READINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.ATheLumiereBrothersopenedtheirCinematographe,at14BoulevarddesCapucinesinParis,——Q1to100payingcustomersover100yearsago,onDecember8,1895.Beforetheeyesofthestunned,thrilledaudience,photographscametolifeandmovedacrossaflatscreen.BSoordinaryandroutinehasthis etousthatittakesadeterminedleapoftheimaginationtograsptheimpactofthosefirstmovingimages.Butitisworthtrying,fortounderstandtheinitialshockofthoseimagesistounderstandtheextraordinarypowerandmagicofcinema,——Q6theunique,hypnoticqualitythathasmadefilmthemostdynamic,effectiveartformofthe20thcentury.——Q10COneoftheLumiereBrothers'earliestfiwasa30-secondpiecewhichshowedasectionofarailwaytformfloodedwithsunshine.Atrainappearsandheadsstraightforthecamera.Andthatisallthathappens.YettheRussiandirectorAndreiTarkovsky,oneofthegreatestofallfilms,describedthefilmasa'workofgenius'.——Q7'Asthetrainapproached,'wroteTarkovsky,'panicstartedinthetheatre:peoplejumpedandranaway.Thatwasthemomentwhencinemawasborn.Thefrightenedaudiencecouldnotacceptthattheywerewatchingamerepicture.Pictureswerestill,onlyrealitymoved;thismust,therefore,bereality.Intheirconfusion,theyfearedthatarealtrainwasabouttocrushthem.'DEarlycinemaaudiencesoftenexperiencedthesameconfusion.Intime,theideaoffilmbecamefamiliar,themagicwasaccepted-butitneverstoppedbeingmagic.Filmhasneverlostitsuniquepowertoembraceitsaudiencesandtransportthemtocreatedadynamicimageoftherealflowofevents.——Q12Astillpicturecouldonlyimplytheexistenceoftime,whiletimeinanovelpassedatthewhimofthereader.Butincinema,thereal,objectiveflowoftimewascaptured.EOneeffectofthisrealismwastoeducatetheworldaboutitself.Forcinemamakestheworldsmaller.LongbeforepeopletravelledtoAmericaoranywhereelse,theyknewwhatotherceslookedlike;theyknewhowotherpeopleworkedandlived.——Q4Overwhelmingly,thelivesrecorded-atleastinfilmfiction-havebeenAmerican.Fromtheearliestdaysoftheindustry,Hollywoodhasdominatedtheworldfilmmarket.Americanimagery-thecars,thecities,thecowboys-becametheprimaryimageryoffilm.FilmcarriedAmericanlifeandvaluesaroundtheglobe.FAnd,thankstofilm,futuregenerationswillknowthe20thcenturymoreintimathananyotherperiod.Wecanonlyimaginewhatlifewaslikeinthe14thcenturyorinclassicalGreece.Butthelifeofthemodernworldhasbeenrecordedonfilminmassive,encyclopedicdetail.WeshallbeknownbetterthananyprecedingGThe'star'wasanothernaturalconsequenceofcinema.——Q5Thecinemastarwaseffectivelybornin1910.Film alitieshavesuchanimmediatepresencethat,inevitably,they esuper-real.Becausewewatchthemsocloselyandbecauseeverybodyintheworldseemstoknowwhotheyare,theyappearmorerealtousthanwedoourselves.Thestarasmagnifiedhumanselfisoneofcinema'smoststrangeandenduringlegacies.HCinemahasalsogivenanewleaseoflifetotheideaofthestory.WhentheLumiereBrothersandotherpioneersbeganshowingoffthisnewinvention,itwasbynomeansobvioushowitwouldbeused.——Q12Allthatmatteredatfirstwasthewonderofmovement.Indeed,somesaidthat,oncethisnoveltyhadwornoff,cinemawouldfadeaway.Itwasnomorethanapassinggimmick,afairgroundICinemamight,forexample,have eprimarilya aryform.Oritmighthavedevelopedlikeevision—asastrange,noisytransferofmusic,informationandnarrative.Originallythesewereconceivedasshortstories——Q2—earlyproducersdoubtedtheabilityofaudiencestoconcentrateformorethanthelengthofareel.——Q9Then,in1912,anItalian2-hourfilmwashugelysuccessful,andHollywoodsettleduponthenovel-lengthnarrativethatremainsthedominantcinematicconventionoftoday.——Q2JAndithasallhappenedsoquickly.Almostunbelievably,itisamere100yearssincethattrainarrivedandtheaudiencescreamedandfled,convincedbythedangerousrealityofwhattheysaw,and,perhaps,suddenlyawarethattheworldcouldneverbethesameagain—that,maybe,itcouldbebetter,brighter,moreastonishing,morerealthanreality.——Q3Questions1-ReadingPassage1hastenparagraphs,A-WhichparagraphcontainsthefollowingWritethecorrectletter,A-J,inboxes1-5onyouranswerthelocationofthefirst解析：題目說最早 出現(xiàn)的地點。全文只有第一段提到了一個具體的置，14BoulevarddesCapucinesinParis。其實第1段就是在敘述最早 出的時間、地點和效果。答案為ATheLumiereBrothersopenedtheirCinematographe,at14BoulevarddesCapucinesin盧盧。Lumiere兄弟在巴 大道14號放映了他們制作 howcinemacametofocuson解析：題目 是如何側(cè)重于講故事的。該題有一定的迷惑性，引文全文H1story這個單H段。然而，H段中并未具體講述如何側(cè)重故事的問題，而是講述了當時人們眼中的前景。I段提到了1912年意大利的一部長達2的成功，然后才成 的主流。這才與題目相對應。答案為IThen,in1912,anItalian2-hourfilmwashugelysuccessful,andHollywoodsettleduponthenovel-lengthnarrativethatremainsthedominantcinematicconventionof隨后的隨后的1912年，一部時長2小時的意大 取得了巨大的成功，好萊塢也隨后的隨后的1912年，一部時長2小時的意大 取得了巨大的成功，好萊塢也定采取這種小說長度的敘事方式，這種普遍采用 模式也一直保持到thespeedwithwhichcinemahas改變的速度.1迅速。接下來又詳細敘述了短短 的變化與影響。答案為JAndithasallhappenedsoquickly.Almostunbelievably,itisamere100yearssincethattrainarrivedandtheaudiencescreamedandfled,convincedbythedangerousrealityofwhattheysaw,and,perhaps,suddenlyawarethattheworldcouldneverbethesameagain—that,maybe,itcouldbebetter,brighter,moreastonishing,morerealthanreality.剛剛駛剛剛駛進，觀眾驚叫著四處逃逸，被他們看到 事實嚇壞得時候，他們題目的意思題目的意思 發(fā)展到今天的速度，一看這種題目就是有一個變化趨勢，howcinemateachesusaboutother解析：題目 是如何教我們認識其它文化的。E段收據(jù)就說明了題意。educateteacheseducatetheworldaboutitself(讓我們領略世界就相當于題目中的teachusaboutothercultures（讓我們了解其它文化。答案為E。Oneeffectofthisrealismwastoeducatetheworldaboutitself.Forcinemamakestheworldsmaller.LongbeforepeopletravelledtoAmericaoranywhereelse,theyknewwhatotherceslookedlike;theyknewhowotherpeopleworkedandlived. 變小。遠在人們 或者別的地方旅行之前，他們已經(jīng)了LongbeforepeopletravelledtoAmericaoranywhereelse,theyknewwhatotherceslookedlike;theyknewhowotherpeopleworkedandlived.早在人們早在人們 或其他地方旅行之前，他們就已經(jīng)欣賞過目的地的風光，也theattractionofactorsin解析：通過actor同義替換的到G段首句中的star，全文只有G段提到了 問題，答案為G。 的 自然而然的產(chǎn)物The'star'was 的 自然而然的產(chǎn)物 帶來的另一個產(chǎn)物Questions6-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassageInboxes6-9onyouranswersheet,YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsoftheNOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsoftheNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutItisimportanttounderstandhowthefirstaudiencesreactedtothe解析：題目說理解最初的觀眾 的反應是很重要的。通過importantunderstand（理解…很重要）定位到B段第4行，itisworthtrying，fortounderstand…(這值得嘗試，因為理解…),initial（最初的）對應題目中的firstYES。Butitisworthtrying,fortounderstandtheinitialshockofthoseimagesistounderstandtheextraordinarypowerandmagicofcinema.但是這值得我們試一試，因為要了解這些圖像帶來的沖擊，就等于了解但是這值得我們試一試，因為要了解這些圖像帶來的沖擊，就等于了解 但是這值得一試，要了解這些影像帶來的首次沖擊，就是要了解院的非凡TheLumiereBrothers’filmaboutthetrainwasoneofthegreatestfiever答案：NOT解析：本題容易誤選為YES，因為原文中有thegreatestofallfilm 目中說的是greatestfilm。而原文中還提到，這 是aworkofgenius(構(gòu)思NOTGIVEN。YettheRussiandirectorAndreiTarkovsky,oneofthegreatestofallfilm describedthefilmasa'workofgenius'. Cinemapresentsabiasedviewofother答案：NOT 中呈現(xiàn)出對其它國家的偏見。全文只有在E段提到了其它國家的問題，但是并未出現(xiàn)對其它國家的意見。答案為NOTGIVEN。9Storylineswereimportantinveryearly解析：題目說在早起中，故事情節(jié)很重要。根據(jù)storyline和earlycinema定位到I段第4句。原文中說，早期制片人擔心的是觀眾能否在銀幕前堅持很長時間。所以情節(jié)并不重要。答案為NO。earlyproducersdoubtedtheabilityofaudiencestoconcentrateformorethanthelengthofareel.早早 制片人擔心懷疑觀眾的注意力能否保持一卷膠卷的長度此題關鍵定位在veryearlycinemaQuestions10-Choosethecorrectletter,AB,CtoWritethecorrectletterinboxes10-13onyouranswerThewriterreferstothefilmofthetraininordertoAthesimplicityofearlyfiBtheimpactofearlyfiChowshortearlyfiDhowimaginativeearlyfi 的意圖是什么。原文在B段第2句里提到， 的影響。答案為Btheunique,hypnoticqualitythathasmadefilmthemostdynamic,effectiveartformofthe20thcentury. 成為20世紀最具 短；D.早 很有想象力很簡單；B的影響；C.很InTarkovsky’sopinion,theattractionofthecinemaisthatAaimstoimpressits lsstoriesbetterthanCillustratesthepassingofDdescribesfamiliar解析：通過InTarkovsky’sopinion定位到D4句，原文中的magic（魔法）對應題目中的attraction（。而原文中的magic就是createdadynamicimageoftherealflowofevents（把一連串真實的變成一幅動態(tài)的圖像。）對對應D選項：描述相似 在于A.給觀眾留下深刻印象，B.故事講 Whencinemafirstbegan,peoplethoughtAitwould lBitshouldbeusedinCitsaudienceswereDitsfuturewas解析：題目說當院最早出現(xiàn)時，人們對它的態(tài)度是怎樣的。通過cinemafirstbegan（院最早出現(xiàn)時H2pioneers（先驅(qū)）和newinvention（新發(fā)明）這兩個詞對應題目。原文中繼續(xù)說，itwasbymeansmeansobvioushowitwouldbe DForTarkovsky,thekeytothatmagicwasthewayinwhichcinemacreatedadynamicimageoftherealflowofevents.對對可可WhatisthebesttitleforthisATheriseofthecinemaBCinemaandnovelsCThedominationofDThepowerofthebig的D的信息匹配題中的第2選擇題相對容易。做這篇文章時選擇題相對容易。做這篇文章時 需要注意題目的取舍4顆星，建議完成時間：18-20縱觀全文，都在 ，bigscreen代 READINGPASSAGETHE

MotivatingEmployeesunderAdverseConditionsItisagreatdealeasiertomotivateemployeesinagrowingorganisationthanadecliningone.Whenorganisationsareexpandingandadding nel,promotionalopportunities,payrises,andtheexcitementofbeingassociatedwithadynamicorganisationcreatefeelingsofoptimism.Managementisabletousethegrowthtoenticeandencourageemployees.Whenanorganisationisshrinking,thebestandworkersarepronetoleavevoluntarily.——Q19Unfortunay,theyaretheonestheorganisationcanleastaffordtolose—thosewiththehighestskillsandexperience.Theminoremployeesremainbecausetheirjoboptionsarelimited.Moralealsosuffersduringdecline.Peoplefeartheymaybethenexttobemaderedundant.Productivityoftensuffers,asemployeesspendtheirtimesharingrumoursandprovidingoneanotherwithmoralsupportratherthanfocusingontheirjobs.Forthosewhosejobsaresecure,payincreasesarerarelypossible.Paycuts,unheardofduringtimesofgrowth,mayevenbeimposed.Thechallengetomanagementishowtomotivateemployeesundersuchretrenentconditions.ThewaysofmeetingthischallengecanbebroadlydividedintosixKeyPoints,whichareoutlinedbelow.KEYPOINTThereisanabundanceofevidencetosupportthemotivationalbenefitsthatresultfromcarefullymatchingpeopletojobs.Forexample,ifthejobisrunningasmalloranautonomousunitwithinalargerbusiness,——Q20highachieversshouldbesought.However,ifthejobtobefilledisamanagerialpostinalargebureaucraticorganisation,acandidatewhohasahighneedforpowerandalowneedforaffiliationshouldbeselected.Accordingly,highachieversshouldnotbeputintojobsthatareinconsistentwiththeirneeds.Highachieverswilldobestwhenthejobprovidesmoderaychallenginggoalsandwherethereisindependenceandfeedback.——Q21However,itshouldberememberedthatnoteverybodyismotivatedbyjobsthatarehighinindependence,varietyandresponsibility.KEYPOINTThelitureongoal-settingtheorysuggeststhatmanagersshouldensurethatallemployeeshavespecificgoalsandreceivecommentsonhowwelltheyarenginthosegoals.——Q14Forthosewithhighachievementneeds,typicallyaminorityinanyorganisation,theexistenceofexternalgoalsislessimportantbecausehighachieversarealreadyinternallymotivated.——Q25Thenextfactortobedeterminediswhetherthegoalsshouldbeassignedbyamanagerorcollectivelysetinconjunctionwiththeemployees.Theanswertothatdependsonperceptionsofgoalacceptanceandtheorganisation'sculture.Iftogoalsisexpected,theuseofparticipationingoal-settingshouldincreaseacceptance.Ifparticipationisinconsistentwiththeculture,however,goalsshouldbeassigned.Ifparticipationandthecultureareincongruous,employeesarelikelytoperceivetheparticipationprocessasmanipulativeandbenegativelyaffectedbyit.——Q22KEYPOINTRegardlessofwhethergoalsareachievableorwellwithinmanagement'sperceptionsoftheemployee'sability,ifemployeesseethemasunachievabletheywillreducetheireffort.——Q15Managersmustbesure,therefore,thatemployeesfeelconfidentthattheireffortscanleadtoperformancegoals.Formanagers,thismeansthatemployeesmusthavethecapabilityofngthejobandmustregardtheappraisalprocessasKEYPOINTSinceemployeeshavedifferentneeds,whatactsasareinmentforonemaynotforanother.Managerscouldusetheirknowledgeofeachemployeeto alisetherewardsoverwhichtheyhavecontrol.——Q16Someofthemoreobviousrewardsthatmanagersallocateincludepay,promotions,autonomy,jobscopeanddepth,andtheopportunitytoparticipateingoal-settinganddecision-making.KEYPOINTManagersneedtomakerewardscontingentonperformance.——Q17Torewardfactorsotherthanperformancewillonlyreinthoseotherfactors.Keyrewardssuchasincreasesandpromotionsoradvancementsshouldbeallocatedfortheattainmentoftheemployee'sspecificgoals.Consistentwithisingtheimpactofrewards,managersshouldlookforwaystoincreasetheirvisibility.Eliminatingthesecrecysurroundingpaybyopenlycommunicatingeveryone'sremuneration,publicisingperformancebonuses——Q24andallocatingannualsalaryincreasesinalumpsumratherthanspreadingthemoutoveranentireyearareexamplesofactionsthatwillmakerewardsmorevisibleandpotentiallymoremotivating.KEYPOINTThewayrewardsaredistributedshouldbetransparentsothatemployeesperceivethatrewardsor esareequitableandequaltotheinputsgiven.——Q18Onasimplisticlevel,experience,abilities,effortandotherobviousinputsshouldexindifferencesinpay,responsibilityandotherobvious es.Theproblem,however,iscomplicatedbytheexistenceofdozensofinputsand esandbythefactthatemployeegroupscedifferentdegreesofimportanceonthem.Forinstance,astudycomparingclericalandproductionworkersidentifiednearlytwentyinputsandes.Theclericalworkersconsideredfactorssuchasqualityofworkperformedandjobknowledgenearthetopoftheirlist,——Q26butthesewereatthebottomoftheproductionworkers'list.Similarly,productionworkersthoughtthatthemost plishment,twofactorsthatwerequitelowintheimportanceratingsoftheclerks.Therewerealsoimportant,thoughlessdramatic,differencesonthe eside.Forexample,productionworkersratedadvancementveryhighly,——Q27whereasclericalworkersratedadvancementinthelowerthirdoftheirlist.Suchfindingssuggestthat 'sequityisanother'sinequity,soanidealshouldprobablyweighdifferentinputsand esaccordingtoemployeegroup.Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-27,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.Questions14-ReadingPassage2containssixKeyChoosethecorrectheadingforKeyPointsTWOtoSIXfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-viii,inboxes14-18onyouranswersheet.ListListofHeadingsiEnsuretherewardsystemisfairiiMatchrewardstoiiiEnsuretargetsareivLinkrewardstoEncouragemanagerstotakemoreRecognisechangesinemployees’performanceoverEstablishtargetsandgiveEnsureemployeesaresuitedtotheirExampleExampleKeyPointKeyPoint答案：viiEstablishtargetsandgive解析：本段首句便點出havespecificgoalsandreceivecomments（有明確目標，接受評價，這就對應了vii選項中的establishtargetsandgivefeedback（目標，給出反饋目標，給出反饋。本 了一個簡單的同義替換。答案為viiThelitureongoal-settingtheorysuggeststhatmanagersshouldensurethatallemployeeshavespecificgoalsandreceivecommentsonhowwelltheyarenginthosegoals.關于如何設置目標的理獻顯示，管理者應當確保所有的員工都有具體的目KeyPoint解析：本段首句解析：本段首句 ，如果員工認為目標是不可實現(xiàn)的，他們將不會全力赴。這就對應了iii選項中的說法，即確保目標是可實現(xiàn)的。答案為iiiRegardlessofwhethergoalsareachievableorwellwithinmanagement'sperceptionsoftheemployee'sability,ifemployeesseethemasunachievabletheywillreducetheireffort.KeyPoint解析：本段首 ，不同的解析：本段首 ，不同的員工的需求也不盡相同，所以題型管理者要根iiSinceemployeeshavedifferentneeds,whatactsasareinmentforonemaynotforanother.Managerscouldusetheirknowledgeofeachemployeeto alisetherewardsoverwhichtheyhavecontrol.既然員工有不同的需求，那么對于一個人合適既然員工有不同的需求，那么對于一個人合適 并不見得一定適合另一人。管理者可以利用對每一個員工的了解來給員工不同的個性人。管理者可以利用對每一個員工的了解來給員工不同的個性 ，這 這段關鍵是alisetherewards（將 個性化，對應選項中的matchrewardstoindividuals。這段關鍵是KeyPoint答案：ivLinkrewardsto contingenton/upon（依據(jù)…而不同，首句的意思是：管理者需要視員工的表現(xiàn)來論功行賞。選項iv中的achievementachievement與原文中的performance相對應，iv所講的就是 與成就Managersneedtomakerewardscontingentonmake…contingenton的意思是將…聯(lián)系起來，achievement和performance是近義KeyPoint答案：iEnsuretherewardsystemis解析：本段首句中有一個equal（公平，只有員工認識到自己得到的獎勵視公平的，他們才能得到最大的激勵。Equal對應i選項中的fair（公平，為Thewayrewardsaredistributedshouldbetransparentsothatemployeesperceivethatrewardsor esareequitableandequaltotheinputsgiven.獎獎 應當透明，這樣員工才能看到獎金或是收入是根據(jù)做出貢獻大小而rewardsystemrewardthewayrewardsaredistributed，其中fair和equitable是同義詞。Questions19-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassageInboxes19-24onyouranswersheet, ifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsoftheNOifthestatementcontradictstheviesoftheNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutAshrinkingorganizationtendstoloseitslessskilledemployeesratherthanitsmoreskilledemployees.解析：通過shrinking解析：通過shrinkingorganization定位到原文，原文中說thebestand workersarepronetoleavevoluntarily（最好的、最 的員工傾向于離開開，這與題目中說更容易失去技術(shù)差的員工表述 Whenanorganisationisshrinking,thebestandmost workersarepronetoleave當一個機構(gòu)在走下坡路時，最好的和最當一個機構(gòu)在走下坡路時，最好的和最 的員工往往選擇自主跳槽當一個企當一個企 時，流動性最強的優(yōu)秀員工就會主動離開Itiseasiertomanageasmallbusinessthanalarge答案：NOTsmallbusinesslargebusiness定位到原文，但是原文中并未提及管NOTGIVEN。21Highachieversarewellsuitedtoteam是highachievers合作 是highachievers合作 Highachieverswilldobestwhenthejobprovidesmodera ychallenginggoalsandwherethereisindependenceandfeedback.在工在工作為他們提供適度 目標，并能在工作中保持獨立，且能得到回時時 次成 的工作效果最好只有其職業(yè)能夠帶來具有一只有其職業(yè)能夠帶來具有一 性的目標、獨立性和反饋時，業(yè)績杰出者Someemployeescanfeelmanipulatedwhenaskedtoparticipateingoal-解析：通過 縱）定位到原文，原文中說如果參與過程與員參與制定目標時可能會感 縱）相一致，答案為YESIfparticipationandthecultureareincongruous,employeesarelikelytoperceivetheparticipationprocessasmanipulativeandbenegativelyaffectedbyit.如果這種參與和機構(gòu)文化不相容，員工很可能會認為自己在參與過程如果這種參與和機構(gòu)文化不相容，員工很可能會認為自己在參與過程 了，并且這種過程會給員工帶了，并且這種過程會給員工帶 的影響如果參與機制和企業(yè)文化不一致，員工有可能認為自己在參與過程如果參與機制和企業(yè)文化不一致，員工有可能認為自己在參與過程 縱并且受并且受 影響Thestaffappraisalprocessshouldbedesignedby答案：NOTappraisalprocess定位到原文，原文中說：對管理者來說，他們必須NOTGIVEN。Formanagers,thismeansthatemployeesmusthavethecapabilityof ngthejobandmustregardtheappraisalprocessasvalid.Employees’earningsshouldbedisclosedtoeveryonewithinthe解析：earning（工資）對應原文中的解析：earning（工資）對應原文中的 ，openly（公開討論）對應disclosedtoeveryone（對每個人都公開，題目與原文表YES。Eliminatingthesecrecysurroundingpaybyopenlycommunicatingeveryone'sremuneration,publicisingperformancebonuses公開薪公開薪 、公開績效獎金Questions25-Lookatthefollowinggroupsofworkers(Questions25-27)andthelistofMatcheachgroupwiththecorrectdescriptions,A-Writethecorrectletter,A-E,inboxes25-27onyouranswerhigh答案：BTheyhavelessneedofexternal解析：通過highachieversKeypointtwo2句，原文中說highachieversB選項。Forthosewithhighachievementneeds,typicallyaminorityinanyorganisation,theexistenceofexternalgoalsislessimportantbecausehighachieversarealreadyinternallymotivated.對于那些那些夢想功成名就的人來說clerical答案：CTheythinkthatthequalityoftheirworkisconsideredfactorssuchasqualityofworkperformedconsideredfactorssuchasqualityofworkperformedandjobknowledgeneartoptopoftheirlist（辦事員認為完成工作的質(zhì)量很重要C的表述。答案為CTheclericalworkersconsideredfactorssuchasqualityofworkperformedandjobknowledgenearthetopoftheirlist,行政工作人員將工作表現(xiàn)質(zhì)量和業(yè)務知識等因素排行政工作人員將工作表現(xiàn)質(zhì)量和業(yè)務知識等因素排 前列production答案：ATheyjudgepromotiontobe解析：通過productionworkers定位到原文，原文中提到，productionworkersratedadvancementveryhighly（生產(chǎn)工人認為晉升很重要，對應A選項，其中，judge（評價）rate（認為，promotion（晉升）（晉升productionworkersratedadvancementveryadvancement和promotionListofDescriptionsAListofDescriptionsATheyjudgepromotiontobeBTheyhavelessneedofexternalCTheythinkthatthequalityoftheirworkisDTheyresistgoalswhichareETheyhavelimitedjobREADINGPASSAGEYoushouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions28-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.TheSearchfortheAnti-aging ernmentlaboratoriesandelsewhere,scientistsareseekingadrugabletoprolonglifeandyouthfulvigor.StudiesofcaloricrestrictionareshowingthewayAsresearchersonagingnotedrecently,notreatmentonthemarkettodayhasbeenprovedtoslowhumanaging——Q28-thebuild-upofmolecularandcellulardamagethatincreasesvulnerabilitytoinfirmityaswegrowolder.Butoneintervention,consumptionofalow-calorie*yetnutritionallybalanceddiet,worksincrediblywellinabroadrangeofanimals,increasinglongevityandprolonginggoodhealth.Thosefindingssuggestthatcaloricrestrictioncoulddelayagingandincreaselongevityinhumans,too.——Q29Unfortunay,forumbenefit,peoplewouldprobablyhavetoreducetheircaloricintakebyroughlythirtypercent,equivalenttodropfrom2,500caloriesadayto1,750.Fewmortalscouldsticktothatharsharegimen,especiallyforyearsonend.——Q30Butwhatifsomeonecouldcreateapillthatmimickedthephysiologicaleffectsofeatinglesswithoutactuallyforcingpeopletoeatless?Couldsucha'caloric-restrictionmimetic',aswecallit,enablepeopletostayhealthylonger,postponingage-relateddisorders(suchasdiabetes,arteriosclerosis,heartdiseaseandcancer)untilverylateinlife?Scientistsfirstposedthisquestioninthemid-1990s,afterresearcherscameuponachemicalagentthatinrodentsseemedtoreproducemanyofcaloricrestriction'sbenefits.Nocompoundthatwouldsafelyachievethesamefeatinpeoplehasbeenfoundyet,butthesearchhasbeeninformativeandhasfannedhopethatcaloric-restriction(CR)mimeticscanindeedbedevelopedeventually.ThebenefitsofcaloricThehuntforCRmimeticsgrewoutofadesiretobetterunderstandcaloricrestriction'smanyeffectsonthebody.Scientistsfirstrecognizedthevalueofthepracticemorethan60yearsago,whentheyfoundthatratsfedalow-caloriedietlivedlongeronee-feedingratsandalsohadareducedincidenceofconditionsincreasinglycommoninoldage.——Q32Whatismore,someofthetreatedanimalssurvivedlongerthantheoldest-livinganimalsinthecontrolgroup,whichmeansthat umlifespan(theoldestattainableage),notmerelythenormallifespan,increased.Variousinterventions,suchasinfection-fightingdrugs,canincreaseapopulation'saveragesurvivaltime,butonlyapproachesthatslowthebody'srateofagingwillincreasetheumlifespan.Theratfindingshavebeenreplicatedmanytimesandextendedtocreaturesrangingfromyeasttofruitflies,worms,fish,spiders,miceandhamsters.Untilfairlyrecently,thestudieswerelimitedtoshort-livedcreaturesgeneticallydistantfromhumans.Butcaloric-restrictionprojectsunderwayintwospeciesmorecloselyrelatedtohumans-rhesusandsquirrelmonkeys-havemadescientistsoptimisticthatCRmimeticscouldhelppeople.calorie:ameasureoftheenergyvalueofThemonkeyprojectsdemonstratethat,comparedwithcontrolanimalsthateatnormally,caloric-restrictedmonkeyshavelowerbodytemperaturesandlevelsofthepancreatichormoneinsulin,——Q37andtheyretainmoreyouthfullevelsofcertainhormonesthattendtofallwithage.Thecaloric-restrictedanimalsalsolookbetteronindicatorsofriskforage-relateddiseases.Forexample,theyhavelowerbloodpressureandtriglyceridelevels(signifyingadecreasedlikelihoodofheartdisease),andtheyhavemorenormalbloodglucoselevels(pointingtoareducedriskfordiabetes,whichismarkedbyunusuallyhighbloodglucoselevels).－－Q33、36Further,ithasrecentlybeenshownthatrhesusmonkeyskeptoncaloric-restricteddietsforanextendedtime(nearly15years)havelesschronicdisease.——Q34Theyandtheothermonkeysmustbefollowedstilllonger,however,toknowwhetherlow-calorieintakecanincreasebothaverageand lifespansinmonkeys.——Q35Unlikethemultitudeofelixirsbeingtoutedasthelatestanti-agingcure,CRmimeticswouldalterfundamentalprocessesthatunderlieaging.Weaimtodevelopcompoundsthatfoolcellsintoactivatingmaintenanceandrepair.Howaprototypecaloric-restrictionmimeticThebest-studiedcandidateforacaloric-restrictionmimetic,2DG(2-deoxy-D-glucose),worksbyinterferingwiththewaycellsprocessglucose.Ithasprovedtoxicatsomedosesinanimalsandsocannotbeusedinhumans.Butithasdemonstratedthatchemicalscanreplicatetheeffectsofcaloricrestriction;thetrickisfindingtherightCellsusetheglucosefromfoodtogenerateATP(adenosinetriphosphate),themoleculethatpowersmanyactivitiesinthebody.Bylimitingfoodintake,caloricrestrictionminimizestheamountofglucoseenteringcellsanddecreasesATPgeneration.——Q38When2DGisadministeredtoanimalsthateatnormally,glucosereachescellsinabundancebutthedrugpreventsmostofitfrombeingprocessedandthusreducesATPsynthesis.ResearchershaveproposedseveralexnationsforwhyinterruptionofglucoseprocessingandATPproductionmightretardaging.possibilityrelatestotheATP-makingmachinery'semissionofradicals,whicharethoughttocontributetoagingandtosuchage-relateddiseasesascancerbydamagingcells.——Q39Reducedoperationofthemachineryshouldlimittheirproductionandtherebyconstrainthedamage.Anotherhypothesissuggeststhatdecreasedprocessingofglucosecouldindicatetocellsthatfoodisscarce(evenifitisn't)andinducethemtoshiftintoananti-agingmodethatemphasizespreservationoftheorganismoversuch'luxuries'asgrowthandreproduction.——40Questions28-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassageInboxes28-32onyouranswersheet,YESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsoftheNOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsoftheNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutStudiesshowdrugsavailabletodaycandelaytheprocessofgrowing解析：題目中的drugsavailabletoday（現(xiàn)有的藥物）與原文中的treatmentonthemarkettoday（現(xiàn)今市場上有的治療方式，但是題目中說可以延緩衰老，但是原文中說no…provedtoslowhumanaging（沒有可以延緩衰老的方法原文表原文表 notreatmentonthemarkettodayhasbeenprovedtoslowhumanThereisscientificevidencethateatingfewercaloriesmayextendhuman解析：通 定位到首段最解析：通 定位到首段最后一句。其中，eatingfewercalories（減少卡里攝入）對caloricrestriction（限制卡路里，而increaselongevityinhumans（ ）對應extendhumanlife（延 Thosefindingssuggestthatcaloricrestrictioncoulddelayagingandincreaselongevityinhumans,too.那些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明控制卡路里可以延緩衰老并延長人那些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明控制卡路里可以延緩衰老并延長人 scientificevidence和findingsNotmanypeoplearelikelytofindacaloric-restricted解析：題目中說沒有很多人會覺得限制卡路里食譜解析：題目中說沒有很多人會覺得限制卡路里食譜 。這就對應了第22句，F(xiàn)ewmortalscouldsticktothatharsharegimen,especiallyforyearsonFewmortalscouldsticktothatharsharegimen,especiallyforyearson喜歡的才能堅持，既然不能堅持，肯定是因為不夠attractiveDiet-relatedd