太奇2013年管理 聯(lián)考輔保過班二期英語講義編講：第一部分：作文部分（一）小作文全信LettersofComLettersofLettersofLettersof推薦信Letters LettersofLettersofLettersofLettersofLettersofLettersofApplicationfor通知/Notice（二 列舉考研英語二2012考研英語(二)Supposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyouboughtfromanonlinestoretheotherday,WriteantothecustomerservicecentertomakeacomintdemandapromptDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,Use"zhangWei"2011考研英語(二)SupposeyourcousinLIMINGhasjustbeenadmittedtoauniversitywritehim/heragivehim/hersuggestionsonhowtogetpreparedforuniversitylifeyoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.DOnotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,Use“zhang2010考研英語(二YouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleaguetoExpressyourthanksforhis/herwarmehim/herto indueDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“ZhangWei”instead.Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)考研英語一2012年Part51.Someinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.Writetheman inthenameoftheStudents’Uniontoextend eprovidesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifeYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(102011年Part51.Writealettertoafriendofyoursmendoneofyourfavoritemoviesgivereasonsfor Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.User“LIMING”instead.Donotwritertheaddress.(10points)Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkYoushouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“postgraduateassociation”instead.2009年Part51.Restrictionsontheuseofsticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.“Whiteisstillgoingon.Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspapergiveyouropinionsbrieflymaketwoorthreeYoushouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.2008年Part51.YouhavejustcomebackfromCanadaandfoundamusicCDinyourluggagethatyouforgottoreturntoBob,yourlandlordthere.Writehimalettertomakeanapology,suggestaYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)2007年Part51.Writealettertoyouuniversitylibrary,makingsuggestionsforimprovingitsservice.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)YouwanttocontributetoProjectHopebyofferingfinancialaidtoachildinaremotearea,writealettertothedepartmentconcerned,askingthemtohelpfindacandidate.Youshouldspecifywhatkindofchildyouwanttohelpandhowyouwillcarryoutyoun.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)2005年PartTwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashions.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,linghimyourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMing”instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10（二）大作文全集05年-122012年PartWriteanessaybasedonthefollowingtable.InyourwritingyouDescribethetable,GiveyourYoushouldwriteatleast150words…….滿不清不滿41-502011年Writeashortessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,you（1）interpretthechartand（2）giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.WriteyouressayonANSWER2010年Part48.Directions：Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchartinyourwriting,youshouldInterpretthechartGiveyourYoushouldwriteatleast150WriteyouressayonANSWERSHEET2.(15SectionVDirections:Inthispart,youareaskedtowriteacompositionaccordingtotheinformationbelow.Youshouldwritemorethan150wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)Atpresent,thereisnodoubtthatshortmessageysanincreasinglyimportantroleinourlives.Weareallawarethat,likeeverythingelse,shortmessagehavebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Generallyspeaking,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.Firstofall,infestivals,wecansendshortmessagestowishgoodlucktootherpeopleweknow.Itbringsusalotofconvenience.Inaddition,shortmessageconnectsitsuserswiththeoutsideworld.Forexample,somepeoplesubscribeweatherforecastornewsshortmessages,withthem,people’slifewillbegreatlyButitispitythateverycoinhastwosides.Thedisadvantagesofshortmessagecan’tbeignored.Wespendtoomuchtimeonspellingourwordsandsendingshortmessagesthatwecan’tfocusonourstudies.Also,youwillalwaysbeannoyedbystrangers’shortmessagesoneafteranother.Asisknowntoall,shortmessageisneithergoodnorbaditself.Inmyopinion,wecanuseit.Butweshouldn’tspendtoomuchtimeonitanddon’tletitdisturbusfromourlives.2008年Directions:Inthispart,youareaskedtowriteacompositionaccordingtotheinformationbelow.Youshouldwritemorethan150wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)新考大學的大有人在。據(jù)，今年報名成人高考的考生中，有390名本科畢業(yè)生，15名生。2007年Directions:Inthispart,youareaskedtowriteacompositionaccordingtotheinformationbelow.Youshouldwritemorethan150wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.AccidentsinaCityaccidentsinPercentageriseorfall(-)over1.Driverstrainingleftwithoutdue2.Driversturningtooclosetoother3.pedestrianscrossingroads4.Driversdrivingundertheinfluenceof5.Driversfailingtogivea-Directions:Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingdiagram.Describethediagramandyzethepossiblecauses.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.2005年Directions:Inthispart,youareaskedtowriteacompositionaccordingtotheinformationbelow.Youshouldwritemorethan150wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.作為一名普通百姓，請你給有關部門寫，提出你關于“”的意見和建12

第二部分：閱讀部Passagehasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.Schooldistrictsacrossthecountry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonhiseducationalritual.Unfortunay,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblewhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses, maynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent’sacademicThisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorchaotichomesmighthaveincompletingtheir .Buttheisunclearandcontradictory.Certainly, shouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotdowithoutexpensiveequipment.Butifthedistrictisessentiallygivingapasstostudentswhodonotdotheir becauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgoingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchildren.Districtadministratorssaythat willstillbeapartofschooling:teachersareallowedtoassignasmuchofitastheywant.Butwith countingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheir andseeverylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.Somestudentsmightdowellonstatetestswithoutcompletingtheir ,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperformedwellonthetestsanddidtheir ?Itisquitepossiblethatthe helped.Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstudents,theimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule.Atthesametime,theaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabout.Ifthedistrictfindstobeunimportanttoitsstudents’academicachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethemcountforalmostnothing.Conversely,ifmatters,itshouldaccountforasignificantportionofthegrade.Meanwhile,thisdoesnothingtoensurethatthestudentsreceiveismeaningfulorappropriatetotheirageandthesubject,orthatteachersare’tassigningmorethanthey’rewillingtoreviewandcorrect.Therulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsibleforsettingeducational,looksintothematterandconductspublichearings.ItisnottoolateforL.A.Unifiedtodoright.Itisimpliedinparagraph1thatisreceivingmorecriticism [B]isnolongeraneducationalritual[C]isnotrequiredforadvancedcourses[D]isgainingmorepreferencesL.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleaboutmainlybecausepoorstudents[A]tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation[C]mayhaveproblemsfinishingtheir[D]havevoicedtheircomintsaboutAccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththeisthatitmay[A]discouragestudentsfrom [B]resultinstudents’indifferencetotheirreportcards[C]underminetheauthorityofstatetests[D]restrictteachers’powerinAsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunanswered is itshouldbeeliminated [B]itcountsmuchinschooling[C]itcesextraburdensonteachers [D]itisimportantforgradesAsuitabletitleforthistextcouldWrongInterpretationofanEducational edforPoorStudents[C]ThornyQuestionsaboutPassagePrettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememberbeingsoobsessedwiththecolour,yetitispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Itisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybad,butitissuchatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneway,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,Idespairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests.Girls’attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,itisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What’smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apasversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolizedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageanddifferencesbecameadominantchildren’smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears.Ihadnotrealizedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokids,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren’sbehavior:wrong.Turnsout,accordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularizedasamarketingtrickbyclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s.Tradepublicationscounseleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreatea“thirdstepstone”betweeninfantwearandolderkids’clothes.Itwasonlyafter“toddler”becameacommonshoppers’termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences–orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist.Bysaying“itis...therainbow”(Line3,Para.1),theauthormeanspink [A]shouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhood[B]shouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls’innocence[C]cannotexingirls’lackofimagination[D]cannotinfluencegirls’livesandinterestsAccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours?[A]coloursareencodedingirls’DNA[B]Blueusedtoberegardedasthecolourfor[C]Pinkusedtobeaneutralcolourinsymbolizinggenders[D]WhiteispreferredbybabiesTheauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevelopmentwasmuchinfluencedbythemarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren’snature[C]researchesintochildren’sbehavior[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvisedto[A]focusoninfantwearandolderkids’clothes[B]attachequalimportancetodifferentgenders[C]classifyconsumersintosmallergroups[D]createsomecommonshoppers’termsItcanbeconcludedthatgirls’attractiontopinkseemstofullyunderstoodbyclothingmainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen[D]wellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsPassageIn2010,afederaljudgeshookAmerica’sbiotechindustrytothecore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades—by2005some20%ofhumangeneswerepatented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganization(BIO),atradegroup,assuredmembersthatthatthiswasjusta“preliminarystep”inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholdpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman’sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad,a inUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatalizedmedicine,thecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotover.Criticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents’monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad’s.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.LastyearafederaltaskssuchasMyriad’s.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-urgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,arguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule“isnolessaproductofnature…thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealcourt’sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexample,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.Astheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.CompaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules—mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublic .Firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinct,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacy.Companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor“connectingthedots,”exinsHansSauer,alawyerfortheBIO.Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedsessionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.EachmeetingwasItcanbelearnedfromparagraph1thatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike[A].theirexecutivestobeactive[B].judgestoruleoutgenepatenting[C].genestobepatentable[D].theBIOtoissueaThosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat[A].genetictestsarenotreliable[C].patentsongenesdependmuchoninnovation[D].courtsshouldrestrictaccesstogenetictestsAccordingtoHansSauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor[A].establishingdiseasecorrelations[C].drawingpicturesofgenes[D].identifyinghumanDNABysaying“eachmeetingwaspacked”(line4,para.6)theauthormeansthat[A].theSupremeCourtwasauthoritative[B].theBIOwasapowerfulorganization[C].genepatentingwasagreatconcern[D].lawyerswerekeentoattendGenerallyspeaking,theauthor’sattitudetowardgenepatenting[A]. [C]. [D].PassageThegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiseraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybeginning.Beforeitends,itwilllikelychangethelifecourseandcharacterofagenerationofyoungadults.Andultimay,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourculture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforNoonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconomicdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways:they elessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallyprudent;theyweremoreawareofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapstherecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Attheveryleast,ithasawokenusfromournationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendtoaneraofrecklessalspending.Butforthemostpart,thesebenefitsseemthin,uncertain,andfaroff.InTheMoralConsequencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianBenjaminFriedmanarguesthatbothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnationordeclinehavealmostalwaysleftsocietymoremean-spiritedandlessinclusive,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsanddoms.Anti-immigrantsentimenttypicallyincreases,asdoesbetweenracesandclasses.einequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthisone.Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinclassdivides,anddecreaseopportunitiestocrossthem—especiallyforyoungpeople.TheresearchofTillVonWachter,theeconomistinColumbiaUniversity,suggeststhatnotallpeoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed:thosewithdegreesfromeliteuniversitiescatchupfairlyquicklytowheretheyotherwisewouldhavebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes;itisthemassesbeneaththemthatareleftIntheinternetage,itisparticularlyeasytoseetheresentmentthathasalwaysbeenhiddenwithinAmericansociety.Moredifficult,inthemoment,isdiscerningpreciselyhowtheseleantimesareaffectingsociety’scharacter.Inmanyrespects,theU.S.wasmoresociallytolerantenteringthisrecessionthanatanytimeinitshistory,andavarietyofnationalpollsonsocialsincethenhaveshownmixedresults.Wewillhavetowaitandseeexactlyhowthesehardtimeswillreshapeoursocialfabric.Buttheycertainlywillreshapeit,andallthemoresothelongertheyextend.Bysaying“tofindsilverlinings”(Line1,Para.2)theauthorsuggestthatthejoblesstryseeksubsidiesfromtheernment[B]explorereasonsfortheunemployment[C]makeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy[D]lookonthebrightsideoftherecessionAccordingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmadepeople[A]realizethenationaldream[B]struggleagainsteachother[C]challengetheirlifestyle[D]reconsidertheirlifestyleBenjaminFriedmanbelievethateconomicrecessionsmay[A]imposeaheavierburdenonimmigrants[B]bringoutmoreevilsofhumannature[C]Promotetheadvanceofrightsand sbetweenracesandclassesTheresearchofTillVonWachthersuggeststhatinrecessiongraduatesfromeliteuniversitiestendtolagbehindtheothersduetodecreasedopportunities[B]catchupquicklywithexperiencedemployees[C]seetheirlifechancesasdimmedastheothers’[D]recovermorequicklythantheothersTheauthorthinksthattheinfluenceofhardtimesonsociety PartDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEERT1.(10points)“Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhas plishedinthisworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,’’wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassinglirycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemrylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus—OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtues(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,thechampionedcunning,Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessofthe’salexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamualSwroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplores.“Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-help,ifpatientpurpose,resoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrity,issuingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacter,exhibit,”wroteS.“whatitisinthepowerofeachto plishforhimself.”HisbiographiesofJamesWalt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.Noteveryonewasconvincedbysuchbombast.“Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles,”wroteMaxandEngelsinTheCommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:“Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromthepast.’’Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewreaofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflost[A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassical41.[B]highlightedthepublicgloryofthe 42.Niccolo[C]focusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardto43.Samuel[D]openedupnewreaofunderstandingthegreatmen44.Thomas[E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandrecordof45.Marxand[F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessful[G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineersindustrialists11年RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000;ayearlatershebecameofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andtheshareprice,isfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirownTheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromone statementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”departure,theprobabilitythatthe willsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasesbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup,”leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveanearliertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongngoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimemayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.AccordingParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticized gainingexcessive [B]failingtofulfillher[C]refusingtomake [D]leavingtheboardintoughWelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedto generous [B]unbiased[C]shareprice AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto emore [B]reportincreased[C]dolesswellinthestock [D]performworseinItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutside maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthehaveoftenhadrecordsof ngsintheareaccustomedto workinthewilldeclineincentivesfromtheTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectors [D]Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspapers?Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutthedate.Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcorneroftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat12,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersare ingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation＆Development(OECD).In