目錄

2015年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）真題1

2016年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）真題11

2017年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）真題20

2018年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）真題29

2019年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）真題38

2015年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語（一）真題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C

orDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas"related"asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%

ofgenes.Thatis]_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityinthe

ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted3_1932uniquesubjectswhich4_pairsof

unrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.

While1%mayseem6_,itisnotsotoageneticist.Asco-authorofthestudyJamesFowler,

professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“MostpeopledonotevenZtheirfourth

cousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8_ourkin.”

Thestudy9_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesfor

immunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow._10,astheteam

suggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemany

mechanismsworkingtogetherthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13"functional

kinship"ofbeingfriendswith14!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving

15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast

30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople's18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19backgrounds,

saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,

carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.

l.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what

2.[AJdefended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by

4.[AJcompared[B]sought[CJseparated[D]connected

5.[Altests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples

6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[Clseek[D]know

8.LAJresemble[BJinfluence[C]favor[DJsurpass

9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

lOJA]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

1l.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

12.[A]drive[B]observe[CJconfuse[D]limit

13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthanfC]regardlessof[D]alongwith

14.[A]chances[B]responses[CJmissions[D]benefits

15.[Allater[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express

1

17.[Alunpredictable[Blcontributory[Clcontrollable[D]disruptive

18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]anangement[D]tendency

19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

2O.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor

D.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted"kingsdon'tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep."But

embarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshave

forcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyis

seeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheir

magnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionis

particularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove

“mere”politicsand“embody“aspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs5continuingpopularityas

headsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionin

theworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).Butunliketheirabsolutist

counterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvotersto

avoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityasthey

claimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetodayembodiesoutdated

andindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomists

arewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethat

wealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princes

andprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,theseare

wealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesit

increasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,

itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherratherordinary

(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetaste

oflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthat

monarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaserviceasnon-controversialand

2

non-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,not

republicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.

21.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain,

[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

[C]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly?

[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto

fD]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

[A]Aristocrats9excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.

|D]Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges.

24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear"becauseCharles.

[A]takesaroughlineonpoliticalissuesfB]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[AJCarlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined[BJCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComing

Threats

Text2

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnow

considerwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephone

isonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsets

theoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeof

theirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidly

changingtechnologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.Enoughofthe

implicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdated

guidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofa

smartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation—issimilarto,say,goingthrougha

suspect'spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygo

throughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone's

smartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee's

readinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecent

3

correspondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,meanwhile,hasmadethatexploration

somuchtheeasier.

Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformation

onthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstillhavearighttoexpect

privatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution'sprohibitionon

unreasonablesearches.

Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechallengeofline-drawing.In

manycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyburdensomeforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearch

throughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacing

severe,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedata

arenoterasedoralteredwhilewaitingforawarrant.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroom

forpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptive

technologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.OrinKerr,a

lawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcentury

withtheestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshad

tospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortout

howtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto?

[A]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents

[B]searchforsuspects'mobilephoneswithoutawarrant

[C]checksuspects9phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones

27.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof,

[A]disapproval[B]indifference[C]tolerance[D]cautiousness

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentsiscomparableto.

[A]gettingintoone'sresidence

IBJhandlingone'shistoricalrecords

[C]scanningone'scorrespondences

[D]goingthroughone'swallet

29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat.

[AJprinciplesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction

[C]citizens5privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected

[D]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation

30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat,

[A]theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly

[B]newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution

[CJCalifbrnia'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution

[D]principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered

4

Text3

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,

editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromother

journals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtothe

irreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.

"Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writesMcNutt

inaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointed

sevenexpertstoastatisticboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupfor

additionalscrutinybythejournal'sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditors

orbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthese

manuscripts.

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"Thecreationof

the'statisticsboard5wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddata

analysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience'soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityin

theresearchwepublish.,,

GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberof

theSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole."Heagreedto

joinbecausehet4fbundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,unique

andlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublications

inScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywantto

modeltheirapproachafterScience.^^

Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis“amost

welcomestepforward"and"longoverdue.^^<4Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthis

damagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,fbrthemajorityofscientificpapers

nowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,,,hesays.Buthenotedthat

biomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedical

AssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.

Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsare

alarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.Researchers

shouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,

"engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess.^^Vaux

saysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians"hassomemerit,butaweaknessis

thatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify'thepapersthatneedscrutiny,inthefirst

place”.

31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that.

[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess

[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks

[CJfewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis

[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects

32.Thephrase"flaggedup99(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto.

[A]found[B]marked[C]revised[D]stored

5

33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay.

[A]poseathreattoallitspeers[B]meetwithstrongopposition

[C]increaseScience'scirculation[D]setanexampleforotherjournals

34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow.

[A]addstoresearchers9workload[B]diminishestheroleofreviewers

[C]hasroomforfurtherimprovement[D]istofailintheforeseeablefuture

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers

[B]ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

[C]DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors'Desks

/D/StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

Text4

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe"unsettlingdearthof

integrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions.^^Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofa

collectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism,,insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.

But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.,,

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,

ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemost

dangerousgoalsfbrcapitalismandfreedom.^^Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswounding

companiessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseits

wayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludesfindingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,

AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,

innocentofthesamecharge—thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsare

knowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,as

wasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethe

pointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespread

phonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneoftheastonishingrevelationswas

howlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoask

andthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefence

wasthatsheknewnothing.

Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountable

forwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Fora

generation,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.

Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,

wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemargin

havebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.

ThepuiposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobe

fairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequest

6

forcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthow

herjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions—norreceived

traceable,recordedanswers.

36.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby?

[A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism

[B]companies'financiallossduetoimmoralpractices

[C]governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues

[D]thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.

[A]GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime

[B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking

[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge

[D]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions

38.TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks'sdefence.

[A]revealedacunningpersonality|B|centeredontrivialissues

[C]washardlyconvincing[D]waspartofaconspiracy

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows.

[A]generallydistortedvalues[B]unfairwealthdistribution

[C]amarginalizedlifestyle[D]arigidmoralcode

40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

[A]Thequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.

[BJCommonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.

[C]Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.

[D|Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choose

themostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereare

twoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifying

meaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyour

implicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41).Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,

forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved.Whoismakingthe

utterance,towhom,whenandwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Butthey

showcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementin

inferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograsp

bypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)

7

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.

Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedort4true^^meaningthatcanbereadoff

andcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44).Thisdoesn't,

however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfrom

differenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlapping

readingsofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhuman

concernsdebatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsand

values.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.

(45).Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggestasothersintroducedlaterinthebookwill

alsodo■一thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.It

doesn'tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormore

worthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasuseful

referencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereading

componentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofa

givencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingona

trainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.

[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageand

socialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureoreven

closeoffothers.

[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingclues

presentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakea

mentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[DJIneffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,image

orreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.

[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,or

aboutitsvalidity——inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwill

inevitablybefarlessresponsible.

[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,

notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.

[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcall

textualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveina

text'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,

socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.

PartC

Directions:

8

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.

YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atide

ofemigration—oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory-sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.

(46)Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofa

wildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.

(47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces—theimmigrationofEuropean

peopleswiththei】va】iedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsand[heimpactofanew

countrywhichmodifiedthese[rails.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.

AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,

Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsand

traditionstothenewworld.(48)But,theforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,the

interplayofthevariednationalg】oupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintaining

old-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinenlcausedsignificamchanges.Thesechangesweregradual

andatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembled

Europeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.

(49)ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStates

crossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15lh-and-16th-cenluryexplorationsof

NorlhAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,the

WestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifully

overcrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfood

allottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,and

infantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,and

oftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.

TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.

Saidonerecorderofevents,"Theairattwelveleagues'distancesmeltassweetasanew-blown

garden.^^Thecolonists'firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.50)Thnvirgin

forestwithilsrichnessandvarielyofIreeswasareal[reasure-housewhichexlendedfromMaine

allthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfu