LanguageandcultureYesand3.15bringyourlaptoptoclass!!(Wewilllearnhowtosubmityour Hofstede’s4culturalGroupHowtoCompareyourtextbooks:whatdoyouWhatareyouhabitsinHowtoUse“questionsforthinking”toguideyourLearning yzemunicationduetodifferencesinlanguageatitsdifferentlevelsTohaveageneralunderstandingofSapir-WhorfhypothesisonlanguageandthoughtToexplore(together)howlanguageandthoughtrelatewithexamplesLevelsofLanguageandtheStudyof Phonology:Thesoundsof Morphology:Thestructureof Syntax:Thestructureof ysisof anyleveloflanguageXU.1)Similarwords(sounds)meandifferentthingsindifferentlanguages/dialectsA 2)Atwhatleveloflanguagedoesthemunicationhappen? 門口都有 叫TAXI......對方問whereyoufrom..... 以為我在搞笑,很郁悶的說sorry,wecannotdo 幫老外拔火罐,但是罐很容易掉，我的英語好，我解釋說youhavetoomuchfur.itishair,notfur,furisforanimal.我朋友剛來的時候不認(rèn)識什么人,所以在班上試圖交朋友,一日,覺得一白人哥們?nèi)送?于是想要人家 碼,日后做朋友,于是問:HOWMANYISYOUPHONENUMBER?白人說:TEN.( Hi,doyouknowwhereis 愣了半天,I...don’t lmewhenyouknowmunication Thinkofonemunicationyouhadbeforeduetolanguage.Whydoyouthinktherewasamunication?(e.g.flesh/meat;Sapir-WhorfAccordingtoSapirandWhorfWhatisWhatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought?Canwethinkwithoutlanguage?Thisspot,hereisthisweek.Wherewouldyouputlastweek上周?Andwherewouldyouputnextweek下周?WhatarethespatialwordsweusetoindicateHowdoyoudescribelocations?(left,right;Giving“Afterthetrafficlights,takethefirstleft,thenthesecondright,andthenyou’llseeawhitehouseinfrontofyou.Ourdoorisontheright.”Egocentricdirections“Afterthetrafficlights,drivenorth,andthenonthesecondcrossingdriveeast,andyou’llseeawhitehousedirectlytotheeast.Oursisthesoutherndoor.”Geographic/cardinaldirectionsOrientationtoGuuguYimithirr:aremoteAustralianaboriginaltongue,fromnorthOnlycardinaldirections:Doesnotusewordslike“l(fā)eft”or“right,”“infrontof”or“behind,”todescribethepositionofobjects.Moveoveronthecarseattomakeroom:“moveabittotheeast.”Tolyouwhereexactlytheyleftsomethinginyourhouse:“Ileftitonthesouthernedgeofthewesterntable.”O(jiān)rtheywouldwarnyouto“l(fā)ookoutforthatbigantjustnorthofyourfoot.”“IhadlunchwithaneighborFemaleorvoisinorvoisine?(French) Inthe1990s,GermanandSpanish;inanimatenounswhosegendersinthetwolanguagesarereversed.AGermanbridgeisfeminine(dieBrücke),elpuenteismasculineinSpanish;andthesamegoesforclocks,apartments,forks,newspapers,pockets,shoulders,stamps,tickets,violins,thesun,theworldandlove.AnappleismasculineforGermansbutfeminineinSpanish,andsoarechairs,brooms,butterflies,keys,mountains,stars,tables,wars,rainandgarbage.Whenspeakerswereaskedtogradevariousobjectsonarangeofcharacteristics,Spanishspeakersdeemedbridges,clocksandviolinstohavemore“manlyproperties”likestrength,butGermanstendedtothinkofthemasmoreslenderorelegant.Withobjectslikemountainsorchairs,whichare“he”inGermanbut“she”inSpanish,theeffectwasreversedWhichoneisthemostdifferentfromtheotherColornamesandKinshipKinshipKinshipThebackgroundSapir:nWhorf:ScientificMoreexamples（experimental“Englishpredominantlytalksabouttimeasifitwerehorizontal,whileMandarinalsocommonlydescribestimeasvertical.Thisdifferencebetweenthetwolanguagesisreflectedinthewaytheirspeakersthinkabouttime.”(LeraBoroditsky,2001)Lastmonth,nextLookforward,throwMetaphorsoflanguage:whatislanguagetoyou?(“Icanthinkwithout(“Theinstrumentmakespossibletheproduct,theproductrefinestheinstrument.”)(“Theword,asweknow,isnotonlyakey;itmayalsobeafetter.”)SAPIR,“Weseeandhearandotherwiseexperienceverylargelyaswedobecausethelanguagehabitsofourcommunitypredisposecertainchoicesofinterpretation.Whorf’slinguisticrelativityprinciple,1952“Usersofmarkedlydifferent rsarepointedbytheirgr rstodifferenttypesofobservation,andarehencenotequivalentasobserversbutmustarriveatsomewhatdifferentviewsoftheworld.”Sapirand“l(fā)anguageprovidesspeakershabitualmodesofyzingexperienceintosignificant“Thephenomenaofalanguagearetoitsownspeakerslargelyofabackgroundcharacterandsoareoutsidethecriticalconsciousnessandcontrolofthespeaker.”Simplyput,SWhypothesisDifferentwords,differentworlds(linguisticrelativity)Languagedeterminesthought;Thoughtcannotexistwithoutlanguage(linguisticdeterminism)ythe onSapir-WhorfhypothesisGroupDoyoubelievethatthelanguageweuseshapesourthought,orourworldviews?Whyorwhynot?Canyouthinkofexamplesfromyourlanguage/otherlanguagestosupportyourCriticismonS-P"Contrarytopopularbelief,theEskimosdonothavemorewordsforsnowthandospeakersofEnglish.Theydonothavefourhundredwordsforsnow,asithasbeenclaimedinprint,ortwohundred,orone English:snow,sleet,slush,blizzard,avalanche,hail,hardpack,powder,flurry,dusting.OtherIfitistrue,howcaninterculturalcommunicationpossible?HowdidSapirwhospokeEnglishunderstandHopilanguage?Howcanpeopleofdifferentlanguagescommunicate/work/livewitheachother?Howistranslationpossible?Iflanguageshapesourthought,howdobilingualspeakersseetheworld?Dotheyseetwodifferentworlds?Dotheworldsoverlap?HowdotheybalancethesetwoICISSTILLPOSSIBLE“Nocultureiswhollyisolated,self-contained,andunique.Thereareimportantresemblancesbetweenallknowncultures-resemblancesthatsteminpartfromdiffusion(itselfanevidenceofsuccessfulIC)andinpartfromthefactthatallculturesarebuiltaroundbiological,psychological,andsocialcharacteristicscommontoperceptualandotherfacultiesoftheirspeakersvis-à-visexperienceastheyinfluenceanddirectthesefacultiesintoprescribedchannels.”AmyW