（一）在指南針發(fā)明以前，人們在茫茫大海上航行，只能靠太陽和星星的位置辨認(rèn)方向，如果遇上雨天，就會迷失方向。是中國人發(fā)明的指南針幫助人們解決這個難題。指南針是指示方向的儀器。早在戰(zhàn)國時期，中國人就發(fā)現(xiàn)了磁石指示南北的特性，并根據(jù)這種特性制成了指示方向的儀器——司南。到了宋代，人們制成了“羅盤”。指南針的發(fā)明，給航海事業(yè)帶來了劃時代的影響，世界航運史也由此翻開了新的一頁。Beforethecompasswasinvented,mostpeopleidentifiedthedirectionatsea,onlydependinguponthepositionofthesunandstars.Ifitwascloudyorrainy,peoplewouldlosethedirectioninthisway.Itwasthecompass,inventedbytheChinesepeople,thatsolvedthisproblem.Thecompassistheinstrumentusedforindicatingdirection.AsearlyastheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC),theChinesediscoveredthatamagnetcouldbeappliedtoindicatethesouthandnorth,andadirection-indicatinginstrumentsinanwasmadeonthebasisofthisfeature.IntheSongDynasty,peoplecreatedapropercompasscalledluopan.Theinventionofthecompasshadanepoch-makinginfluenceonnavigation,therebyopeningupanewerainthehistoryofinternationalnavigation.（二）曲藝是各種說唱藝術(shù)的總稱，是由古代民間的口頭文學(xué)和說唱藝術(shù)發(fā)展演變形成的。它的主要藝術(shù)手段是用帶有表演動作的說和唱來敘述故事、表達(dá)思想感想、反映社會生活。其中最為人們所喜聞樂見的曲藝形式是相聲。中國的相聲是以語言為主要表演手段的一種喜劇性曲藝藝術(shù)，它是在古代笑話和民間笑話的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的?，F(xiàn)代的相聲，是100多年前在北京和天津地區(qū)產(chǎn)生的。相聲說的內(nèi)容，大多數(shù)是我們生活中的事情。Folkartisageneraltermforallkindsoftalkingandsingingarts.Itderivedfromoralliterature,thetalkingandsingingperformancesofancientpeople.Itrefersprimarilytostorytellingaccentuatedbybodymovementstotellstories,expressfeelingsandreflectthesocialconditions.Themostpopulartypeoffolkartiscomicdialogue.TheChinesecomicdialogueisakindoffolkartwiththe“comic”dialogueasthemainformofperformance.Itevolvedonthebasisofancientfolkjokes.ComicdialogueoftodayoriginatedinBeijingandTianjinoveracenturyago.Mostofthecomicdialoguestoriescomefromdailylife.(三)中國畫是用毛筆、墨及顏料，在宣紙或絹上畫出的畫。中國畫與中醫(yī)、京劇一起，被譽為中國的“三大國粹”。中國畫按內(nèi)容分，主要有人物、山水畫、花鳥畫三大類。戰(zhàn)國時，中國已經(jīng)有了比較成熟的人物畫，唐朝時達(dá)到了頂峰。山水畫是表現(xiàn)山川美景的畫種?；B畫畫的是自然界中的花卉、鳥獸、魚蟲。中國畫是詩、書、畫、印相結(jié)合的藝術(shù)。因此，它不僅能美化人們的生活，而且能給人們帶來高雅的情趣和藝術(shù)享受。

TraditionChinesepaintingistheartofpaintingonapieceofXuanpaperorsilkwithaChinesebrushthatwassoakedwithblackinkorcoloredpigments.Itisregardedasoneofthe“threequintessenceofChineseculture”,theothertwobeingtraditionalChinesemedicineandBeijingOpera.Bysubject,traditionalChinesepaintingcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes:figurepainting,landscapepainting,andflowersandbirdspainting.FigurepaintingcameintomaturityasearlyastheWarringStatesPeriodandreacheditspeakduringtheTangDynasty.Landscapepainting,asdrawingofflowers,birds,animals,fishes,andinsects,etc.TraditionChinesepaintingnotonlybeautifiespeople’slifebutalsobringsdecoroussentimentandartisticenjoymentforpeople.(四)1969年在中國西部甘肅省武威的一座東漢古墓中，出土了一件珍貴的文物-銅奔馬。這匹青銅駿馬，渾身布滿了斑駁的銅綠。雖然銅奔馬只有34.5厘米高，但他強健飽滿的身軀，顯得十分雄渾矯健。那奔騰的駿蹄、飛揚的長尾、微微張開的口鼻，逼真地表現(xiàn)了駿馬疾馳的形象。更巧妙的是，它的右后蹄下踏著一只展翅疾飛的龍雀，形象地表現(xiàn)出駿馬奔騰的速度超過了飛鳥，展現(xiàn)了快馬飛奔蹄不沾土的雄姿，反映了古代人民對駿馬的喜愛。In1969,agallopinghorseinbronzewasunearthedinanEasternHanDynasty(206BC-220AD)tombinWuwei,GansuProvinceinwesternChina.The34.5cm-highbronzehorse,coveredwithspotsofverdigris,hasafullandrobustbody.Theprancingleg,flyingtail,slightlydilatednostrilsportrayagallopinghorse.Whatisingeniousaboutitisthatoneofitshindfeetissteppingonaflyingswallow.Thatmeansthegallopinghorseisfasterthanaflyingswallow.Thisalsoshowstheancientpeople’sloveforhorses.(六)在中國古典建筑中，門窗的裝飾設(shè)計是不可缺少的部分。古人認(rèn)為，門窗是天與地分開的一道屏障，當(dāng)這道屏障被打開時，天地之間的和諧就實現(xiàn)了。傳統(tǒng)門窗上精心設(shè)計、各式各樣的格子圖案對中國建筑裝飾有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。古代房屋體現(xiàn)了房屋主人的審美情趣、身份地位和財富。因此古人建筑房屋時都特別考究。有的花窗上薄薄一層的金箔至今仍然清晰可見。金箔顯示了主人昔日的尊貴。有的則刻有詩詞書畫，暗示主人是書香門第。

ThedecorationanddesignofdoorsandwindowswasafixtureinclassicalChinesearchitecture.DoorsandwindowsweresymboliccurtainsseparatingheavenandearthintraditionalChinesearchitecture.Openingthesecurtainscreatedanall-importantlyharmoniouslinkbetweenheavenandearth.Thelatticeworkofdiverseandelaboratedesignsthatcharacterizesthetraditionaldoorsandwindowshasexertedafar-reachinginfluenceonChinesearchitecturalornamentation.Inancienttimes,one’shouseusuallytoldmuchabouttheowner’sstatus,andwealth.Asaresult,whenapersonhadahousebuiltforhimorher,heorshepaidmuchattentiontoitsarchitecture.Insomewindowlatticeworkyoumaystillfindthinlyrics,orevencalligraphyandpaintings,whichimpliesthatliteraryfamiliesoncelivedinthehouses.(七)中國長城，世界奇跡之一，在1987年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)。長城就像一條巨龍，蜿蜒曲折，橫跨沙漠、草原、高山和高原，從東向西綿延6700公里。明長城是現(xiàn)存長城中保存最完整、最堅固的一段。借鑒其他朝代的經(jīng)驗，明長城的城墻上增設(shè)了更重要的軍事防御工事；在平坦地區(qū)的外城墻則挖壕溝，使敵人不易接近。眾所周知，長城是中國的瑰寶，它既是戰(zhàn)爭時期偉大防御系統(tǒng)的體現(xiàn)，也是建筑史上了不起的成就。

TheGreatWallofChina,oneofthegreatestwondersoftheworld,wasenlistedintheWorldHeritagebyUNESCOin1987.Justlikeagiganticdragon,theGreatWallwindsupanddownacrossdeserts,grasslands,mountainsandplateaus,stretchingapproximately6700kilometersfromeasttowestofChina.TheMingWallisthesolidestandmostcompleteonecomparedwithwallsinotherdynasties.TheMingDynastydrewtheexperiencefromthepreviousdynastieswhentheybuiltthewall.Moreimportantmilitaryfortificationswereaddedonthewall.Inflatareas,outsidethewall,widemoatsweredugtomakeapproachdifficult.Asweallknow,theGreatWallisthetreasureofChina.Itembodiesthegreatsystemsofdefensecreatedduringthetimeofthewars;moreoveritindicatesagreatachievementinthehistoryofarchitecture.(八)西方人很早就把中國和瓷器聯(lián)系在一起，這是因為制瓷技術(shù)是中國人發(fā)明的，瓷器是從陶瓷發(fā)展來的，如果從生產(chǎn)原始瓷器的商代算起，中國的瓷器大概有3000多年的歷史了。中國的制瓷技術(shù)從東漢以來發(fā)展很快，各個歷史時期都出現(xiàn)了別具特色的制作瓷器的名窯和瓷器新品種。中國瓷器不僅是精美的日用品，也是珍貴的藝術(shù)品。自漢唐以來，中國的瓷器就大量銷往國外，中國的制瓷技術(shù)是也逐漸傳遍世界各地。

WesternershavelinkedthecountryofChinawithporcelainsincealongtimeago,becausethetechniqueofmanufacturingporcelainwasoriginallyinventedinChina.Porcelainwasdevelopedonthebasisofpottery.IfcalculatedfromtheappearanceoftheprimitiveporcelainintheShangDynasty,ithasahistoryofabout3000years.ThetechniquesofmanufacturingporcelainhavedevelopedrapidlysincetheEasternHanDynasty.Famouskilnsproducingporcelainproductswithuniquefeaturesandnewpotteryandporcelainvarietiesconstantlycamefromforthinsubsequentdynasties.Chineseporcelainwaresarenotdailyhandynecessities,butalsopreciousartsandcrafts.FromtheHanandTangdynasties,Chineseporcelainwaresandtheirmanufacturingtechniquesgraduallyspreadallovertheworld.Today,Chinacontinuestocreatenewvarietiesofpreciousporcelain.

元宵節(jié)，也叫燈節(jié)，是中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，在農(nóng)歷的正月（thefirstlunarmonth）十五這一天慶祝。這個節(jié)日的到來標(biāo)志著春節(jié)的結(jié)束。按照中國的民俗傳統(tǒng)，在這天圓月高照的夜晚，人們要到街上點起彩燈萬盞，以示慶賀。中國人在這一天的活動還包括：賞月、燃放煙花、猜燈謎、吃元宵。元宵（或者說湯圓）是元宵節(jié)是一天必吃的食物，它口感粘糯，味道香甜，外觀渾圓，象征著一家人團(tuán)團(tuán)圓圓、幸福美滿。

Yuanxiao

jie,alsocalledtheLanternFestival,isatraditionalChinesefestival,whichiscelebratedonthe15thofthefirstlunarmonth.ThefestivalmarkstheendofthecelebrationsoftheChineseNewYear.AccordingtotheChinesefolktradition,peoplegoonstreetswithavarietyoflanternsunderthefullmoononthenightofthefestivaltocelebrateit.Chinesepeople’sactivitiesonthisdayalsoincludeenjoyingthemoon,settingofffireworks,guessinglanternriddles,andeatingYuanxiao.Yuanxiao(orTangyuan)isthespecialfoodfortheLanternFestival,whichtastessweetandsticky,andisroundinshape,symbolizingfamilyunity,completenessandhappiness.

端午節(jié)，又稱龍舟節(jié)（theDragonBoatFestival）,是中國古老的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，在農(nóng)歷的五月初五這天慶祝。幾千年來，全國各地都會舉行各種各樣的慶?；顒印Ｗ顟?yīng)景（pertinent）的就是吃粽子和賽龍舟，據(jù)說這是為了紀(jì)念偉大的古代詩人屈原。在有些地方，人們把雄黃酒（realgarwine）涂抹在小孩身上，希望這樣可以使孩子們不受邪靈（evilspirits）的傷害。許多人認(rèn)為五月是一年中容易引發(fā)疾病的季節(jié)，因此為了驅(qū)疾避兇，討個吉利，他們會在門口掛艾葉和菖蒲（moxaandcalamus）等。

TheDuanwuFestival,alsocalledtheDragonBoatFestival,isanancienttraditionalfestivalinChina,celebratedonthefifthdayofthefifthlunarcalendarmonth.Forthousandsofyears,variouscelebrationsareheldalloverthecountry.Eatingzong

zi

andracingdragonboatsarethemostpertientones,whicharesaidtobeinmemoryofQuYuan,agreatancientpoet.Insomeplaces,peoplespreadrealgarwineinthehopeofprotectingthemfromtheevilspirits.ManypeopleconsiderMayasanespeciallydangeroustimefordiseasesinayear,andthereforethehangmoxaandcalamusandthingslikethataroundthedoorstowardoffevilanddiseasesandprayforgoodluck.

中秋節(jié)-農(nóng)歷八月十五日-是中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。在這天，每個家庭都團(tuán)聚在一起，共同觀賞象征豐裕、和諧和幸福的圓月。此時，大人們吃著美味的月餅，品著熱騰騰的香茶，而孩子們則在一旁拉著兔子燈玩耍。中秋節(jié)起初可能是一個慶祝豐收的節(jié)日。后來，月宮里美麗的仙女嫦娥的神話故事賦予了它神話色彩。在中國，各地中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗可能會有所差異，各種各樣的形式都體現(xiàn)著人們對生活的無限熱愛和對美好未來的憧憬。

TheMid-AutumnFestival,whichiscelebratedonAugust15thdayofthelunarcalendar,isatraditionalChinesefestival.Itisadayforfamilymembersreuniteandenjoythefullmoontogether-asymbolofabundance,harmonyandluck.AdultswouldeatdeliciousmooncakesandsipagoodcupofsteaminghotChinesetea,whilechildrenplaywiththeirrabbitlanternsnearby.TheMid-AutumnFestivalprobablybeganasaharvest-celebratingfestival.ItwaslatergivenamythologicalflavourwithlegendofChang-E,thebeautifulfairyladyinthemoon.InChina,thecustomsoftheMid-AutumnFestivalindifferentplacesmayvary,butvariousformsofcelebrationallembodypeople’sinfiniteloveforlifeandvisionsofthebeautifulfuture.

中國的燈籠起源于西漢時期。每年的元宵節(jié)前后，人們都會掛起象征團(tuán)圓的的紅燈籠，來營造一種喜慶的氛圍。后來燈籠就成了中國人喜慶的象征。中國的燈籠綜合了繪畫藝術(shù)、剪紙、紙扎（paperbundling）、刺繡（prickseaming）等工藝。在中國古代制作的燈籠中，以宮燈和紗燈（gauzelantern）最為著名。如今，燈籠在居家裝飾中仍扮演著重要的角色，但是有些燈籠的原材料由原來的紙、竹子，變成布、塑膠、鐵線，而且燈籠的形狀和顏色與傳統(tǒng)也大不相同

ChineselanternhasoriginatedfromtheWesternHanDynasty.AroundtheyearlyLanternFestival,peoplehangredlanternsup,whichsymbolizereunion,tocreateafestivalatmosphere.LanternslaterbecomeajoyoussymbolforChinese.Chineselanternsynthesizestechniquesofpaintingart,papercutting,paperbundlingandprickseaming.PalacelanternandgauzelanternarethemostfamousamongthelanternmadeinancientChina.Nowadays,lanternsstillplayanimportantroleinhomedecoration,butthematerialofsomelanternshavechangedfrompaperandbambootocloth,plasticsandironwire,andtheirshapeandcolorhavebeenquitedifferentfromtraditionalones.剪紙

剪紙又叫刻紙、窗花或剪畫。剪紙在紙的發(fā)明之前就已流行，當(dāng)時人們運用金箔、絹帛、皮革等片狀材料，通過鏤空雕刻的技法制成工藝品。漢代(前206-公元220)，紙張的發(fā)明促使了剪紙的發(fā)展與普及。民間剪紙的題材多源于現(xiàn)實生活，充滿納福迎祥的主題，表達(dá)對美好生活的向往。Paper–CuttingPaper-cutting(otherwiseknownas

jianzhi)isalsocalledkezhi,chuanghuaor

jianhua.Paper-cuttingwaspopularevenbeforepaperwasinvented.Whentherewasnopaper.Peoplecarvedongoldleaf,silk,feathers,andsoon,withacarvingtechniqueknownashollow-cuttingtomakehandicrafts.IntheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD),theinventionofpaperpromotedthedevelopmentandpopularityofpaper-cutting.Thefolkthemesofthepaper-cuttingarerootedinreallife,filledwiththethemesofenjoyingalifeofeaseandcomfort,andexpressingthedesireforahappylife.四合院

四合院

四合院是從明代的北京延續(xù)下來的古典建筑風(fēng)格的住宅。四合院之間的狹窄的街道被稱為“胡同”。一個四合院有園林包圍著四個房子，有高高的圍墻保護(hù)。四合院與胡同都是人們常見到的，有超過700多年的歷史，但是由于現(xiàn)在的城市改造和中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，四合院慢慢地從北京消失。SiHeYuanisaclassicalarchitecturestyleofresidentialhous?ingofBeijingcitizensdatedfromtheMingDynasty.ThenarrowstreetsbetweentheSiHeYuanarecalled“Hutong，’s.AsingleimplementationofSiHeYuancomprisesofgardensurroundedbyfourhousesandprotectedbyhighwalls.SiHeYuanwithHutongwhichhavebeenveryfamiliartopeople，havingahistoryofmorethan700yearsnowsufferfromtheur?banrenovationandeconomicdevelopmentofChina,andtheyareslowlydisappearingfromBeijing.茶馬古道

茶馬古道(Tea-horseAncientRoad)兩邊，生活著20多個少數(shù)民族。不同的地方有著各自美麗而神奇的自然風(fēng)景和傳統(tǒng)文化，比如:大理，麗江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅魯藏布江大峽谷和布達(dá)拉宮(PotalaPalace)。古道的兩旁有廟宇、巖石壁畫、騷站(posthouse),古橋和木板路，還有少數(shù)民族舞蹈和民族服裝。時至今天，雖然這條古道的蹤跡都消失了，但它的文化和歷史價值仍然存在。AlongtheTea-horseAncientRoadlivedmorethan20minori?ties.Concentrationsofbeautifulandmysteriousnaturallandscapesandtraditionalculturesdevelopedinvarioussites，includingDalioldcity,Lijiangoldcity,Shangrila,Yarlung

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