新概念3英語語法Unit1

一般現(xiàn)在時

—————一、一般現(xiàn)在時的用法1.表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，存在的狀態(tài)或日常習(xí)慣。常與everyday,often,always.Sometimes等連用。IgotoBritianeveryyear.Iamateacher.2.表示主語的性格，能力特征ThestudentsoftheuniversitieslikeEnglishverymuch.Mydaughtersingsverywell.Mybrotherworksveryhard3.表示客觀事時或普遍真理ThesunrisesintheeastTwoandtwoisfour第三人稱單數(shù)的構(gòu)成1.一般在詞尾加s.Work-workslive-livesplay-plays2.以sh.ch.s.o.結(jié)尾加-esWash-washesteach-teachesdress-dresses3.以輻音自母加y結(jié)尾,變y為i加-es.Study-studiesfly-fliestry-tries一般現(xiàn)在時否定式1.在be動詞后加notArenot=aren’tisnot=isn’t2.主語+don’t+動詞原形。主語+doesn’t+動詞原形Billlikesparties.Billdoesn’tlikepartiesWestudyEnglishhardWedon’tstudyEnglishhard.一般現(xiàn)在時疑問式1.將be動詞提到句首。

HeisateacherTheyarestudentsIsheteacher?Aretheystudents?2.在句首加Does或DoTheystudyEnglish.----DotheystudyEnglish?HelivesinAustralia.DoesheliveinAustralia?。Unit2特殊疑問句

以what.who.whom.whose.which.whenwhere.why.how引導(dǎo)。除who外，一般加一般疑問句式.Whendoeshegotobed?Wheredoesshecomefrom?WhydoyoustudyEnglish?Howmanypeoplearethereinyoufamily名詞性物主代詞第一人稱：mineours第二人稱：yours

第三人稱：his,hers,its,theirs.P15exercises2.Thisispen.Thatis,too..3.3.Thisscarf.Thatistoo.4.Thisisnewspaper.Thatis,too.5.Thesearechildren.Thoseare,too.6.Thesearestudents.Thoseare.感嘆句１.How+形容詞＋主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（可省）。Howbeautifultheflowersare.２.

What+名詞單數(shù)。

Whatawonderfuldayitis.What+名詞復(fù)數(shù)

Whatlovelychildren.Whatexcitingnews.Unit3

名詞一.規(guī)則變化1.在名詞后+sbook-booksstudent-students2.以sh,ch,s,x結(jié)尾+esclass-classesinch-inchesbrush-brushes3.輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，變y為i+es.factory-factoriesfamily-familiesuniversity-universities部分以o結(jié)尾詞+es.

Hero-heroespotato—potatoes

tomato-tomatoesradio—radiosphoto—photospiano—pianos4.部分以f結(jié)尾，變f為v+eslife—livesknife—knivesleaf--leaves*roof—roofshandkerchief--handkerchiefs二。不規(guī)則變化

man—menwoman—womenmouse—micefoot—feettooth—teethchild—childrendeer—deersheep—sheepUnit4不定代詞1.some:用在肯定句中，修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。Thereissomecoffee.2.any:用于疑問句和否定句。Isthereanymilkinthebottle?Ihaven’tgotanybrothers.3.no:作定語，修飾可數(shù)不可數(shù)。Thereisnosugarinthebox.Some也用在下面疑問句中1.Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?2.Willyoulendmesomebooks?二、可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞。1.個體名詞：man,teacher,student2.集體名詞：class,team,army.*以上兩種名詞屬于可數(shù)名詞。3.物質(zhì)名詞：milkcottonair4.抽象名詞：lovehappinesslifeUnit5現(xiàn)在進行時1.用法：表示此時此刻正在進行的動作。TheyarewatchingTVinthelivingroom.Heislisteningtotheradio.IamreadingEnglish.2.構(gòu)成主語+be+現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成：1）、在動詞原形后+ing.watch-watchingtalk-talkingGo-goingtell-telling2).重讀閉音節(jié)，末尾只有一個輔音字母，雙寫這一字母+ingWin-winningsit-sittingswim-swimmingbegin-beginning3)以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾，去e+ing.give=-givingmove-movingHave-havingtake-taking現(xiàn)在進行時與一般現(xiàn)在時的區(qū)別一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，而現(xiàn)在進行時表示在此時此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。TheyalwaysgooutonSundays,butthisSundaytheyarestayingathome.有些動詞是不能用于現(xiàn)在進行時的：seehear,like,love.Prefer,hatewantneedmeanforgetknowseembelievetobegoingto+動詞原形表示主觀打算、看法或即將要發(fā)生的動作。Iamgoingtomakedinner.Thefootballmatchisgoingtostartateight.Itisgoingtorain.2.現(xiàn)在進行時表將來，常用動詞有：goleavecomestartdovisitHeisnotcoming.WhenareyougoingbacktoyoufactoryMaryisleavingforParis.WeareinvitingTomtoaparty.4.一般現(xiàn)在時表將來：表示已經(jīng)安、排計劃、或規(guī)定好的動作。Thetrainleavesatfiveo,clock.TheboysstartschoolonMonday.Whendoesthedelegationcomehere/Ourflightleavesateleventhirty.以上三種表示將來的用法比較Iamgoingtoleavenextweek.

（帶有主觀意向）Iamleavingnextweek.（已決定這樣做并已安排。）Ileavenextweek.（根據(jù)日程表的安排）Unit6一般將來時.用法：表示純屬客觀將來

2.構(gòu)成：will(shall)+動詞原形Youwillbefortyyearsoldnextyear.TomorrowwillbeSunday.注意；shallI……Willyou……表示征求對方意見Shallwehaveadrink?Willyoupassmethecup?Unit7一般過去時一、用法：表示過去某一時刻發(fā)生的動作二、構(gòu)成：主語+動詞過去式三、過去式的構(gòu)成（一）規(guī)則動詞

1.在動詞后+edwork-workedhelp—helpedstay-stayedcall-called

2.輔音字母+y結(jié)尾,變y為i+edstudy-studiedtry-tried3.重讀閉音節(jié)，末尾只有一個輔音字母雙寫這一輔音字母+edplan-plannedadmit-admitted4.以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾，+darrive-arrivedlive-lived倒裝句So+be/do/will/did+主語SheisFrench,andsoamI.Theywerelate,andsowerewe.HewenttoIndialastyear,andsodidshe.Wewillhaveatwo-weekholiday,sowillUnit8.形容詞比較級一、用法：兩者之間進行比較二、構(gòu)成：規(guī)則變化（一）單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)詞1，+ertall-tallergreat-greaterlong-longer

2.以e結(jié)尾只

+rFine-finerlate-laterbrave-braver.重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個輔音字母，雙寫這個輔音字母，再+er.big-biggerhot-hotterthin-thinner4.輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，變y為i+erHappy-happierbusy-busierlucky-luckier（二）、多音節(jié)和多數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，在詞前+more.famous---morefamousInteresting---moreinterestingdifficult---moredifficultexpensive---moreexpensive三、不規(guī)則變化good—betterbad—worselittle—lessmany—moreold—olderfar—farther---elder---further注意:older的意思是較老的,說明人的年紀(jì)或事物年代的久遠.elder的意思是較年長的.Thatismyelderbrother.HeistwoyearsolderthanI.Farther:較遠的Further:進一步的

TomjumpsfartherthanI.Haveyouanyfurthernewsfromthemeeting?比較級的一些其他用法1,The+比較級…..the+比較級表示越來越.Themore,thebetter.Thefasterwego,thesoonerwearrive2.比較級+and+比較級表示越來越Thebusranfasterandfaster..Theboyisgrowingtallerandtaller.比較級的修飾語:muchalotfaralittleabit.SheisabittallerthanI.TomdidthejobfarbetterthanMary.Thecropsaregrowingfarbetterthanlastyear.Unit9形容詞最高級的構(gòu)成與比較級是相似的tall-tallestbrave-bravestbig-biggestclever-cleveresthappy-happiestfamous-mostfamousinteresting-mostinteresting最高級的不規(guī)則變化

good-bestbad-worstLittle-lestmanymuch-mostLate-latest最高級的其它用法1.作表語時可以不加theCottonshirtsaregenerallycheapest.Thelightbythewindowisbest.2.amost表示非常常.It’samostdifficultquestion.Wespentasmosthappyevening.unit10現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成。主語+have(has)+過去分詞過去分詞的構(gòu)成：1.規(guī)則動詞（1）。在動詞后+edwork—workedlook—looked(2).以e結(jié)尾直接+darrive—arrivedlive—lived輻音字母+y結(jié)尾，變y為i+ed現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時區(qū)別一般過去時強調(diào)動作本身，包括時間地點。IsawMaryanhourago.Shelostherhandbagyesterday

現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響。IhavebeentotheGreatwall.Ihaveseenthefilm.Hehaslostherhey.Hehasgoneout.Unit11

被動語態(tài)一、定義：主語是謂語動詞的承受者Thegateislockedat6:00everynight.TheEnglishtestismarkedbyMr.West.二、構(gòu)成：be+過去分詞1，一般現(xiàn)在時：am,isare+過去分詞2，一般過去時:was,were+過去分詞3，現(xiàn)在進行時:am,isare+being+過去分詞4,現(xiàn)在完成時：have,has+been+過去分詞5，過去完成時:had+been+過去分詞6.一般將來時：will,shall+be+過去分詞

7，情態(tài)動詞:情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞三、用法1.當(dāng)不知道或不必提動作的執(zhí)行者時。ThecarsaremadeinJapan.2.Footballisplayedallovertheworld.PrintingwasintroducedintoEurope2.當(dāng)強調(diào)動作的承受者時Thousandsofriversarepollutedinthecountry.BillClintonwaselectedPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericain1993.四、帶有行為主體的被動結(jié)構(gòu)（by+行為主體）Thevillagewasdestroyedbyabomb.Theprintingisveryvaluable.ItwaspaintedbyVanGogh.Exercise:Changethefollowingsentencesintothepassive.1.Thestudentshaveinvitedustoadance.Wehavebeeninvitedtoadance.2.Afiremightkilltheanimals.Theanimalsmightbekilledbyafire.3.Thehotelisrebuildingtherestaurant.Therestaurantisbeingrebuilt.4.Thepolicebroughtthechildhome.Thechildwasbroughthome.5.Hiswifecallshimdarling.Heiscalleddarling.五、被動語態(tài)的補充用法。It+被動語態(tài)+that.常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有：Saythinkbelieveagreefeelknowreportprovesuggest.Itissaidthathecanspeaktheirlanguage.Itisreportedthatheisstillalive.Itisthoughtthataboutamilliondogsareborneachyear.Unit12將來進行時1、用法：表示將來某時正在進行的動作。2、構(gòu)成：willshall+be+V-ingWhenyouarriveattheairport,aguidewillbewaitingforyou.Hewillbewearingadarkgreenshirt.將來完成時1，用法：表示在將來某一時間之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。常與by+時間名詞連用.2.構(gòu)成：willshall+have+過去分詞Iwillhaveretiredbytheyear2019.WeshallhavefinishedtheworkbeforenextFriday.Youwillhavechangedyoumindbytomorrow.Unit13過去進行時一、構(gòu)成：waswere+過去分詞1.Hewasn’tthinkingaboutwhatwashappening.2.Whilewewerehavingbreakfast,Johnwastalkingonthephone.二、用法：1.表示過去某一時間進行的動作。Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayat7p.m?Itwasrainingalltheafternoon.2.表示一個動作發(fā)生時另一個動作正在進行。WhenIcamein,hewaswatchingTV.Unit14:過去將來時1.Wasweregoingto+動詞原形Itlookedlikethatthewasgoingtostay.TheyweregoingtoleaveforBritain.2.waswereaboutto+動詞原形IwasabouttoleaveforavisittoJapan.Hewasabouttoquithisjob.3.wasweredueto+動詞原形TheBA561wasduetoarrive.4.過去進行時表將來Iwasmeetingmysisteratthestation.5.waswereto+動詞原形Hewastowritehisbestworksthere.Unit15如何將直接引語變成

間接引語直接引語：直接引用別人所說的話。Hesaid:”IlikeEnglishverymuch”間接引語：間接轉(zhuǎn)述別人所說的話。HesaidhelikedEnglishverymuch.如何將直接引語變成間接引語？1.時態(tài)的變化現(xiàn)在變成過去一般現(xiàn)在變成一般過去.Hesaid:”Iamtired”Hesaidhewastired.現(xiàn)在進行變成過去進行.Shetoldme,’Wearemeetinghimatthepub.”Shetoldmetheyweremeetinghimatthepub.現(xiàn)在完成變成過去完成Shesaid;”Ihavewaitedforages.”Shesaidshehadwaitedforages.過去時變成過去完成或不變。

Shesaid:”Itookithomewithme.ShesaidshehadtakenithomewithhimTheteachersaid;”ColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.TheteachersaidColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.

將來時邊成過去將來時

Hesaid“IwillbeinParisonMonday.”HesaidhewouldbeinParisonMonday2.指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語的變化P623.直接引語為祁使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時常用：askedsb.todosth.toldsb.todosth.orderedsb.todosth.‘Remembertoturnthelights.,shesaid.Shetoldmetoturnoffthelights.4.直接引語為一般疑問句式+if/whether.將一般疑問句式變?yōu)檎Z序?！甀sitraining?”Heaskedifitwasraining.5.直接引語為特殊疑問句式，將特殊疑問句式變?yōu)檎Z序。Whydoyoucomesolate?HeaskedmewhyIcamesolate.Exercise:Changethefollowingintoindirectspeech.1.Whattimedoesthematchstart?2.Whereareyougoingtospendyourholiday?3.Whoisgoingtobuyyourbike?4.Areyouthirty?5.Willyoubecomingtotheparty6.Remembertoswitchoffallthelights.7.Iwilldoittomorrow.8.Ihavegotmanyfriends.9.Mysoncanswimverywell.10.Ihavebeenwaitingforages.Unit16:動詞不定式動詞不定式有兩種形式：帶to不定式不帶to不定式Hedecidednottodoit.Let’snotdecidenow.一.動詞不定式時態(tài)與語態(tài)主動語態(tài)

被動語態(tài)一般式

:tomaketobemade進行式

:tobemaking完成式:tohavemadehavebeenmadeIamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Noharmseemstohavebeenmade.Thisisadaynevertobeforgotten.不定式的用法1、不定式作目的狀語

Thecatsanddogssleeptogethertokeepwarm.HewenttoFrancetostudyFrench.2.不定式作結(jié)果狀語Hearrivedatthecinemaonlytofindthathehadseenthefilmbefore.Hewastooexcitedtosleep.3.不定式作賓語Iaskedtoseethemanager.Hewantstobeleftalone.4..不定式作賓語補足語

Thedoctoradvisedhimtotakeagoodrest.Iheardhimsinginthenextroom.Wefeltthehouseshake.IwillhaveyouknowthatIamaqualifiedengineer.注意不帶的to不定式feelsb.dosthseesb.dosthhearsb.dosthmakesb.dosthletsb.dosthhavesb.dosth5.疑問詞+不定式Whentostarthasn’tbeendecided.Idon’tknowwhat/which/whotochoose.Iwonderedhow/when/wheretogetintouchwithhim.Thedifficultyiswhattocallourdog.6.不定式作表語Yourmistakewastowritetheletter.Thishouseistolet.AllIdidwastopressthebuttonUnit17.名詞性從句名詞性從句即指：主語從句，賓語從句表語從句。名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞有兩類：從屬連詞thatwhetherif疑問詞who,whose,what,which,when,where,why,howItistruethat

sheisanactress.(主語從句)IknowthatPhillipsisagoodmake.(賓語從句)Myideaisthatweshouldstickourplan.(表語從句)WhatI’dreallylikeisaremotecontrol.(主語從句)主語從句Thatshehasachievedsuchfamesurprisedher.(主語從句)Whathedidisnotyetknown.(主語從句)Howshewrotethatbookisastoryinitself.(主語從句)Itissaidthathe’sgotmarried.(主語從句賓語從句Ibelievethatyoucangetagoodqualitystereo(賓語從句)Haveyouconsideredwhetherhehassigned

thecontract.(賓語從句)Doyouhaveanyideaofwhatyouarelookingfor?.(賓語從句)表語從句Thefactisthatwearebehindschedule.(表語從句)Thequestioniswhetherhassignedthecontract.(表語從句)Whatworriesmemostisthatmywifeisstillinhospital.(表語從句)Unit18狀語從句1、方式狀語從句：常由連詞：asifasasthoughinawayintheway引導(dǎo)。Thisfishisn’tcookedasIlikeit.Sheactsasif/asthoughsheownstheplace.Lillianwastremblingasif/asthoughhehadseenaghost.2.讓步狀語從句:常由連詞：althoughthoughevenifeventhoughnotthat引導(dǎo)Althoughyoufeelveryillrightnow,Thisisacommondisease.ThoughhehaslivedforyearsinLondon,hewritesinGerman.Eventhoughthedrugsaregood,itisdifficulttocureitwithdrugsalone3.結(jié)果狀語從句：常由連詞so…thatsuch…that引導(dǎo).Mr.Joneswassofrightenedabouthavinganoperationthatshecried.Heissuchamarvellousjokerthatyoucan’thelplaughing.4.目的狀語從句：常由連詞sothatinorderthat引導(dǎo).Shipscarrylifeboatssothatthecrewcanescapeiftheshipsinks.Wecarvedtheirnamesonthestonesothat/inorderthatfuturegenerationsmightknowwhattheyhaddone.IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytoyou.Iftherewerenoair,theskywouldbeblack.IfIwereyou,Iwouldplantsometreesroundthehouse.Ifwedidn’tgototheirpartynextweek,theywouldbeveryangry.Unit19虛擬語氣一、．虛擬語氣在英語中，說話人的意圖不同，動詞需用不同的形式；稱之為語氣。虛擬語氣是這些語氣中一種，用以表示主觀愿望和假想虛擬的情況。

1.帶if的虛擬條件句

(1).當(dāng)假設(shè)與現(xiàn)在的事實相反時，其結(jié)構(gòu)是：

If+過去式……主語+would+動詞原形翻譯下列句子1.如果我英語講的好，我就會去合資企業(yè)工作IfmyEnglishweregood,Iwouldgoandworkinanjointventure.2。你處在我的地位上，你會怎么辦?Whatwouldyoudoifyouwereinmyplace.3.要是不再下雨，我們就去跳舞了。Ifitwerenotraining,wewouldgodancing.4。要不是正忙著打掃屋子，我會去陪你聽音樂的。IfIwerenotbusycleaningthehouse,Iwouldgoandlistentothemusicwithyou.（2）當(dāng)假設(shè)與過去的事實相反時，其結(jié)構(gòu)是：

if+主語+had+過去分詞…..,主語+wouldhave+過去分詞.IfIhadknownthatyouwereill,Iwouldhavegonetoseeyou.IfIhadgonetothemeetinglastnight,Iwouldhaveseenher.（3）非真實條件句主句與從句有時不一致，這叫錯綜條件。

Ifyouhadstudiedhard,youwouldtakeiteasynow.Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavourable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.Wish常用虛擬語氣2。省略if虛擬條件句(1)在虛擬條件句中，如含有were,had,should,可把這些詞放到主語前面省略if。Wereyounothere,noneofuswouldcome.Shouldshecomehere,wewoulddiscusthematterwithher.Hadwehadenoughmoney,wewouldhaveboughtit.3.虛擬條件句的其他表示法1)。不用ifWithoutsolarradiation,animalsandplantswoulddie.Butforyourhelp,Iwouldhavebeendrowned.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldn’thaveachievedsomuch.2)Wish+動詞過去式，表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反IwishIhadacar.IwishIweretallerthanyou.wish+woulddo表示與將來事實相反

Theweatherisawfultoday,Iwishitwouldbewarmertomorrow.wishhaddone表示與過去事實相反

IwishIhadn’tspentsomuchmoney.3).在表示建議、命令、有求、愿望等動詞后面的主語從句、賓語從句中謂語一般用should+動詞原形，should可省略。要求這類從句常見的動詞有：demand,desire,insist,order,recommend,require,suggest.Thedoctorsuggestthathehavearest.Itissuggestedthattreesbeplantedaroundthehouse.Itisdesiredthatyoufinishthetestontime.Thegovernmentdemandsthatthepollutionprobleminthecitybesolvedwithinsixmonths.4)在itisnecessary,important,impossible,natural,strange后面的主語從句、賓語從句中，謂語一般用should+動詞原形，should可省略Itisabsolutelynecessarythatoneobeythelaw.Itisimportantthattheexperimentresultsbechecked.Itisnaturalthatachildloveitsmother.在asif,asthough引出的與事實不符的方式壯語從句中，從句中的謂語用過去時表示對現(xiàn)在情況的推測，用過去完成時表示對過去情況的推測。TheforeignexpertsspeaksChineseasifhewereaChinese.Shetoldthestoryasifithappenedtoher.5)在Itisabout(high)time+從句中表示早該做而未做的事，從句謂語形式用過去式。Itishightimethatwebegantostudy.ItisabouttimeIweregoing.Unit20動名詞．動名詞動名詞是非謂語動詞的一種。動名詞可以在句子中作：主語、賓語、表語、定語等。動名詞可以有時態(tài)：一般式和完成式。動名詞有語態(tài)：一般式的被動語態(tài)和完成式的被動態(tài)1.動名詞作主語Swimminghasitslaw.Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.動名作主語時有時使用形式主語itIt’snogoodlearningwithoutpractice.It’sworthwhilediscussingthequestions2.動名詞作表語.Ourdutyismakinginstruments.Myfavouritesummersportisswimming.3.動名詞作賓語.Theybeganstudyingcomputerlastweek.Haveyoufinishedrepairingthetaperecorder?Theygotexcitedonhearingthegoodnews.有些動詞常要求動名詞來作賓語，這些動詞有：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’thelp,mind,enjoy,require,delay,practice,consider,excuse,escape,miss,fancy,deny,及短語動詞等。有些動詞后兩者都可跟，但是意思有差別。這些動詞如下：remember,forget,regret,try,stop,want等。remembertodosth:記住去做某事

Pleaseremembertoposttheletterforme.rememberdoingsth記得做過某事Irememberedpostingtheleter.regrettodosth遺憾地做某事Weregrettoinformyouthatyouwon’tbeabletoattendtheclass.regretdoingsth.后悔做某事Iregrettedhavingdonesuchathing.stoptodosth停下來去做某事

Let’sstoptochatawhile.stopdoingsth停止做某事Stopsmoking,please.trytodosth努力去做某事Iwillworkhardandtrrtoimprove.trydoingsth試著做某事Let’strydoingtheworkthisway.在英語中有些動詞后要求跟不定式作賓語，這些動詞主要有：want,wish,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,promise,mean,pretend,intend,decide,attempt,learn,desire,agree,choose,determine,expect…等。動名詞作定語Thesepassagemaybeusedaslisteningmaterials.Ihaveahearingaid.Thereadingroomofthelibraryisalargesquarehall.動名詞有語態(tài)：一般式的被動語態(tài)和完成式的被動態(tài)Thematterisfarfrombeingsolved.Beforebeingusedtherecordershouldbetested.Afterhavingbeentreatedthewatercanbeusedforraisingfish.

動名詞的邏輯主語Pleaseexcusemyinterruptingyou.WeallthoughtXiaoWang’sgivinguphisjobagreatmistake.Unit21分詞分詞：一、分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，其區(qū)別是：

1?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行，過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成。

boilingwater開著的水

boiledwater開過的水

developingcountry發(fā)展中國家

developedcountry發(fā)達國家2，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動。

theexploitingpeople剝削人的人

theexploitedpeople被剝削的人二、句法作用1。做表語

Theyareinterestedinmusic.

Thenewsisexciting.2.做定語Thestoresellsusedbooksonly.Thefloatingneedleofacompassalwayspointsnorthandsouth.3.做狀語Workingintheplant,welearntalotfromtheworkers.Givenbetterinstructions,thewatermelonscouldhavegrownbigger.Notknowingheraddress,Ican’tvisitherpersonally.Whenheated,icewillbechangedintowater.Isatbythewindow,watchingTVandreadingbooks.4.做補足語，常見的動詞有find,gethavehearkeepmakeletseenoticeimagineA.做賓語補足語：Wesawhimgoingaway.Allofusheardsomebodysinginginthenextroom.Wekeptthemwaitingforalongtime.B.做主語補足語：Hewasseengoingaway.Somebodywasheardsinginginthenextroom.注意分詞完成時態(tài)：HavingtaughtEnglishfortenyears,sheknowsthegrammarverywell.Havingbeengivenawrongnumber,wecouldn’tcontacthimoverphone.5.分詞做獨立主格：分詞或分詞短語帶有自己的動作主體。Timepermitting,theywillstarttodoanewjob.Theexperimentfinished,weleftthelabandwenthome.分詞與不定式在句法案上的區(qū)別：1）作定語時的區(qū)別：主動態(tài)分詞作定語表示與謂語動作同時發(fā)生；而主動態(tài)的不定式表示在謂語動作之后發(fā)生。例如：

Thisisafactoryproducingcomputers.Afactorytoproducecomputersisbeingbuilt.被動態(tài)的分詞表示的動作在謂語動作之前完成；而被動態(tài)的不定式表示在謂語動作之后發(fā)生。例如：

Itisoneoftheproblemssolvedatthemeeting.Therearemanyproblemstobesolved作補足語時的區(qū)別：分詞和不定式作補足語都表示與謂語錄同時發(fā)生，但分詞強調(diào)“動作進行過程”；不定式強調(diào)“動作發(fā)生的事實”。試比較：現(xiàn)在分詞不定式

Isawherdoingtheexperiment.Isawherdotheexperiment.

我看見她在做實驗。我看見她在做實驗。

Shewasseendoingexperiment.Shewasseentodoexperiment.

人們看見她在做實驗。人們看見她在做實驗。

過去分詞則表示動作在謂語動作之前完成。例如：

Wefoundtheworkcompletelydone.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)工作全做好了。Theworkwasfoundcompletelydone.發(fā)現(xiàn)工作已完全做好了。Unit22定語從句。定語從句。一個用來修飾名詞或代詞的句子叫定語從句。例如：

Themanwhotoldyouthenewsisafriendofmine.

定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)的。關(guān)系代詞有：who,whom,whose,which,that.關(guān)系副詞有：when,where,why等。1.who代替人，在從句中做主語。Doyouknowthemanwhowrotethearticle?Whatwasthenameofthemanwhodancedwithyoulastnight?2.whom代替人，在從句中做賓語Thisistheboywhomwewerelookingfor.3.whose代替人，在從句中做定語Whatisthenameofthestudentwhosefatherworksinourlab?Thebuildingwhoseroofwecanseefromhereisourdepartment.4.whic