第一單元TrueorFalse:Modernlinguisticsismainlydiachronic.TIneverydaycommunication,writingplaysagreaterrolethanspeechintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.FThefeaturesthatdefineouthumanlanguagescanbecalledDESIGNFEATUREs.TAccordingtoSaussure,therelationbetweenthesignifiedandthesignifierisarbitrary.THumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.weareallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguageandthedetailsofalanguagesystemaregeneticallytransmitted.TExplainthefollowingterms:linguistics:.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.langue：Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Itisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabideby.parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.Itistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.prescriptive：.Prescriptivereferstothesituationinwhichthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviourinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay.AnswertheFollowingquestions:Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?Themajorbranchesoflinguisticsare:phonetics:itstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication;phonology:itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication;morphology:itstudiesthewayinwhichlinguisticsymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords;syntax:itstudiestheruleswhichgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages;semantics:itstudiesmeaningconveyedbylanguage;pragmatics:itstudiesthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?How?Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways.Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Second,modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Traditionalgrammarians,ontheotherhand,tendedtoemphasize,maybeover-emphasize,theimportanceofthewrittenword,partlybecauseofitspermanence.Then,modemlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?Inmodemlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriorityoveradiachronicone.Becausepeoplebelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthistoricalperiodsaresuccessfullystudied,itwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.Whatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Explainthembriefly.Themainfeaturesofhumanlanguagearetermeddesignfeatures.Theyinclude:Arbitrariness.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Productivity.Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Duality.Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Displacement.Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Culturaltransmission.Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,e.,wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedWhatarethemajorfunctionsoflanguage?Threemainfunctionsareoftenrecognizedoflanguage:thedescriptivefunction,theexpressivefunction,andthesocialfunction.Thedescriptivefunctionisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.Theexpressivefunctionsuppliesinformationabouttheuser’sfeelings,preferences,prejudices,andvalues.Thesocialfunctionservestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.第二章語(yǔ)音學(xué)練習(xí)題FillintheBlanksorMultipleChoice:Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics,thelongestestablished,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isphonetics.articulatoryIntermsoftheplaceofarticulation,thefollowingsounds[t],[d],[s],[z],[n]sharethefeatureof.alveolarTheorgansofspeechcontainpharyngealcavity,andnasalcavity.oralInthecaseofpit,the[p]soundissaidtobeaspiratedwhileinthecaseofspitthe[p]soundis.unaspiratedTheconsonant[f]canbedescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures.a.voiceless,bilabial,stopb.voiceless,labiodental,fricativec.voiced,bilabial,stopd.voiced,labiodental,fricativebOfthefollowingsoundcombinations,only_ispermissibleaccordingtothesequentialrule.aa.kiblb.bkilc.ilkbd.ilbkWhichisthedescriptionoftheconsonant[b]?bVoicelessbilabialstopb.voicedbilabialstopc.voicelessalveolarfricatived.voicedalveolarfricativeWhichsegmentinthefollowingdoesnotshareoneormorephoneticfeatureswiththeothersegments?a[m]b.[l]c.[w]d.[s]Explainthefollowingterms:phonetics:Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.voicing:.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.broadtranscription:Broadtranscriptionreferstotheonewithletter-symbolsonly.narrowtranscription:Narrowtranscriptionreferstotheonewithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.diphthong:.Diphthongsarethesoundswhichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.Dothefollowings:Whatarethethreebranchesofphonetics?Describeeachofthembriefly..Thethreebranchesofphoneticsarearticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphonetics,andacousticphonetics.Articulatoryphoneticsstudiesthesoundsfromthespeaker’spointofviewwhileauditoryphoneticslooksatthesoundsfromthehearer’spointofviewandacousticphoneticsstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves.Howcanconsonantsbeclassified?.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.IntermsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:stops,fricatives,affricates,liquids,nasalsandglides.Intermsofplaceofarticulation,itcanbeclassifiedintofollowingtypes:bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,velarandglottal.WhatcriteriaareusedtoclassifytheEnglishvowels?Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,central,andbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.Tofurtherdistinguishmembersofeachgroup,weneedtoapplyanothercriterion,i.e.theopennessofthemouth.Accordingly,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,andopenvowels.Athirdcriterionthatisoftenusedintheclassificationofvowelsistheshapeofthelips.InEnglish,allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunfoundedvowels,i.e.,withoutroundingthelips,andallthebackvowels,withtheexceptionof[a:],arerounded.Itshouldbenotedthatsomefrontvowelscanbepronouncedwithroundedlips.Givethephoneticsymbolforeachofthefollowingsounddescription:1)voicedpalatalfricative2)voicelesslabiodentalfricative3)voicedalveolarstop4)front,close,short5)back,semi-open,long6)voiceless,bilabialstopTOC\o"1-5"\h\z[3]f][d][i][。:][p]Givethephoneticfeaturesofeachofthefollowingsounds:[d]2)[l]3)由]4)[w]5)[u]6)[叫(1)voicedalveolarstop(2)voicedalveolarliquid(3)voicelesspalatalaffricate(4)voicedbilabialglide(5)back,close,short,rounded(6)front,open,short,unrounded第二章音位學(xué)練習(xí)題III.FillintheBlanksorMultipleChoice:Fromthepointofview,theclear[l]andthedark[l]arefundamentallythesame,sincetheyhaveoneandthesamefunctionincommunication.phonologicalDeletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinal..nasa】consonantWhenpitch,stressandsoundlenghtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownas__.intonationClear[l]anddark[1]areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/l/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,plementaryPhonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalledrules.sequentialExplainthefollowingterms:phonemiccontrast:Aphonemiccontrastreferstothepairofphoneticallysimilarsoundswhicharetwodifferentphonemes.minimalpair：Aminimalpairreferstoapairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesound.sequentialrules:.Sequentialrulesrefertotherulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.phone：Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Phonesarethespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationsuprasegmentalfeatures：Suprasegmentalfeaturesrefertothephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Dothefollowings:Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Whilebotharerelatedtothestudyofsounds,,theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phonology,ontheotherhand,aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Howisphonedifferentfromaphoneme?Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Aphonemeisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.HowdothemajorsuprasegmentalfeaturesofEnglishfunctioninconveyingmeaning?.Themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonation,andtone.ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.Therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressandsentencestress.Tonesarepitchvariationswhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.Intonationplaysanimportantroleintheconveyanceofmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish.Whenspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordsmayhavedifferentmeanings.PleaseuseSequentialRulestoexplainthecombinationofthethreeconsonantsinthefollowingwords:spring[sprq],strict[strikt],square[skw￡°],scream[skri:m]..Accordingtothesequentialrules,ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules:Thefirstphonememustbe/s/Thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/l/or/k/Thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w/.PleaseuseAssimilationRuletoexplainthefollowingphenomenon:thenegativeformsofplausible,legal,regularareimpossible,illegalandirregular.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Thesoundassimilationisreflectedinthespelling,causingsuchphenomenon.第三章練習(xí)題I.MultipleChoice:Whichtwotermscanbestdescribethefollowingpairsofwords:table-tables;day+poundandderivationc.inflectionandderivationd.inflectionandinflectionBoundmorphemesdonotinclude.a.rootsb.prefixesc.suffixesd.wordsNouns,v