnaire.Eachoftheseformsofsurveyresearchhasitsadvantages.Aninterviewercanobtainahighresponseratebecausepeoplefinditmoredifficulttoturndownapersonalrequestforaninterviewthantothrowawayawrittenquestionnaire.Inaddition,aninterviewercangobeyondwrittenquestionsandprobeforasubject'sunderlyingfeelingsandreasons.However,questionnaireshavetheadvantageofbeingcheaperandmoreconsistent.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)ThehistoryofsurveysinNorthAmerica(B)Theprinciplesofconductingsurveys(C)Problemsassociatedwithinterpretingsurveys(D)TheimportanceofpollsinAmericanpoliticallife2.Thewordtheyinline8refersto(A)NorthAmericans(B)newsshows(C)interviews(D)opinions3.Accordingtothepassage,themaindisadvantageofperson-on-the-streetinterviewsisthatthey(A)arenotbasedonarepresentativesampling(B)areusedonlyontelevision(C)arenotcarefullyworded(D)reflectpoliticalopinions4.Thewordpreciseinline13isclosestinmeaningto(A)planned(B)rational(C)required(D)accurate5.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingismostimportantforaneffectivesurvey?(A)Ahighnumberofrespondents(B)Carefullywordedquestions(C)Aninterviewer'sabilitytomeasurerespondents'feelings(D)Asociologistwhoisabletointerprettheresults6.Thewordexerciseinline15isclosestinmeaningto(A)utilize(B)consider(C)design(D)defend7.Thewordelicitinline19isclosestinmeaningto(A)compose(B)ruleout(C)predict(D)bringout8.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonereasonthatsociologistsmaybecomefrustratedwithquestionnairesisthat(A)respondentsoftendonotcompleteandreturnquestionnaires(B)questionnairesareoftendifficulttoread(C)questionnairesareexpensiveanddifficulttodistribute(D)respondentsaretooeagertosupplementquestionswiththeirownopinions9.Accordingtothepassage,oneadvantageofliveinterviewsoverquestionnairesisthatliveinterviews(A)costless(B)canproducemoreinformation(C)areeasiertointerpret(D)minimizetheinfluenceoftheresearcher10.Thewordprobeinline26isclosestinmeaningto(A)explore(B)influence(C)analyze(D)apply11.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?(A)Survey(line1)(B)Publicopinion(line8)(C)Representativesampling(line13)(D)Responserate(line24)__80BCADBADABAA托福閱讀真題2Thelargestofthegiantgasplanets,Jupiter,withavolume1,300timesgreaterthanEarth's,containsmorethantwicethemassofalltheotherplanetscombined.Itisthoughttobeagaseousandfluidplanetwithoutsolidsurfaces,Haditbeensomewhatmoremassive,Jupitermighthaveattainedinternaltemperaturesashighastheignitionpointfornuclearreactions,anditwouldhaveflamedasastarinitsownright.Jupiterandtheothergiantplanetsareofalow-densitytypequitedistinctfromtheterrestrialplanets:theyarecomposedpredominantlyofsuchsubstancesashydrogen,helium,ammonia,andmethane,unliketerrestrialplanets.MuchofJupiter'sinteriormightbeintheformofliquid,metallichydrogen.Normally,hydrogenisagas,butunderpressuresofmillionsofkilogramspersquarecentimeter,whichexistinthedeepinteriorofJupiter,thehydrogenatomsmightlocktogethertoformaliquidwiththepropertiesofametal.SomescientistsbelievethattheinnermostcoreofJupitermightberocky,ormetalliclikethecoreofEarth.Jupiterrotatesveryfast,onceevery9.8hours.Asaresult,itsclouds,whicharecomposedlargelyoffrozenandliquidammonia,havebeenwhippedintoalternatingdarkandbrightbandsthatcircletheplanetatdifferentspeedsindifferentlatitudes.Jupiter'spuzzlingGreatRedSpotchangessizeasithoversintheSouthernHemisphere.Scientistsspeculateitmightbeagigantichurricane,whichbecauseofitslargesize(theEarthcouldeasilyfitinsideit),lastsforhundredsofyears.JupitergivesofftwiceasmuchheatasitreceivesfromtheSun.Perhapsthisisprimevalheatorheatgeneratedbythecontinuedgravitationalcontractionoftheplanet.AnotherstarlikecharacteristicofJupiterisitssixteennaturalsatellites,which,likeaminiaturemodeloftheSolarSystem,decreaseindensitywithdistance—fromrockymoonsclosetoJupitertoicymoonsfartheraway.IfJupiterwereabout70timesmoremassive,itwouldhavebecomeastar,Jupiteristhebest-preservedsampleoftheearlysolarnebula,andwithitssatellites,mightcontainthemostimportantcluesabouttheoriginoftheSolarSystem.1.Thewordattainedinline4isclosestinmeaningto(A)attempted(B)changed(C)lost(D)reached2.Thewordflamedinline5isclosestinmeaningto(A)burned(B)divided(C)fallen(D)grown3.Thewordtheyinline7refersto(A)nuclearreactions(B)giantplanets(C)terrestrial(D)substances4.Accordingtothepassage,hydrogencanbecomeametallic-likeliquidwhenitis(A)extremelyhot(B)combinedwithhelium(C)similartoatmospheres(D)undergreatpressures5.Accordingtothepassage,somescientistsbelieveJupiterandEartharesimilarinthattheybothhave(A)solidsurfaces(B)similarmasses(C)similaratmospheres(D)metalliccores6.ThecloudssurroundingJupiteraremostlycomposedof(A)ammonia(B)helium(C)hydrogen(D)methane7.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheappearanceofalternatingbandscirclingJupiteriscausedby(A)theGreatRedSpot(B)heatfromtheSun(C)theplanet'sfastrotation(D)Stormsfromtheplanet'sSouthernHemisphere8.Theauthorusesthewordpuzzlinginline17tosuggestthattheGreatRedSpotis(A)theonlyspotofitskind(B)notwellunderstood(C)amongthelargestofsuchspots(D)aproblemfortheplanet'scontinuedexistence9.Paragraph3supportswhichofthefollowingconclusions?(A)JupitergivesofftwiceasmuchheatastheSun.(B)Jupiterhasaweakergravitationalforcethantheotherplanets.(C)ScientistsbelievethatJupiterwasonceastar.(D)ScientistsmightlearnaboutthebeginningoftheSolarSystembyStudyingJupiter.10.Whydoestheauthormentionprimevalheat(lines21)?(A)ToprovideevidencethatJupiterisolderthantheSun(B)ToprovideevidencethatJupiterisolderthantheotherplanets(C)TosuggestapossibleexplanationforthenumberofsatellitesthatJupiterhas(D)TosuggestapossiblesourceofthequantityofheatthatJupitergivesoff11.Accordingtothepassage,Jupiter'smostdistantmoonis(A)theleastdense(B)thelargest(C)warmonthesurface(D)veryrockyonthesurface12.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?(A)IfJupiterhadfewersatellites,itwouldbeeasierforscientiststostudytheplanetitself.(B)IfJupiterhadhadmoremass,itwouldhavedevelopedinternalnuclearreactions.(C)IfJupiterhadbeensmaller,itwouldhavebecomeaterrestrialplanet.(D)ifJupiterwerelarger,itwouldgiveoffmuchlessheat__81DABDDACBDDAB.托福閱讀真題3Ethologyisconcernedwiththestudyofadaptive,orsurvival,valueofbehavioranditsevolutionaryhistory.Ethologicaltheorybegantobeappliedtoresearchonchildreninthe1960'sbuthasbecomeevenmoreinfluentialtoday.TheoriginsofethologycanbetracedbacktotheworkofDarwin.ItsmodernfoundationswerelaidbytwoEuropeanzoologists,KonradLorenzandNikoTinbergen.Watchingthebehaviorsdiverseanimalspeciesintheirnaturalhabitats,Lorenz,andTinbergenobservedbehaviorpatternsthatpromotesurvival.Themostwell-knownoftheseisimprinting,theearlyfollowingbehaviorofcertainbabybirdsthatensuresthattheyoungwillstayclosetotheirmotherandbefedandprotectedfromdanger.Imprintingtakesplaceduringanearly,restrictedtimeperiodofdevelopment.Ifthemothergooseisnotpresentduringthistime,butanobjectresemblingherinimportantfeaturesis,younggoslingsmayimprintonitinstead.Observationsofimprintingledtomajorconceptthathasbeenappliedinchilddevelopment—thecriticalperiod.Itreferstoalimitedtimesspanduringwhichthechildisbiologicallypreparedtoacquirecertainadaptivebehaviorsbutneedsthesupportofsuitablystimulatingenvironment.Manyresearchershaveconductedstudiestofindoutwhethercomplexcognitiveandsocialbehaviorsmustbelearnedduringrestrictedtimeperiods.Forexample,ifchildrenaredeprivedofadequatefoodorphysicalandsocialstimulationduringtheearlyyearsoflife,willtheirintelligencebepermanentlyimpaired?Iflanguageisnotmasteredduringthepreschoolyears,isthechild'scapacitytoacquireitreduced?Inspiredbyobservationsofimprinting,in1969theBritishpsychoanalystJohnBowlbyappliedethologicaltheorytotheunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenaninfantanditsparents.Hearguedthatattachmentbehaviorsofbabies,suchassmiling,babbling,grasping,andcrying,arebuilt-insocialsignalsthatencouragetheparentstoapproach,carefor,andinteractwiththebaby.Bykeepingaparentnear,thesebehaviorshelpensurethatthebabywillbefed,protectedfromdanger,andprovidedwiththestimulationandaffectionnecessaryforhealthygrowth.Thedevelopmentofattachmentinhumaninfantsisalengthyprocessinvolvingchangesinpsychologicalstructuresthatleadtoadeepaffectionaltiebetweenparentandbaby.1.WhatwasDarwin'scontributiontoethology?(A)Darwinimprovedontheoriginalprinciplesofethology.(B)DarwinwastheprofessorwhotaughtLorenzandTinbergen.(C)Darwin'sworkprovidedthebasisforethology.(D)Darwinwasthefirstpersontoapplyethologicaltheorytochildren.2.Theworddiverseinline6isclosestinmeaningto(A)small(B)varied(C)wild(D)particular3.Thewordensuresinline8isclosestinmeaningto(A)guarantees(B)proves(C)teaches(D)assumes4.Accordingtothepassage,ifamothergooseisnotpresentduringthetimeperiodwhenimprintingtakesplace,whichofthefollowingwillm