公室9月24日《關(guān)于經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦的事實(shí)與中方立關(guān)于經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦的事實(shí)與中方立TheFacts ’sPosition -USTrade（20189）InformationOfficeoftheStateThePeople’sRepublicSeptember一、經(jīng)貿(mào)合作互利共贏二、經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系的事實(shí)三、的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義行四、的貿(mào)易主義行Mutually-beneficialandwin-wincooperationbetween andtheUSintradeandeconomyClarificationsofthefactsabout -UStradeandeconomicThetradeprotectionistpracticesoftheUSThetradebullyismpracticesoftheUSDamageoftheimproperpracticesoftheUSadministrationtoglobal’s世界上最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，是世界上最大的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。經(jīng)istheworld’sbiggestdevelocountryandtheUnitedStatesisthebiggestdevelopedcountry.TradeandeconomicrelationsbetweenandtheUSareofgreatsignificanceforthetwocountriesaswellasforthestabilityanddevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.來(lái)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化快速發(fā)展過(guò)程中，兩國(guó)遵循雙邊協(xié)定和世界貿(mào)易組織等Sincetheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelations,bila ltradeandeconomictiesbetweenandtheUShavedevelopedsteadily.Aclosepartnershiphasbeenforgedunderwhichinterestsofthetwocountrieshave ecloserandwider.Bothcountrieshavebenefitedfromthispartnership,ashastherestoftheworld.Sincethebeginningofthenewcenturyinparticular,alongsiderapidprogressineconomicglobalization,andtheUShaveobservedbila ltreatiesandmultila lrulessuchastheWTOrules,andeconomicandtraderelationshavegrowndeeperandwider.Basedontheircomparativestrengthsandthechoicesofthemarket,thetwocountrieshavebuiltupamutuallybeneficialrelationshipfeaturingstructuralsynergyandconvergenceofinterests.ClosecooperationandeconomiccomplementaritybetweenandtheUShaveboostedeconomicgrowth,industrialupgradingandstructuraloptimizationinbothcountries,andatthesametimeenhancedtheefficiencyandeffectivenessofglobalvaluechains,reducedproductioncosts,offeredgreaterproductvariety,andgeneratedenormousbenefitforbusinessesandconsumersinboth相向而行的原則，先后建立了商貿(mào)聯(lián)委會(huì)、戰(zhàn)略經(jīng)濟(jì)、戰(zhàn)略與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話、全面經(jīng)濟(jì)等溝通協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，雙方為此付出了不懈努力，保障了經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系在近40年時(shí)間里克服各種，不斷向前發(fā)展，成為關(guān)系的壓艙andtheUSareatdifferentstagesofdevelopment.Theyhavedifferenteconomicsystems.Thereforesomeleveloftradefrictionisonlynatural.Thekeyhoweverliesinhowtoenhancemutualtrust,promotecooperation,andmanagedifferences.Inthespiritofequality,rationality,andmovingtomeeteachotherhalfway,thetwocountrieshavesetupanumberofcommunicationandcoordinationmechanismssuchastheJointCommissiononCommerceandTrade,theStrategicandEconomicDialogue,andtheComprehensiveEconomicDialogue.Eachhasmadetremendouseffortsto eallkindsofobstaclesandmoveeconomicandtraderelationsforward,whichhasservedastheballastandpropelleroftheoverallbilal2017年新一屆上任以來(lái)，在“優(yōu)先”的下，拋棄相互協(xié)商解決爭(zhēng)議的基本原則，以最大的耐心和誠(chéng)意回應(yīng)關(guān)切，以求同存異態(tài)度妥善處理，克服各種，同開(kāi)展多輪磋商，提出務(wù)實(shí)解決起來(lái)的經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系受到極大損害，也使多邊貿(mào)易體制和自由貿(mào)易原則遭遇嚴(yán)Sincetakingofficein2017,thenewadministrationoftheUSernmenthastrumpeted“AmericaFirst”.Ithasabandonedthefundamentalnormsofmutualrespectandequalconsultationthatguideinternationalrelations.Rather,ithasbrazenlypreachedunilalism,protectionismandeconomic,makingfalseaccusationsagainstmanycountriesandregions-particularly-intimidatingothercountriesthrougheconomicmeasuressuchasimposingtariffs,andattemptingtoimposeitsowninterestsonthroughextremepressure.hasrespondedfromtheofthecommoninterestsofbothpartiesaswellastheworldtradeorder.Itisobservingtheprincipleofresolvingdisputesthroughdialogueandconsultation,andansweringtheUSconcernswiththegreatestlevelofpatienceandgoodfaith.Thesidehasbeendealingwiththesedifferenceswithanattitudeofseekingcommongroundwhileshelvingdivergence.Ithas emanydifficultiesandmadeenormouseffortstostabilize-USeconomicandtraderelationsbyholdingroundsofdiscussionswiththeUSsideandproposingpracticalsolutions.HowevertheUSsidehasbeencontradictingitselfandconstantlychallenging.Asaresult,tradeandeconomicfrictionbetweenthetwosideshasescalatedquicklyoverashortperiodoftime,causingseriousdamagetotheeconomicandtraderelationswhichhavedevelopedovertheyearsthroughthecollectiveworkofthe ernmentsandthetwopeoples,posingagravethreattothe ltradingsystemandtheprincipleof為澄清經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系事實(shí)，闡明中國(guó)對(duì)經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦的政策立場(chǎng)，推動(dòng)問(wèn)Inordertoclarifythefactsabout-USeconomicandtraderelations,clarify’sstanceontradefrictionwiththeUS,andpursuereasonablesolutions,theernmentofispublishingthisWhite一 經(jīng)貿(mào)合作互利共Mutually-beneficialandwin-wincooperationbetweenandtheUSintradeandeconomy建交以來(lái)，雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系不斷發(fā)展，貿(mào)易和投資等合作取得豐碩成果，實(shí)現(xiàn)了優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)、互利共贏。中國(guó)從中受益匪淺，也從中獲得了廣泛、巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，了中國(guó)來(lái)的機(jī)遇和成果。事實(shí)證明，良好EconomicandtraderelationshavedevelopedsteadilysincetheestablishmentofdiplomatictiesbetweenandtheUS,withfruitfulresultsachievedintradeandinvestment.benefitsremarkablyfromthestrongsynergy,whiletheUSalsoreapsextensiveeconomicbenefitsfromtheopportunitiesandresultsgeneratedby’sgrowth.Itisself-evidentthatasound-USeconomicandtraderelationshipisveryimportantforbothcountries.Cooperationservestheinterestsofthetwosidesandcanonlyhurtboth.（一）雙方互為重要的貨物貿(mào)易伙andtheUSareimportantpartnersforeachotherintradein雙邊貨物貿(mào)易快速增長(zhǎng)。根據(jù)中國(guó)有關(guān)部門(mén)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，2017年雙邊貨物貿(mào)易額達(dá)5837億，是1979年建交時(shí)的233倍，是2001年中國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織時(shí)的7倍多。目前，第一大貨物出口市場(chǎng)和第六大進(jìn)口來(lái)源地，2017年中國(guó)對(duì)出口、從進(jìn)口分別國(guó)出口和進(jìn)口的19%和8%；增長(zhǎng)最快的出口市場(chǎng)和第一大進(jìn)口來(lái)源地，2017年美國(guó)對(duì)華出口占出口的8%。Two-waytradeingoodshasgrownrapidly.statisticsshowthattradeingoodsbetweenandtheUSin2017amountedtoUS$583.7billion,a233-foldincreasefrom1979whenthetwocountriesforgeddiplomaticties,aswellasaseven-foldincreasefrom2001whenjoinedtheWorldTradeOrganization.Currently,theUSis’sbiggestexportmarketandsixthbiggestsourceofimports.In2017,theUStook19%of’sexportsandprovided8%of’simports.isthefastestgrowingexportmarketforUSgoodsandthebiggestsourceofimportsoftheUnitedStates.In2017,8%ofUSexportswentto.2017年對(duì)華貨物出口1298.9億，較2001年的191.8億增577%，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于同期對(duì)全球112%的出口增幅（圖1）USexportstoaregrowingmuchfasterthanitsglobalaverage.SinceitsaccessiontotheWTO,has eanimportantmarketforUSexports,whichhavegrownrapidly.UNstatisticsindicatethatin2017USexportsofgoodstoamountedtoUS$129.89billion,a577%increasefromUS$19.18billionin2001,andfarhigherthanthe112%averagegrowthrateofoverallUSexports(Chart1).11UnitedNationsCommodityTradeStatistics圖表：圖1：對(duì)華貨物出口增速快于對(duì)全球出口增速（%）新Chart1:USExportstoGrowFasterthanitsGlobalExportTrade404030201717.2021.0614101011.912.19-4--1020--30USGlobalUSExportSource:2017年出口中57%的大豆、25%的波音飛機(jī)、20%的汽車、14%的集成isanimportmarketforUSgoodssuchasairnes,agriculturalproduce,autos,andintegratedcircuits.representstheNo.1exportmarketforUSairnesandsoybeans,andtheNo.2exportmarketforUSautos,ICproductsandcotton.In2017took57%ofUSsoybeanexports,25%ofaircraft,20%ofautos,14%ofICsand17%ofcotton.雙邊貿(mào)易互補(bǔ)性強(qiáng)。居于全球價(jià)值鏈的中高端，對(duì)華出口多為資本品和中間品，中國(guó)居于中，對(duì)美出口多為消費(fèi)品和最終產(chǎn)品，兩國(guó)發(fā)揮各自比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，雙邊貿(mào)易呈互補(bǔ)關(guān)系。7年中國(guó)向出口前三大類商品為電機(jī)電氣設(shè)備及其零附件、機(jī)械器具及零件、家具寢具燈具等，合計(jì)占比為%。中國(guó)從進(jìn)口前三大類商品為電機(jī)電氣設(shè)備及其零附件、機(jī)械器具及零件、車輛及其零附件，合計(jì)占比為8%。機(jī)電產(chǎn)品在雙邊貿(mào)易中占重要，產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易特征較為明顯（表）。中國(guó)對(duì)美出口的“高技術(shù)產(chǎn)-USbilaltradehasastrongcomplementarity.TheUSstandsatthemid-andhigh-endinglobalvaluechainsanditexportscapitalgoodsandintermediarygoodsto.Remainingatthemid-andlow-endinglobalvaluechains,mainlyexportsconsumergoodsandfinishedproductstotheUS.Thetwocountriesytotheircomparativestrengthsandthetwo-waytradeishighlycomplementary.In2017,thetopthreecategoriesofexportstotheUSwere:electricmachines/electricalproducts/equipmentandmechanicalapparatusandcomponents,whichaccountedfor53.5%ofitstotalexportstotheUS.ThetopthreecategoriesofproductsthatimportedfromtheUSwere：machinery/electricequipment/componentsandmechanicalapparatusandcomponents,autoandcomponentsandwhichaccountedfor31.8%oftotalimportfromtheUS.Machineryandelectronicproductstakealion’sshareoftwo-waytrade,andthereisanevidentcharacteristicofintra-industrytrade.(Table1)Formostofthehi-techproductsthatexportstotheUS,onlylabor-intensiveprocessingtakescein,involvinglarge-scaleimportofkeycomponentsandintermediaryproductsaswellasinternationaltransferof圖表：表1：2017年中國(guó)對(duì)主要進(jìn)、出口商品（HS2位碼）Table1:Major’simportsfromandexportstotheUS(HS2-ShareinfromtheUS(%)ShareintotheUS(%)Chapter85electricmotor,electricproducts,audio-Chapter85electricmotor,electricproducts,audio-visualvisualequipmentcomponentsandequipmentandandChapter84nuclearreactors,furnaces,mechanicalapparatusandcomponentsChapter84nuclearreactor,furnace,mechanicalapparatusandcomponentsChapter87autosandcomponentsandexcludingrailwayChapter94furniture,bedding,lampsandtrailerChapter12oilseeds,kernels,ntsforindustrialorpharmaceuticalpurposes,animalfeedChapter95toys,gameorsportarticlesandcomponentsandaccessoriesChapter88aircraft,spacecraftandcomponentsChapter61knitwear,crochetedapparelandChapter90optical,photographicandmedicaldevicesandcomponentsandChapter39sticsandsticarticlesChapter27mineralfuels,mineraloilandproducts,asphalt,etc.Chapter87autosandcomponentsandexcludingrailwayChapter39sticsandsticarticlesChapter62non-knitwear,non-crochetedapparelsandSource:（二）雙邊服務(wù)貿(mào)易快速增 ltradeinservicesisdevelo面統(tǒng)計(jì)，2007-2017年，服務(wù)貿(mào)易額由249.4億擴(kuò)大到750.5億美元，增長(zhǎng)了2倍。2017年，據(jù)中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)，第二大服務(wù)貿(mào)易TheUShasahighly-advancedandfully-fledgedserviceindustrywhichisverycompetitiveontheinternationalmarket. panyingthegrowthoftheeconomyandtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandardsisanobviousriseindemandforservicesandrapidgrowthinbilalservicestrade.AccordingtoUSstatistics,two-waytradeinservicesrosefromUS$24.94billionin2007toUS$75.05billionin2017.Accordingto ,theUSwas’ssecondbiggestservicestradepartner;accordingtoUSDOC,isthethirdbiggestmarketforUSservice計(jì)，2007-2017年，對(duì)華服務(wù)出口額由131.4億擴(kuò)大到576.3億美元，增長(zhǎng)了3.4倍，而同期對(duì)世界其他國(guó)家和地區(qū)的服務(wù)出口額增長(zhǎng)1.8倍，對(duì)華服務(wù)貿(mào)易年度順差擴(kuò)大30倍至402億（圖2）。TheUSisthebiggestsourceof’sdeficitinservicestradeandthisdeficithasbeenincreasingfast.USstatisticsshowthatUSserviceexportstogrew340%fromUS$13.14billionin2007toUS$57.63billionin2017whileitsserviceexportstoothercountriesandregionsinthesameperiodgrewby180%.TheUSsurpluswithinservicesmultipliedbyafactorof30toUS40.2billion.(Chart2)Atpresent,theUSrepresentsroughly20%of’stotaldeficitinservicestrade,thebiggestsourceofthisdeficit.’sdeficitwiththeUSisconcentratedinthreeareas,travel,transportandin lectualpropertyroyalties.圖表：圖2：服務(wù)貿(mào)易（單位：億）Chart2:USServicesImportsfromandExportsto(unit:US$100Source:BureauofEconomicysis,US中國(guó)對(duì)美旅行服務(wù)貿(mào)易逆差不斷擴(kuò)大。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，截至年，中國(guó)內(nèi)地到訪的游客數(shù)量已連續(xù)13年增長(zhǎng)，其中12年的增速都達(dá)到兩位數(shù)。中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，2017年中國(guó)游客赴美旅游、留學(xué)、就醫(yī)等旅行支出合計(jì)達(dá)510億，其中赴美游客約300萬(wàn)人次，在美旅游支出高達(dá)330億。在教育方面，學(xué)生留學(xué)第一大目的地，2017年中國(guó)在美留學(xué)生約42萬(wàn)人，為貢獻(xiàn)約180億收入。根據(jù)方面統(tǒng)計(jì)，中國(guó)對(duì)旅行服務(wù)貿(mào)易逆差從2006年的4.3億擴(kuò)大至2016年的262億50.8%’stradedeficitwiththeUSintourismcontinuestowiden.AccordingtotheDOC,by2016thenumberof visitorstotheUShadbeenincreasingfor13consecutiveyears,withdouble-digitgrowthin12ofthe13years.statisticssuggestthatin2017visitorsgoingtotheUSfortourism,education,andmedicaltreatmentspentatotalofUS$51billionintheUS.Amongthem,3millionweretourists,whospentasmuchasUS$33billionwhiletravelingintheUS.education,theUSisthelargestoverseasdestinationforstudents.In2017,therewerearound420,000studentsintheUS,contributingsomeUS$18billiontolocalrevenues.AccordingtoUSfigures,’stradedeficitwiththeUSintourismgrewfromUS$430millionin2006toUS$26.2billionin2016,registeringanaverageannualgrowthof50.8%. 引進(jìn)來(lái)源國(guó)，2012-2016年，中國(guó)自引進(jìn) 近2.8萬(wàn)項(xiàng)。中國(guó)對(duì)支付的知識(shí)使用費(fèi)從2011年的34.6億增加至2017年的72億，6年時(shí)間翻了一番（圖3）。其中2017年中國(guó)對(duì)美支付’spaymentsfortheuseofUSin lectualpropertycontinuestorise.statisticsindicatethattheUSisthelargestsourceof lectualpropertyimports.From2012to2016,importednearly28,000itemsofinlectualpropertyfromtheUS.’spaymentsforUSinlectualpropertydoubledinsixyearsfromUS$3.46billionin2011toUS$7.2billionin2017.(Chart3)Inbreakdown,’sinlectualpropertypaymentstotheUSaccountedforaquarterofitstotalinlectualpropertypaymentstoforeign圖表：圖3：中國(guó)對(duì)支付知識(shí)使用費(fèi)情況Chart3:’sPaymentfortheUseofUS lectual ,（三）互為重要的投資伙3.andtheUSareimportantinvestment重要來(lái)源地。根據(jù)中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)，截至2017年，累計(jì)在華設(shè)立外商投資企業(yè)約6.8萬(wàn)家，實(shí)際投資超過(guò)830億。中國(guó)企業(yè)資的發(fā)展，中國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)直接投資從2003年的0.65億增長(zhǎng)至2016年的169.8億。根據(jù)中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)，截至2017年，中國(guó)對(duì)美直接投資存量約670億。與此同時(shí)，中國(guó)還對(duì)進(jìn)行了大量金融投資。根據(jù)財(cái)政部統(tǒng)計(jì)，截至2018年5月底，中國(guó)持有國(guó)債1.18萬(wàn)億。TheUSisamajorsourceofforeigninvestmentfor.According,bytheendof2017,therewere y68,000US-enterprisesinwithoverUS$83billioninactualizedinvestment.WitharapidincreaseindirectinvestmentbyenterprisesintheUS,thelatterhas animportantdestinationforinvestment.As’soutboundinvestmentgrew,enterprises’directinvestmentintheUSrosefromUS$65millionin2003toUS$16.98billionin2016.Accordingto figures,bytheend2017,thestockofdirectinvestmentintheUSamountedtoapproximayUS$67billion.Meanwhile,hasalsomadeasignificantfinancialinvestmentintheUS.AccordingtotheUSTreasuryDepartment,heldUS$1.18trillionofUStreasurybillsbytheendofMay2018.（四）雙方均從經(jīng)貿(mào)合作中明顯獲4.andtheUShavebothbenefitedmarkedlyfromtradeandeconomicandtheUShavebothreapedenormousbenefitsandcreatedwin-winresultsfromtradeandeconomiccooperation.價(jià)值鏈，為中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)了可觀的外部市場(chǎng)。經(jīng)過(guò)開(kāi)放以來(lái)40年的發(fā)展，2017年中國(guó)貨物貿(mào)易總額4.1萬(wàn)億，居世界首位；服務(wù)貿(mào)易總額6956.8億，居世界第二位；吸引外商投資1363億，-UStradeandeconomiccooperationhaspromotedeconomicdevelopmentinandimprovedeconomicwellbeing.Againstthebackdropofeconomicglobalization,strengtheningtradeandinvestmentcooperationwithothercountries,includingtheUS,andopeningupmarketstoeachotherhashelpedenterprisesintegrateintotheglobalindustrialchainandvaluechain,andopenedupahugeexternalmarketforeconomicgrowth.Thankstoeconomicdevelopmentoverthepast40yearsofreformandopeningup,in2017becametheworld’slargesttraderingoods,withUS$4.1trillionoftotalmerchandiseimportsandexports.ItbecamethesecondlargesttraderinserviceswithUS$695.68billionworthoftotalservicesimportsandexports.AnditbecamethesecondlargestrecipientofFDI,withUS$136billionofinwardforeigninvestment.Americanfirmshaveyedanexemryroleinfortheirpeersintermsoftechnologicalinnovation,marketingmanagement,andinstitutionalinnovation.Theyhavepromotedmarketcompetition,improvedindustryefficiency,andmotivatedfirmstoimprovetheirtechnologyandmanagement.InimportingalargenumberofmechanicalandelectricalproductsandagriculturalproductsfromtheUS,hasmanagedtomakeupforitsownsupplydeficiencies,andsatisfythedemand—especiallyhigh-enddemand—invarioussectorsbyofferingconsumersadiversityofchoice.與此同時(shí)，獲得了投資、進(jìn)入等大量商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，對(duì)Atthesametime,theUShasgainedaccesstoawiderangeofbusinessopportunitiessuchascross-borderinvestmentandentryintothemarket,whichhaveyedabigpartindrivingeconomicgrowth,improvingconsumerwelfare,andupgradingtheeconomicstructureintheUS.員會(huì)和牛津聯(lián)合研究估算，2015年自華進(jìn)口提振了國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值0.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；對(duì)華出口和雙向投資為國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值貢獻(xiàn)了2160億，提升經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率1.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；來(lái)自中國(guó)物美價(jià)廉的商品降低了消費(fèi)者物價(jià)水平，如2015年降低其消費(fèi)物價(jià)水平1-1.5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。TradeandeconomiccooperationhassupportedUSeconomicgrowthloweredUSinflation.AjointestimatebytheUS-BusinessCouncilandOxfordEconomics2indicatedthatin2015importsfrom droveuptheUSgrossdomesticproductby0.8percentagepoints.Exportstoandtwo-wayinvestmentcontributedUS$216billiontoAmerica’sGDP,pushingUSeconomicgrowthrateupby1.2percentagepoints.Value-for-moneyproductsfromdrovedownpricesforAmericanconsumers,andin2015forexample,reducedtheconsumerpriceindexby1to1.5percentagepoints.AlowinflationenvironmenthascreatedmuchroomforexpansionarymacroeconomicpoliciesintheUS.為創(chuàng)造了大量就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。據(jù)美中貿(mào)易估算，2015年對(duì)華出口和雙向投資支持了國(guó)內(nèi)260萬(wàn)個(gè)就業(yè)崗位。其中，中國(guó)對(duì)美 BusinessCouncil&OxfordEconomics:Understandingthe TradeRelation,2017投資遍布46個(gè)州，為國(guó)內(nèi)創(chuàng)造就業(yè)崗位超過(guò)14萬(wàn)個(gè)，而且大部分為T(mén)radeandeconomiccooperationhascreatedalargenumberofjobsintheUS.AccordingtoaUS-BusinessCouncilestimate,in2015,USexportstoandUS-two-wayinvestmentsupported2.6millionjobsin investmentcovered46statesoftheUS,generatingfortheUSmorethan140,000jobs,mostofwhichareinmanufacturing.研究顯示，2015年，貿(mào)易平均每年為每個(gè)家庭節(jié)省850成本，相當(dāng)于家庭收入的1.5%TradeandeconomiccooperationhasbroughtrealbenefitstoAmericanconsumers.Bilaltradeprovidesconsumerswithabroadrangeofchoices,lowerstheirlivingcosts,andraisestherealpurchasingpoweroftheAmericanpeople,especiallythelow- ecohort.AccordingtotheUS-BusinessCouncil,in2015,tradewithsavedeveryAmericanfamilyUS$850ofexpenditureeachyear,whichisequivalentto1.5%oftheaveragehousehold eintheUS.4為企業(yè)創(chuàng)造了大量商機(jī)和利潤(rùn)。一個(gè)巨大而快速增長(zhǎng)的市場(chǎng)，國(guó)發(fā)布的《2017年度美各州對(duì)華出口報(bào)告》，2017年46個(gè)州的前五大貨物出口市場(chǎng)之一，2016年所有50個(gè)州的前五大服務(wù)出口市場(chǎng)之一；2017年每個(gè)農(nóng)民平均向中國(guó)出口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品1萬(wàn)以上。從投資來(lái)看，根據(jù)中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2015年企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)在華銷售收入 BusinessCouncil&OxfordEconomics:Understandingthe TradeRelation,2017 BusinessCouncil&OxfordEconomics,Understandingthe TradeRelation,20175170億，利潤(rùn)超過(guò)360億；2016年銷售收入約6068億，利潤(rùn)超過(guò)390億。三大汽車制造商2015年在華合資企業(yè)利潤(rùn)合計(jì)達(dá)74.4億。2017年美系乘用車在華銷量達(dá)到304萬(wàn)輛，國(guó)乘用車銷售總量的12.3%，僅通用汽車公司在華就有10家合資企業(yè)，在華產(chǎn)量占到其全球產(chǎn)量的40%。高通公司在華銷售和專利費(fèi)收入占其總營(yíng)收的57%，英特爾公司（包括地區(qū)）營(yíng)收占其總營(yíng)收的23.6%。201719.52017113家銀行在華設(shè)有分支機(jī)構(gòu)，10家美資機(jī)構(gòu)在華設(shè)有公司。高70%由美資投資銀行擔(dān)任主承銷商或主承銷商。共設(shè)立駐華代表處約120家。TradeandeconomiccooperationhascreatedalargenumberofbusinessopportunitiesandsignificantprofitsforAmericanbusinesses.Withbeingahugeandrapidlygrowingmarket,tradeandeconomiccooperationbetweenandtheUShascreatedhugebusinessopportunitiesforAmericanbusinesses.Fromthetrade,theUS-BusinessCouncil2017StateExportReportfoundthatin2017,wasoneofthetopfiveexportmarketsofgoodsfor46states.In2016wasoneofthetopfiveexportmarketsofservicesforall50states.OnaverageeveryUSfarmerexportedoverUS$10,000ofagriculturalproductstoin2017.Fromtheinvestment,accordingto ,in2015USfirmsinrealizedapproximayUS$517billionofsalesrevenueandoverUS$36billionofprofits;in2016,theirsalesreachedaboutUS$606.8billionandprofitsexceededUS$39billion.ForthetopthreeUSautomakers,theirjointventuresinmadeatotalprofitofUS$7.44billionin2017.Inthesameyear,atotalof3.04millionAmericanpassengervehiclesweresoldin,accountingfor12.3%ofpassengervehiclessold 5.GeneralMotorsalonehastenjointventures.Itsoutput accountedfor40%ofitsglobal efromchipsalesandpatentroyaltiesinaccountedfor57%ofitstotalrevenue.In ’srevenuesin(includingtheHongKongregion)accountedfor23.6%ofitstotalrevenue.7IntheFY2017,revenuesfromGreater for19.5%oftheAppleInc.total.8ByJanuary2017,13AmericanbankshadsubsidiariesorbranchesandtenAmericaninsurancecompanieshadinsurancefirmsin.GoldmanSachs,AmericanExpress,BankofAmerica,MetlifeandotherAmericanfinancialinstitutionshavereapedhandsomereturnsfromtheirstrategicinvestmentinfinancialinstitutions.AccordingtoSecuritiesRegulatoryCommission,Americaninvestmentbankswereleadunderwritersorco-leadunderwritersfor70%ofthefundsraisedbycompaniesintheiroverseasIPOsandrefinancing.9USlawfirmshavesetupabout120officesin 產(chǎn)，在全球市場(chǎng)銷售。根據(jù)高盛公司2018年的，如蘋(píng)果公司將生產(chǎn)與組裝全部移到，其生產(chǎn)成本將提高37%。從技術(shù)合作領(lǐng)域看，企業(yè) Associationof Manufacturers( 6GeneralMotors 8AppleInc. 9ResearchReport -USTradeandEconomicRelations,page Tradeandeconomiccooperationhaspromotedindustrialupgrading.Intheirtradeandeconomiccooperationwith,USmultinationalcompanieshavesharpenedtheirinternationalcompetitivenessbycombiningcompetitivefactorsofproductioninthetwocountries.Forexample,saredesignedintheUS,manufacturedandassembledin,andsoldintheworld.AccordingtoaGoldmanSachsreportin2018,shouldAppleInc.relocateallitsproductionandassemblytotheUS,itsproductcostwouldincreaseby37%.10Intechnologicalcooperation,UScompanieswhichhavesalesandinvestmentinenjoythebenefitsofcomputingandartificialin ligenceappliedin,sothatAmericanproductscanbetteradapttothechangingglobalmarket.11BymanufacturingforUScompanies,hasenabledtheUStoinvestmoremoneyandresourcesininnovationandmanagement,focusonhigh-endmanufacturingandmodernservices,andupgradeitsindustrywithmoreadded-valueandhightechnology.ThishasalsohelpedtheUSinconservingenergyandresourcesandmitigatingpressureinenvironmentalprotectionathome,makingtheUSmorecompetitiveintheworld.Ingeneral,-UStradeandeconomiccooperationisawin-winrelationshipandbynomeansazero-sumgame,bringingconcretebenefitstoUScompaniesandpeople.SomeAmericansclaimthattheUnitedStatesis“l(fā)osing”inthisrelationship,aclaimwhichdoesnotstanduptoscrutiny.二 經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系的事Clarificationsofthefactsabout-UStradeand10GoodmanSachs(),MadeinUS…..or ?25YearsSupplyChainInvestmentataCrossRoads,May2017. techisn’ttheenemy,AnjaManuel,TheAtlantic,Aug1,任通過(guò)發(fā)布《對(duì)華301報(bào)告》等方式，作出“經(jīng)濟(jì)侵化指責(zé)，嚴(yán)重歪曲了經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系的事實(shí)，無(wú)視中國(guó)開(kāi)放的巨大成績(jī)和中國(guó)人民為此付出的心血汗水，這既是和的不尊重，也是對(duì)Economiccooperationandtradebetweenthetwocountriesissohuge,substantiveandbroad-based,withsomanyyers,thatitisinevitableforsomedifferencesandfrictiontoemerge.Thetwocountriesneedtotakea,keepinmindtheirstrategicinterestsandtheinternationalorder,properlyhandletheirdifferencesbyseekingcommongroundwhileshelvingdifferences,andtakepracticalstepstoresolvetheirtensions.However,initsSection301reportandotherways,thecurrentUSadministrationstigmatizesbyaccusingitof“economicaggression”,“unfairtrade”,“IPRtheft”and“nationalcapitalism”.Thisisagrossdistortionofthefactsin-UStradeandeconomiccooperation.Itturnsablindeyetothehugeprogressin’sreformandopening-upaswellasthededicationandhardworkofthepeople.Thisisdisrespectfultotheernmentandpeopleaswellas patiblewiththerealinterestsoftheAmericanpeople.Itwillonlyaggravatedifferencesandtensions,whichintheendwilldamagethefundamentalinterestsofboth（一）不應(yīng)僅看貨物貿(mào)易差額片面評(píng)判經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系得Thegapintradeingoodsaloneisnotagoodindicatorof-UStradeandeconomiccooperation.生產(chǎn)總值之比已由2007年的11.3%降至2017年的1.3%。貨物貿(mào)易不平解決這一問(wèn)題需要雙方共同努力進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)性調(diào)整。無(wú)視影響經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系A(chǔ)nobjectiveunderstandingandassessmentof-UStradebalancecallsforcomprehensiveandin-depthstudy,ratherthanaglanceatthetradedeficitingoods.Itisnot’sintentiontohaveatradesurplus.Rather,theratioof’scurrentaccountsurplustoitsGDPhasdeclinedfrom11.3%in2007to1.3%in2017.imbalanceoftradeingoodsbetweenandtheUSismoreofanatural ofvoluntarychoicestheUShasmadeineconomicstructureandmarketinthelightofitscomparativestrengths.Toresolvethisissue,bothsidesneedtomakeconcertedeffortsinrestructuring.TheUnitedStatesturnsablindeyetovariousfactorsinitstradeandeconomiccooperationwith,singlesouttheimbalanceoftradeingoods,andblamesfortheimbalance,whichisunfairandunreasonable.經(jīng)貿(mào)往來(lái)獲益大致平衡。雙邊貨物貿(mào)易不平衡現(xiàn)象有一個(gè)歷史演變過(guò)程。在上世紀(jì)80年代至90年代初期一直處于順差地位，1992年之-UStradeandeconomiccooperationdeliversbalancedbenefitsinTheimbalanceoftradeingoodsbetweenthetwocountrieshasevolvedovertime.Fromthe1980stoearly1990s,theUSranasurplusinitstradewith;in1992begantorunsurplus,whichhastogrow.在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化深入發(fā)展、生產(chǎn)普遍存在的今天，雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系內(nèi)涵本國(guó)企業(yè)在對(duì)方國(guó)家分支機(jī)構(gòu)的本地銷售額三項(xiàng)因素，雙方經(jīng)貿(mào)往來(lái)獲益大致平衡，而且美方凈收益占優(yōu)（圖4）。根據(jù)中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2017年對(duì)華服務(wù)貿(mào)易順差為541億，在服務(wù)貿(mào)易方面占有顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)。根據(jù)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，2015年美資企業(yè)在華銷售額高達(dá)4814億，遠(yuǎn)高于中資企業(yè)在美256億的銷售額，占有4558億的優(yōu)勢(shì)，企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)優(yōu)勢(shì)更為突出。2018年6月德意志銀行發(fā)布的《估算國(guó)公司的全球經(jīng)營(yíng)對(duì)雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)交往的影響，實(shí)際上在雙邊貿(mào)易交往過(guò)企業(yè)子公司的貢獻(xiàn)等，2017年享有203億的凈利益。Intoday’sworldofgreaterglobalizationandwidespreadproduction,bila ltradeandeconomiccooperationalreadyextendbeyondtradeingoods.Tradeinservicesandsalesoflocalsubsidiariesinthehostcountry(localsalesintwo-wayinvestment)shouldalsobeincluded.Ifwegivefullconsiderationtothesethreefactors—tradeingoods,tradeinservicesandsalesoflocalsubsidiariesinthehostcountry,tradeandeconomiccooperationdeliversbalancedbenefitsingeneralforandtheUnitedStates,withthelatterreamorenetbenefits.(SeeChart4)Accordingto ,theUSranasurplusofUS$54.1billionintradeinservicesin2017,indicatingitsremarkablecompetitivestrengthinthisarea.AccordingtotheUSBureauofEconomicysis(BEA),thesalesofUScompaniesinreachedUS$481.4billionin2015,wayhigherthantheUS$25.6billionsalesofcompaniesintheUS,anadvantageofUS$455.8billion.UScompaniesenjoyanevenbiggeradvantageincross-borderoperations.InJune2018,DeutscheBankreleasedareportoncalculatingeconomicinterestsbetweentheUSanditsmajortradingpartners,arguingthat,fromtheofcommercialinterests,theUShasinfactgainedmorecommercialnetbenefitsthanfromtheirtwo-waytrade,giventheimpactofglobaloperationsbymultinationalcorporationsonbila tradeandeconomiccooperation.AccordingtoDeutscheBank,aftercontributionsfromsubsidiariesofthirdcountriesaretakenaway,theUSenjoyednetbenefitsofUS$20.3billionin2017.12圖表：圖4：經(jīng)貿(mào)往來(lái)獲益大致平衡（2009—2015年，單位：十億元）Chart4:-USTradeandEconomicCooperationDeliversBalancedBenefitsinGeneral(2009-2015,unit:US$1billion)12DeutscheBank,“CalculatingtheEconomicInterestsoftheUSanditsMajorTradingPartners”,JuneGapinTradeGapeGapininSource:BureauofEconomicysis(BEA),勢(shì)和國(guó)際分工格局決定的。雙邊貨物貿(mào)易差額長(zhǎng)期存在并不斷擴(kuò)大，是多Thegapin-UStradeingoodsisanatural eoftheUSeconomicstructure,andaresultofthetwocountries’comparativestrengthsandtheinternationaldivisionoflabor.Thepersistentandgrowinggapintradeingoodsbetweenthetwocountriesisaresultofanumberoffactors,ratherthan’sintent.征是低儲(chǔ)蓄、高消費(fèi)，儲(chǔ)蓄長(zhǎng)期低于投資，2018年第一季度，凈國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率僅為1.8%。為了平衡國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)，不得不通過(guò)貿(mào)易赤字形式大量利用外國(guó)儲(chǔ)蓄，這是貿(mào)易逆差形成并長(zhǎng)期存在的根本原因。自1971年以來(lái)，總體上處于貿(mào)易逆差狀態(tài)，2017年與102個(gè)國(guó)家存在貿(mào)易逆差。貿(mào)易逆First,itisanatural eofalowsavingsrateintheUS.Fromtheofnationalaccounts,thebalanceofacountry’scurrentaccountisdecidedbytherelationshipbetweensavingsandinvestment.TheUSeconomyischaracterizedbylowsavingsandhighconsumption.Savingshavebeenlowerthaninvestmentformanyyears.Inthefirstquarterof2018,theUSnetnationalsavingsratewasaslowas1.8%.Tobalanceitsdomesticeconomy,theUShastoattractalargeamountofforeignsavingsbytradedeficit.ThisisthefundamentalcauseoftheUStradedeficitovertheyears.TheUSbegantoruntradedeficitsinitsforeigntradein1971,andby2017itwasrunningtradedeficitswith102countries.TheUStradedeficitisanendogenous,structuralandsustainedeconomicphenomenon.ThecurrenttradedeficitoftheUSwiththerestoftheworldhasshiftedamongitstradingpartnersandresideswithforthetimebeing.第二，這是產(chǎn)業(yè)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)的客觀反映。從雙邊貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)看，中國(guó)與技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)域都是逆差。2017為164億，國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易逆差總額的33%；飛機(jī)貿(mào)易逆差為127.5億，國(guó)飛機(jī)貿(mào)易逆差總額的60%；汽車貿(mào)易逆差為117億。因此，貨物貿(mào)易不平衡是雙方發(fā)揮各自產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的情況下市場(chǎng)自主選擇Second,itisafairreflectionofthecomplementarityandcomparativestrengthsofandUSindustries.Intermsoftrademix,’stradesurpluswiththeUSmainlycomesfromlabor-intensiveproductsandmanufacturedgoods,anditstradedeficitwiththeUSliesincapital-andtechnology-intensiveproductssuchasaircraft,integratedcircuits,a