第18講閱讀理解之說(shuō)明文1．了解說(shuō)明文的解題方法與技巧。2．進(jìn)行說(shuō)明文真題訓(xùn)練。閱讀理解說(shuō)明文，是對(duì)事物或事理進(jìn)行客觀說(shuō)明的一種文體，它以說(shuō)明為主要表達(dá)方式，通過(guò)解說(shuō)事物或闡明事例，達(dá)到教人以知識(shí)的目的。在結(jié)構(gòu)上往往采用總分、遞進(jìn)等方式按一定的順序（如時(shí)間、空間、從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)）進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。最近五年，說(shuō)明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問(wèn)題；高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問(wèn)題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設(shè)置采用漸進(jìn)式，即由簡(jiǎn)到難的方式，因此說(shuō)明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對(duì)比較難的，通常后置。說(shuō)明文是對(duì)事物或事理進(jìn)行客觀說(shuō)明的一種文體，在新高考卷的閱讀理解中每年都涉及到說(shuō)明文的考查，是必考問(wèn)題之一。從命題形式上來(lái)看，說(shuō)明文閱讀?？贾髦即笠忸}和猜義題。說(shuō)明文一般層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，邏輯關(guān)系清晰。因此考生在備考時(shí)要多加關(guān)注，勤加練習(xí)。說(shuō)明文的選材都是各專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的前沿問(wèn)題，尤以科技類(lèi)說(shuō)明文居多。說(shuō)明文的詞匯和句式的運(yùn)用比其他體裁文章而言，難度更大。詞匯運(yùn)用靈活，同一個(gè)詞的不同詞性用法交替出現(xiàn)。未列入考綱的生詞較多，專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)也多，且對(duì)考生而言比較陌生。文章中的長(zhǎng)難句比較多。這些都導(dǎo)致考生在閱讀時(shí)難度很大。解題技巧高考閱讀理解題的設(shè)問(wèn)主要圍繞以下四方面：細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、猜測(cè)詞義題。其中，說(shuō)明文主要以細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)、主旨大意和猜測(cè)詞義三方面問(wèn)題為主。一、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題屬于細(xì)節(jié)類(lèi)型的閱讀理解題一般只針對(duì)某個(gè)特定的細(xì)節(jié)，題型可以多種多樣。此類(lèi)題型一般分兩種。第一種是直接理解題，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二種是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題，正確選項(xiàng)是原文有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換。做此類(lèi)試題一定要抓住事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、發(fā)展過(guò)程和結(jié)局等環(huán)節(jié)，所選答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生義。這類(lèi)題型的主要提問(wèn)方式常為：①Whichofthefollowingistrue/NOTtrueinthepassage?②WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTdiscussed/mentionedinthepassage?③Whichistherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?④AllthefollowingstatementsareNOTtrueexcept

.細(xì)節(jié)題的破解一般采用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對(duì)性，提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率，節(jié)省了寶貴的時(shí)間。尋讀法還特別適用于對(duì)圖形表格類(lèi)題材的理解。做此類(lèi)型的題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)中有許多功能詞，如：表因果關(guān)系的because,since,as等；表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but,however,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand等等。二、詞義猜測(cè)類(lèi)題型在高考閱讀題中，考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個(gè)：一是被已認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導(dǎo)；二是被完全不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的意思所阻礙，從而出現(xiàn)理解偏差或理解困難，影響閱讀的速度。其實(shí)解決這兩個(gè)困難的一個(gè)重要法寶是考生在心目中樹(shù)立起上下文觀念，要學(xué)會(huì)"順藤摸瓜"，通過(guò)構(gòu)詞，語(yǔ)法，定義，同位，對(duì)比，因果，常識(shí)，上下文等線索確定詞義。在閱讀解題時(shí)要注意從以下七個(gè)方面著手：1）根據(jù)定義或解釋、說(shuō)明猜測(cè)生詞的詞義在be，becalled，call等判斷詞出現(xiàn)的判斷句中，或定語(yǔ)從句及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，可以根據(jù)已知部分，猜測(cè)生詞的含義。例如：Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.通過(guò)理解定語(yǔ)從句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。2）根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)生詞的詞義在but，however，yet，otherwise，though這些表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞出現(xiàn)的句子中，其前后的詞有明顯對(duì)比關(guān)系，根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容，通過(guò)這種對(duì)比關(guān)系，就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。例如：ThoughTom’sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.和clean意思相對(duì)的便是“骯臟的”了，因此可猜出句中g(shù)rubby的意思是“骯臟的”。3）通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義because,since與as是連接原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞，so是連接表示結(jié)果的狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞，so...that與such...that中的that是連接結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的。當(dāng)這些信息詞出現(xiàn)在有生詞的句子中，通過(guò)因果關(guān)系，依據(jù)已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。例如：Shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastoolong.根據(jù)because從句所講的意思，我們就可推測(cè)trim就是“修剪”之意。根據(jù)生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力，自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識(shí)。再聯(lián)系上下文能讀懂的部分，可以正確猜出詞義。例如：Mostoftherosesarebeginningtowitherbecauseofthecold.根據(jù)句子意思及生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)，wither表示“枯萎”。5）根據(jù)同等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義同等關(guān)系，指的是一個(gè)詞，一組詞或短語(yǔ)在句中作同一成分，而且它們的詞義都屬于同一范疇。明顯的標(biāo)志是，這樣的詞組或短語(yǔ)中間常常用并列連詞and或or來(lái)連接。例如：Atforty-twohewasinhisprimeandalwaysfullofenergy.從“年齡42歲”以及與prime具有同等關(guān)系的fullofenergy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年時(shí)期”。6）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義根據(jù)學(xué)過(guò)的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，知道詞根和前綴或后綴的意義，就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。三、主旨大意類(lèi)題型主旨大意類(lèi)題型主要測(cè)試學(xué)生對(duì)文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問(wèn)的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：（一）閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題是一篇文章的題眼，通過(guò)閱讀標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）尋找文章的主題句分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除仔細(xì)閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細(xì)閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時(shí)也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來(lái)說(shuō)明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時(shí)，要求學(xué)生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學(xué)生綜觀全文，對(duì)段落的內(nèi)容要融會(huì)貫通，對(duì)文章透徹理解后歸納總結(jié)。主題句的特點(diǎn)是：1.相對(duì)于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來(lái)解釋,支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的。（2023春·江蘇宿遷·高二統(tǒng)考期中）ErinAlexander’ssister-in-lawrecentlydied,andshewashavingahardday.Abarista(咖啡師)wassadtoobecausehismachinehadbrokendown.Erinorderedanicedgreentea,andtoldhimtocheerup.Afterpickingupherorder,shenoticedamessageonthecup:“Erin,yoursoulisgolden”,thebaristahadalsoscrawled(畫(huà))aheartnexttoit.“I’mevennotsurewhat‘yoursoulisgolden’means,”saidErin,wholaughedandcriedwhilerecallingtheincident.Butthewarmthofthatsmallandunexpectedgesture,fromthebaristawhodidn’tknowwhatshewasgoingthrough,movedherdeeply.“Ofcourse,Iwasstillreallysad,”Erinsaid.“Butthatlittlethingmadetherestofmyday.”Newfindings,publishedintheJournalofExperimentalPsychology,confirmjusthowpowerfulexperienceslikeErin’scanbe.Researchersfoundthatpeoplewhoperformarandomactofkindnesstendtounderestimatehowmuchthereceiverswillappreciateit.Andtheybelieveitcouldpreventmanyofusfromdoingnicethingsforothersmoreoften.Arecentstudycomprisedeightsmallexperimentsthatvariedindesignandparticipants.Inoneexperiment,peopleweretoldtheycouldgiveacupcakeawaytostrangers,andwereaskedtoratetheirownmoodaswellashowtheybelievedthereceiverswouldfeel.Theresearchersfoundthatthosewhogotacupcakeasaresultofarandomactofkindnessfeltbetterthanthepersononthegivingendthoughttheywould.“Peopletendtothinkthatwhattheyaregivingislittle,”Dr.Kumar,anassistantprofessorofmarketingandpsychologyattheUniversityofTexas,Austin,said.“Butreceiversconsiderthegesturetobesignificantlymoremeaningfulbecausetheyarealsothinkingaboutthefactthatsomeonedidsomethingniceforthem.”Ifyouarenotalreadyinthehabitofperformingrandomkindacts—orifitdoesnotcomenaturallytoyou—MarisaFranco,apsychologist,advisedtostartbythinkingaboutwhatyouliketodo.“It’snotaboutyoubeingliked,‘Ohman,nowIhavetolearnhowtobakecookiesinordertobenice’.It’sabout:Whatskillsandtalentsdoyoualreadyhave?Andhowcanyouturnthatintoanofferingforotherpeople?”1．WhydoesthewritermentionErin’sexperienceinParagraph1?A．Tointroducethetopic.B．Toshowthepowerofkindness.C．Topraisetherandomactsofkindness.D．Toprovidesomebackgroundinformationonthestudy.2．Howwasthestudycarriedout?A．Bystatingthefacts. B．Bylistingexamples.C．Byanalyzingstatistics. D．Bycomparingthefeelings.3．WhatshouldpeopledoaccordingtoMarisaFranco?A．Dowhateveryouliketodo. B．Learnhowtobakecookies.C．Dowhatyoucantohelpothers. D．Trytogainsomenewskillsandtalents.4．Whatmessagedoesthepassageconvey?A．Wellbegunishalfdone. B．Onegoodturndeservesanother.C．Practicekindnesshoweverlittleitis. D．Nothingisimpossibleforawillingheart.（2023春·江蘇揚(yáng)州·高二統(tǒng)考期中）Plant-basedproductshavebeenbreakingintothefoodiemainstreamintheUnitedStates,afteryearsinwhichvegan(素食的)burgersandmilkalternativesknockedonthemarket’sdoor.Thatispartlybecausemorecompaniesaretargetingpeoplewhoseektoreducetheamountofmeattheyeat,ratherthanforswearitaltogether.Now,asfishalternativesbegintoattractinvestmentandlandatrestaurantsintheUnitedStatesandbeyond,peoplewhotrackthefishlessfishsectorsaythatitcouldachievesignificantgrowth.Onereason,theysay,isthatconsumersinrichcountriesarebecomingmoreawareoftheseafoodindustry’senvironmentalproblems,includingoverfishingandthehealthrisksofsomeseafood.Anotheristhattoday’splant-basedcompaniesdoabetterjobofapproachingfishflavorthanearlieronesdid—animportantconsiderationfornon-vegetarians(非素食者).“Thereareanumberofpeoplealreadylookingatalternativehamburgers,”saidJoshuaKatz,ananalystattheconsultingfirmMcKinseywhohasstudiedthealt-protein(替代蛋白)industry.“Youmightactuallysay,‘Ishouldworkonsomethingelse.’Andseafoodisstillamassivemarketwithconvincingreasonstoworkon.”P(pán)eoplewhoreducetheirconsumptionofanimalproteinsforenvironmentalreasonsoftenstopeatingredmeat,whichrequiresenormousamountsoflandandwatertofarm.Butalt-fishadvocatessaythatseafoodalsocomeswithenvironmentalproblems.Unsustainablefishingpracticeshavedestroyedfisheries(魚(yú)湯)inrecentdecades,aproblembothforbiodiversityandthemillionsofpeoplewhodependontheseaforincomeandfood.“It’ssimplyasmarterwaytomakeseafood,”saysMirteGosker,theactingmanagingdirectoroftheGoodFoodInstituteAsia-Pacific,anonprofitadvocacygroupthatpromotesalternativeproteins.“Fullstop.”Sofarplant-basedseafoodproductsintheUnitedStatesaccountforonly0.1percentofthecountry’sseafoodsales,lessthan1.4percentoftheU.S.meatmarketoccupiedbyplant-basedmeatalternatives.Butalt-seafoodenterprisesworldwidereceivedatleast$83millionfrominvestorsin2020,comparedwith$1millionthreeyearsearlier.AsofthisJune,83companieswereproducingalt-seafoodproductsaroundtheworld,anearlythreefoldrisesince2017.Allbut18ofthose83companiesfocusonplant-basedproducts.Adozenothersaredevelopinglab-grownseafood,whichisnotyetcommerciallyavailableinanycountry.5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“forswear”inparagraph1probablymean?A．Sample. B．Consume. C．Produce. D．Abandon.6．Whichaspectofseafooddonon-vegetariansfocuson?A．Thehealthrisks. B．Theproteinintake.C．Thetasteandmouthfeel. D．Theoverfishingproblem.7．WhatisMirteGosker’stonewhenhesays“Fullstop”inparagraph6?A．Determined. B．Concerned. C．Humorous. D．Enthusiastic.8．Whatdothefiguresinthelastparagraphmainlyshow?A．Seafoodcompaniesarestruggling.B．Plant-basedmeatproductswillbeatrend.C．Alt-seafoodproductshaveapromisingfuture.D．Seafoodwillbecommerciallyavailablesoon.（2023春·江蘇宿遷·高二統(tǒng)考期中）Peoplewithdyslexia(閱讀障礙)havebrainsthataresuitableforexploringtheunknown,atraitthat’sbeenimportanttothesurvivalandsuccessofhumans.Dyslexiashouldbeconsideredadifference,notadisorder,researchersattheUniversityofCambridgesay.Thisisprovedbystudiesthatshowpeoplewithdyslexiahavespecialbrainstoexploretheunknownandthinkintermsofthebiggerpicture.Thestrengthsofthedyslexicbraincouldhaveevolvedashumansadaptedtochangingculture.Tosurvive,weneededtolearnskillsandacquirehabits,butwealsoneededtobecreativeandfindnewsolutionsthroughexploration.Inthenewstudy,theresearcherssaysomepeoplespecializedintakingadvantageoflearnedinformation,whileothersfocusedondiscoveryandinvention.Studieshaveshownthatpeoplewithdyslexiaarelessefficientatprocedurallearningthannon-dyslexicpeople,saidTaylor,whostudiescognitionandhumanevolution.“Learningtoread,writeorplaythepianoareallskillsthataredependentonproceduralmemory;oncelearned,theskillscanbeprocessedautomaticallyandrapidly,”Tayloradded.Dyslexiahaslongbeenviewedasnegative.Ithasbeencalledadevelopmentaldisorder,learningdisabilityorlearningdifficulty.Instead,thedistinctionbetweendyslexicandnon-dyslexicbrainsshouldbeframedsimplyasadifference,saidTaylor.“Weallpossessdifficultiesinareasthatareotherpeople’sstrengths.It’sjustunfortunatethatinthecaseofpeoplewithdyslexiatheirdifficultiesarecontinuallyhighlighted,partlyduetothenatureofeducationandalsototheimportanceofreadingandwritinginourculture.”Inreframingdyslexiaasadifference,societycanbenefitfrommoreinnovativesolutions.It’simportanttoemphasizethatpeoplewithdyslexiastillfacealotofdifficulties,butthedifficultiesexistbecauseoftheenvironmentandanemphasisonrotelearningandreadingandwriting.Instead,wecouldnurture‘explorativelearning’—learningthroughdiscovery,invention,andcreativity,whichwouldworkmoretotheirstrengths.9．Whatcanwelearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．Peopleshouldseedyslexiaasadisorder,notadifference.B．Peoplewithdyslexiaarespecializedtoexploretheunknown.C．Peoplewithoutdyslexiaareweakinusinglearnedinformation.D．Acquiringskillsandhabitsisnecessaryforpeoplewithdyslexia.10．WhichofthefollowingskillsisNOTdependentonproceduralmemory?A．Recitingapoem. B．Writingasong.C．Readinganarticle. D．Playingthepiano.11．Whatshouldwedotoreframedyslexiaasadifference?A．Promotelearninginanexplorativeway.B．Valuereadingandwritinginourculture.C．Stressrotelearning,readingandwriting.D．Focusonthedifficultiespeoplewithdyslexiahave.12．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellus?A．Dyslexia:amustforcreativity. B．Reframingdyslexia:adifficulty.C．Peoplewithdyslexia:potentialinventors. D．Dyslexiabrains:akeytosurvive.（2023春·江蘇揚(yáng)州·高二統(tǒng)考期中）Nowadays,insteadofscrolling(滾屏)throughappslikeTikTokandInstagramalldayonasmartphone,manypeoplebegintouseaso-called“dumbphone”accordingtothelatestreport,andseventeen-year-oldRobinWestisoneofthem.Dumbphonesarebasicdevices,withverylimitedfunctionalitycomparedtoaniPhone.Typically,youcanonlymakeandreceivecallsandtextmessages.Andifyouarelucky,youcanalsolistentotheradioandtakeverybasicphotos,butdefinitelyyoucannotconnecttotheInternetorapps.RobinWest’sdecisiontoridhimselfoftheformersmartphonetwoyearsagowasoutofasuddenurge.“Ididn’tnoticehowmuchasmartphonewastakingovermylifeuntilIboughtadumbphone.Ihadalotofsocialmediaappsonit,andIdidn’tgetmuchworkdoneasIwasalwaysonmyphone.”Hesaidthathewouldneverbuyanothersmartphone.“Idon’tthinkmydumbphonelimitsme;I’mdefinitelymoreactive,”headded.Outdatedforawhilewiththeappearanceofsmartphones,dumbphonesarenowregainingpopularity.A2021studysaidthatoneintenmobilephoneusersintheUKhadadumbphone.“ManyofusoncehadadumbphoneasourfirstmobilephoneandTikTokvideosremindusofthat,soit’snaturalthatwefeelasenseofnostalgia(懷舊)towardstheseclassicmarkers,whichhaveaparttoplayindumbphones’revival(再流行),”saidamobileexpert.OnemakerofdumbphonesisTheLightPhone.Slightlyclevererthanthenormforsuchproducts,ithashandsetsthatdoallowuserstolistentomusicandpodcasts,andconnectbyBluetoothtoheadphones.Yetthefirmpromisedthatitsphones“willneverhavesocialmediaclickbaitnews,emailorawebbrowser”.Lightco-founder,KaiweiTang,saysthat,surprisingly,thefirm’smaincustomersareagedbetween25and35.Hesayshewasexpectingbuyerstobemucholder.Techexpert,Prof.SandraWachter,saysitisunderstandablethatsomeofusarelookingforsimplermobilephones.“Smartphonesalwayswanttograbourattentionwithupdates,breakingnewsandthelikeconstantlydisrupting(擾亂)ourday.”13．WhatdoesRobinWestprobablyfailtodoonhisdumbphone?A．Makeacalltohisfriend.B．Haveaccesstotheradio.C．Storephotosinthealbum.D．Visitsocialnetworkingpages.14．Whydomanypeoplestarttousedumbphonesaccordingtothemobileexpert?A．Theyareveryeasytooperate.B．Theycanimpactpeople’slife.C．Theycomeintofashionagain.D．Theymakepeoplerecallolddays.15．What’sProf.SandraWachter’sattitudetowardspeople’susingdumbphones?A．Flexible. B．Supportive. C．Confused. D．Doubtful.16．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．ThereturnofdumbphonesB．ThepopularityofsmartphonesC．ThemarketingstrategiesofphonesD．Theintensecompetitionbetweenphones（2023春·江蘇鹽城·高二鹽城市第一中學(xué)校聯(lián)考期中）Everbeenhungryenoughtoeatahouse?Now,youactuallycould.FoodwasteisabigprobleminJapanandglobally.Japanproducedaround5.7milliontonsoffoodwastein2019.Thegovernmentplanstoreducethatbyaround2.7milliontonsby2030.TokyoUniversityresearchersKotaMachidaandYuyaSakaihavedevelopedawaytotransformfoodwasteintocement(水泥)forconstructionuseandmore.Thisisthefirst-everprocesscreatedformakingcemententirelyfromfoodwaste.Theresearcherssaytheirproductisfourtimesasstrongastraditionalconcrete.Thisparticularcementcanbeusedtomakethingsliketeacupsorchairsaswell.However,there’soneadditionalfeature—it’salsoeatable.KotaandYuyaaretheintelligencebehindtheformationofFabulaInc.,acompanywithpurposesofreducingfoodwaste,andhelpingfightglobalwarming.Asexpected,somethingthisuniquetookyearstodevelop.Ittookafewattemptstofindjusttherightprocess.KotaandYuyacreatedtheuniquetechnologywhileresearchingpossibleenvironment-friendlymaterialstoreplacecement-basedconcrete.Cementproductionaccountsfor8%oftheworld’scarbondioxiderelease.Afterafewfailures,theyrealizedtheycouldgetthecementtobind(黏合)byadjustingthetemperatures.“Themostchallengingpartwasthateachtypeoffoodwasterequiresdifferenttemperatures,”Yuyasaid.Sotheresearchershadtoobservethemandrespondintime.Intheexperiments,KotaandYuyahavesuccessfullymadecementusingtealeaves,coffeegrounds,cabbageandevenlunchboxleftovers.FabulaInc.iscurrentlyworkingtomaketeacupsandfurniture,butYuyaisthinkingalittlebitbigger.Theirproductcouldprovidereliefintheformofeatableemergencysheltersindisasterones.“Forexample,iffoodcannotbedeliveredtothepeople,theycouldeatmakeshiftbedsmadeoutoffoodcement,”hesaid.Toeatthematerial,apersonneedstobreakitapartandboilit.17．What’smainlytalkedaboutinparagraph1and2?A．Thefunctionsofthisparticularcement.B．Theeffectsoffoodwasteinthewholeworld.C．Thecharacteristicsofthenewlymadecement.D．Theprocessoftransformingfoodwastetocement.18．WhichisoneofKotaandYuya’spurposesinmakinguseoffoodwaste?A．Tohandleglobalclimatechange.B．Toextendconcrete’sservicelife.C．ToofferFabulaInc.morecement.D．Towarnhowseriousfoodwasteis.19．Whatmadetheexperimentofmakingcementoutoffoodwasteharder?A．Makingsuretomakecementtasty.B．Selectingcorrectfoodwastetimely.C．Gettingcementbrokenaparteasily.D．Adjustingthetemperaturesconstantly.20．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“makeshift”inthelastparagraphmean?A．bendable. B．commercial. C．recyclable. D．temporary.（2023春·江蘇南京·高二校聯(lián)考期中）Despitethebadreputationofsharks,theyarecrucialtothehealthofthemarineecosystemandcanevenhelpfightclimatechange.IntheshallowsofSharkBay,WesternAustralia,seagrassisfoodfortheseacows,whichcanweighasmuchas500kgandeatroughly40kgofseagrassaday.Seacowsarearichsourceoffoodfortigersharks.Bykeepingtheseacowpopulationcontrolled,tigersharksherehelptheseagrassgrowsustainably.AboomingseagrassmeadowstorestwiceasmuchCO2persquaremileasforeststypicallydoonland.Buttigersharknumbersaredeclining.OffAustralia’snortheastcoastofQueensland,tigersharksareestimatedtohavefallenbyatleast71percent,largelyduetooverfishing.Areductionintigersharksmeansmoreseagrassconsumedbyherbivores(食草動(dòng)物)andlesscarbonstoredinseavegetation.Thisraisedthequestion:WhatiftheywereabsentfromtheSharkBay—wouldtheseagrass-dominatedecosystemsurvive?Tofindout,researchersledbyRobNowickiofFloridaInternationalUniversity,spenttimeinEasternAustralia,wheresharknumberswerelowerandseacowsateseagrasslargelyundisturbed.“Whenuncontrolled,seacowscanrapidlydestroywideareasofseagrass.”saidNowicki.ThosefindingsemphasizedthattigersharkswereplayinganimportantroleinpreventingthereductionofseagrassinSharkBay.Iftheirpopulationscontinuetodecline,theresilienceofcarbon-richoceanecosystemswilllikelydecrease.Whenitcomestostimulatingsharknumbers,therehavebeenmovementstowardmoresustainablefishing,butalargepercentageoftheindustryhavenotchangedtheirmethods,whichisareasonwhythepopulationofmanymarinetoppredators(捕食者)continuestodecline.Asidefromsupportingsustainablefishing,Nowickisaidtheonlywaytotrulyprotectmarinelifeistoreduceourglobalgreenhousegasemissions.“Ultimately,ifwearegoingtoprotectourecosystemsinthecenturiestocome,wearegoingtoneedtosolveclimatechangewhileundertakingspeciesprotectionatthesametime.”21．Whyaretigersharksvitaltothemarineecosystem?A．Theyfeedonvariousseaanimals.B．TheycanstorelargeamountsofCO2.C．Theycanpreventthelossofseagrass.D．Theyinfluencemarinespecies’distribution.22．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“resilience”inparagraph5mean?A．Sustainability. B．Recovery. C．Preservation. D．Construction.23．Whatisthemaincauseofthepopulationreductionofmanytoppredators?A．Climatechange. B．Lackofprotection.C．Unsustainablefishing. D．Lossofseagrass.24．What’sthemainideaofthetext?A．Thenumberoftigersharksisdecreasing.B．Climatechangecausesthelossofseagrass.C．Environmentalprotectionisatthetopoftheagenda.D．Tigersharksarevitaltothehealthofthemarineecosystem.（2023春·江蘇南京·高二校聯(lián)考期中）HongKonghasrecentlywitnessedthereturnofliveconcertsandlarge-scaleevents,attractingvisitorsfromaroundtheworld.Areyoualsoplanningatrip?It’stimetodigoutyourOctopuscardforconvenientpaymentoftransportfaresandmuchmore.NoOctopuscard,noproblem!TheoptionsfortransportpaymentinHongKonghavebecomemorediverseandconvenientinrecentyears.PeoplecannowpayforpublictransportusingWeChatPay,Alipay,bankcardsorcreditcards.AndtheOctopuscard,whichhasawidevarietyofuses,cannowbeputintotheelectronicm?obilewalletandcanbeusedevenifyourphoneisoutofbattery.Areyoufiguringoutthebestwaytogettothecitycenterfromtheairport?TheAirportExpresstakesonly24minutestotravelfromtheairporttodowntown.IfyouwanttogetofftheplaneandgostraighttoCentraldistrict,thefastandcomfortableAirportExpressisthebestchoice.TheAirportExpressplatformisconnectedwiththeairport’sarrivalhallandhasmultipleentrances.Ittakesaslittleasaminuteforpassengerstoentertheplatformfromthearrivalhall.Thetrainsprovidelargeluggagestorageareas,aswellashigh-speedWi-Fiandchargingfacility.Moreimportantly,theAirportExpressconnectsyouwithotherMTRlines.Whetherforbusinesstravelorsightseeing,theAirportExpresscansaveyoualotoftime.InadditiontotheMTRandbuses,HongKong’spublictransportationsystemalsoincludesthehistoricStarFerry,HongKongTramwaysandthePeakTram.Theyhavebeenaroundformanyyears,buttheirfunctionalityandoverallexperienceareasgoodasthatofthenewtransportmodes.Infact,theyenhancetheexperienceoftouristsandarealsopopularwithlocalsgoingtowork,shoppingoroutonadate.Toimprovepassengers’experience,thePeakTramhasrecentlyundergoneamajorrenovation.It’sbeenawhileandnowit’stimetosay“HelloHongKong”again!25．WhatcanbelearnedabouttransportpaymentinHongKong?A．Octopuscardisamusttotravelers.B．Transportpaymenthasgreatlyimproved.C．Travelerscannotchoosetopayonlineornot.D．Travelerscanstillpaywhentheirphonesarepoweroff.26．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeHongKong’spublictransport?A．Complexandtime-consuming. B．Confusingandcostly.C．User-friendlyandhighly-effective. D．Complicatedandoutdated.27．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?A．Octopuscardcandonothingmorethanpayingtransportfares.B．TheAirportExpressenablespassengerstoentertheplatformquickly.C．ThePeakTramistoooldtocompetewithnewtransportmodes.D．Oldtransportmodeshavelosttheiredgesdespitetheirrenovation.28．Whatisthepurposeofthiswriting?A．TointroduceHongKong’spublictransport.B．ToillustratethepopularityofHongKong.C．ToadvertiseforHongKong’spublictransport.D．TorecommendHongKongasagreattouristattraction.（2023春·江蘇鹽城·高二鹽城市第一中學(xué)校聯(lián)考期中）Virtualrealitygamers(VRgame)whofinisheditfasterthantheirfellowgamersalsohavehigherlevelsofgeneralintelligenceandprocessingcapacity.ThiswastheresultofastudyconductedbyMarkusWeinmannfromtheUniversityofCologne.Theresultsalsoindicatethatvirtualrealitygamescanbeusefulsupplementary(補(bǔ)充)humanresourcemanagementtoolsincompaniesforpredictingthejobperformanceofanapplicant.Severalstudieshavealreadyshownthatvideogamesmayindicateorevenhelptodevelopintellectualandcognitiveabilities.Asintelligenceisoneofthemostcommonlyusedpredictorsforjobperformance,videogamescouldbeinterestingforthehumanresourcemanagement.AlthoughmanycompaniesareincreasinglyusingVRtechnologytorecruit(招募)candidates,onlyfewstudieshavespecificallyinvestigatedwhetherandhowVRgamescanbeusedtodrawconclusionsaboutintelligenceinthisarea.Thestudycontributestobridgingthegapbetweenresearchandpractice.Weinmanninvited103participantstotheirlab.Undercontrolledlaboratoryconditions,theyplayedthecommercialVRgame“JobSimulator”andcompletedtheshortversionoftheintelligencetestBIS-4.Theresearcher’sanalysesshowthatanincreaseof17%inprocessingcapacitycorrelatedwithlesstimespentplayingthegame(byanaverageof3.7minutes).Theresultsareascientificnovelty,asithashardlybeenpossibletoconductVRstudieswithstate-of-the-artVRhardware.TherearethusfewstudiesthathaveinvestigatedthecorrelationbetweenbehaviorinVRandintelligence,“Therearealreadysomecompaniesthatusegames,so-called‘seriousgames’,forrecruiting.ThenewresultsareinlinewiththisspecificapplicationofVRgamesandshowthattheycanbeusedforrecruiting,”saidWeinmann.Thescientistsintendtocontinuetheirresearchonthepotentialofvideogamesforpracticalapplications.Amongotherthings,theyareinvestigatinghowpeoplebehaveinvirtualworld.29．WhatcanwelearnfromWeinmann’sstudy?A．Theresultsarefarfromsatisfactory.B．Theparticipantscanplaythegamefreely.C．Itaimstodevelopintellectualability.D．Ithelpstocombineresearchwithpractice.30．WhatisWeinmann’sattitudetotheresultofthestudy?A．Unclear. B．Intolerant. C．Favorable. D．Doubtful.31．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Limitationsofthestudy.B．Possibledirectionsforfuturestudy.C．Thepresentsituationofthestudy.D．Theexplanationoftheresearchmethod.32．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．VRgamescanbeusedinrecruitmentB．VRgamescanindicateintelligencelevelC．VRgamesimproveapplicants’performanceD．VRgameshavegainpopularityinmanagement（2023春·江蘇鹽城·高二江蘇省響水中學(xué)?？计谥校㊣n1547,thekingofSpainsentacoded(編碼的)lettertohisambassadorinFrance.Now,afternearly500years,researchershavefinallycracked(破解)thecodeandcanreadtheletter.Itturnsoutthatthekingwasworriedsomeonemightbetryingtokillhim.CharlesVwasthekingofSpainfrom1516to1556.ButhispowerwentfarbeyondSpain.Asthe“HolyRomanEmperor”,CharlesVcontrolledlandsacrossEurope.Inspiteofhisgreatpower,hehadtomanagemanythreats.Threeyearsbeforetheletterwaswritten,CharlesVhadmadeapeacedealwithKingFrancisIofFrance.Buttherewasstillalotofinformationhedidn’twanttosharewiththekingofFrance.Atthetime,theonlyway