SedimentaryRocks95%oftheEarth’svolumeisigneousandmetamorphicrocksbu75%oftheEarth’ssurfaceiscoveredbysedimentsorsedimentaryrocks.Derivedfrompre-existingrocks:1.detrital/clasticrocks:mineralgrainsorrockfragments(mechanicalorbiologicalweathering)2.chemical:dissolved&precipitatedminerals(chemicalweathering).SedimentaryRocks95%oftheEa1SedimentaryRocks95%oftheEaEx:granite:Quartz+Fs+BiotiteWeathering:Mech/bio quartzsandclaysTransport River,wind,iceDepositionBeachdeltaoceanlithificationCementedRock sandstoneshaleEx:granite:Quartz+Fs2Ex:granite:Quartz+FsSedimentaryRocksSedimentaryRocks3SedimentaryRocksSedimentaryREx:granite:Qtz+Caplag’Fs+BiotiteWeathering:Chem’ calciumTransport solutioninriverDepositionoceanlithificationprecipitationRock limestoneEx:granite:Qtz+Caplag’F4Ex:granite:Qtz+Caplag’F沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件5沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件5TerminologyPrecipitation:oppositeofdissolve:aqueoustosolidlithification:materialsarecompactedand/orcementedtogethertoformrock.Rounded:angularfragmentsbecomerounded(&smaller)throughabrasionastheyaretransportedTerminologyPrecipitation:oppo6TerminologyPrecipitation:oppoRoundingRounding7RoundingRounding7Deposition:ice,wind,orwaterdeposit/dropsedimentinriverbed,moraine,lake,beach,ocean,etc.Facies:adistinctsedimentorrocktypeSorting:processbywhichparticlesareseparatedaccordingtosize(&density)ClaywithclaySandwithsandGravelwithgravelWater&windareexcellentsorters,iceispoorDeposition:ice,wind,orwate8Deposition:ice,wind,orwateSortingSorting9SortingSorting9Gravel Sand Silt Clay facies facies facies facieshighlowriverEnergygravellake/oceandeltabeachsandsiltclaysortedhighlowriverEnergygravellake/o10highlowriverEnergygravellake/o沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件11沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件11沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件12沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件12Porespace=porosity=voidsbetweenparticlesClay80%sand20%mixture5%WellsortedPorespace=porosity=voids13Porespace=porosity=voidsPorosityPorosity14PorosityPorosity14Compaction:weightofoverlyingsedimentcompressessediments,forceswateroutand“glues”/lithifiesmudsiltstone&shaleCementation:weatheredsilica,calciteandironoxidesdissolvedinwaterprecipitateinporespacestocement/lithifyparticlestogether.Friable:rockiseasilycrumbled(likedrycake)Compaction:weightofoverlyin15Compaction:weightofoverlyinFissile:rockbreakseasilyalongcloselyspacedparallellinesLikecleavageinrockFissile:rockbreakseasilyal16Fissile:rockbreakseasilyalFissileFissile17FissileFissile17SedimentaryRocks1.Detrital/Clastic2.Chemical3.BiochemicalSedimentaryRocks1.Detrital/C18SedimentaryRocks1.Detrital/C1.Detrital/ClasticDetritus=solidparticlesorpre-existingrocksClastic=composedofrockfragments1.Detrital/Clastic191.Detrital/Clastic1.DetritalSedimentsizedescriptionrocknameGravel >2mm roundedconglomerate gravel angular breccia gravelSand1/16

–2mm(mostlyQtz)sandstoneMud<1/16mmsilt siltstone silt&claymudstone

<1/256mm clayclaystone

shaleSedimentsizedescription20SedimentsizedescriptionSandstone=Sst:sandyRedsandstone:withlotsofKFs(pinkFs)=arkosesstSiltstone:grittywithwetmudsmellShale:greasywithwetmudsmellSandstone=Sst:sandy21Sandstone=Sst:sandySandston沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件22沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件22沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件23沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件23沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件24沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件24沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件25沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件25沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件26沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件26沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件27沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件27沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件28沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件28沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件29沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件29沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件30沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件30沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件31沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件31SiltstoneSiltstone32SiltstoneSiltstone32沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件33沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件33沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件34沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件34沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件35沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件352.Chemical:originatefromsubstancestakenfromsolutionfromchemicalweatheringThesechemicalsareextractedfromlakeoroceanwatervia:i)precipitation(Ex;dryinglakebed)Ii)organisms(coralreef)BUTthisisabiochemicalrock!2.Chemical:originatefromsu362.Chemical:originatefromsuDeathValleySaltFlatsDeathValleySaltFlats37DeathValleySaltFlatsDeathVDeadSeaDeadSea38DeadSeaDeadSea38沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件39沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件39TextureCompositionRockNameVariescalciteCaCO3limestone/LstVariesdolomiteCaMgCO3dolostoneCrystallinegypsumCaSO4rockgypsumCrystallinehaliteNaClrocksaltcarbonateTextureComposition40TextureCompositionTravertine:LstthatprecipitatesoutofhotspringsbutisrareLst:mostisbiochemicalDolostone:formsfromLstthatisalteredin:i)verysalinelagoonsii)whereLsthasbeenupliftedabovethewatertableandfreshwaterwithMgleechesthroughreplacingtheCaLstDolostoneCaCO3CaMgCO3HClTest!BarelyfizzesFizz!!!Travertine:Lstthatprecipita41Travertine:Lstthatprecipita沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件42沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件42沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件43沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件43沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件44沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件44沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件45沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件45沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件46沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件46沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件47沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件47TravertineTerracesinTurkeyTravertineTerracesinTurkey48TravertineTerracesinTurkeyTEvaporites:(rockgypsumandrocksalt)precipitatefromland-lockedlakesandseaswheretheevaporationraisesthesalinitytothesaturationpoint.VerysaltywaterevaporationGypsum&halitecrystalsEvaporites:(rockgypsumandr49Evaporites:(rockgypsumandrRockgypsum:white-pink-grey,massiveortabularcrystals,H=2,whitestreakRocksalt=halite:colourless,cubiccrystals,saltytaste,H=2-3Silvite=KCl=potash:afertilizerformedfromevaporationonvast,shallowseasinSaskatchewanRockgypsum:white-pink-grey,50Rockgypsum:white-pink-grey,GypsumGypsum51GypsumGypsum51GypsumThinsectionGypsumThinsection52GypsumThinsectionGypsumThin沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件53沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件53沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件54沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件54沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件55沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件553.BiochemicalTextureCompositionRockNameClastic-calciteCaCO3limestone/Lstcrystalline chalk:microscopic

coquina:shellsFine quartz chertFine- carbonC coalcrumbly3.Biochemical563.Biochemical3.Biochemical56Limestone:accumulationofbillionsofskeletonsofcorals,shellfi`sh,algae,etc.Originallyasaragonitewhichalterstocalcite.Forms:Massive:shellsbrokenandgroundintopowderbeforelithificationSugary=crystallineCoquina(KD)=cementedbrokenshellsChalk=soft,microscopicfossilsHCltest!Limestone:accumulationofbil57Limestone:accumulationofbil沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件58沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件58沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件59沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件59沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件60沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件60沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件61沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件61沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件62沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件62沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件63沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件63Chert:forms2ways: i)silicarichwaterspercolateupthroughearthreplacingtheLstintheformofnodules,abulbousmassofchalcedony(“elephantman”) ii)organisms(sponges,diatoms)thatusesilicaforskeletonsdie;thesilicaaccumulatesontheoceanfloortoformbeddedchert(usuallygrey). Flint=blackchert Jasper=redchertChert:forms2ways:64Chert:forms2ways:Chert:for沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件65沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件65沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件66沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件66沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件67沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件67ChertthinsectionChertthinsection68ChertthinsectionChertthinsRadiolariansRadiolarians69RadiolariansRadiolarians69RadiolariansRadiolarians70RadiolariansRadiolarians70Coal:formintheprocess i)landplantsaccumulateinswamps,bogslowinpHandlowinO2topreventbacterialdecayoforganicmatter(OM). ii)TheOMaccumulatestoformpeat. iii)heat+timedrivesoffthevolatiles(H2,N2&O2)leavingCtoformcoalBlack,H=1–3,SG=1(light)Coal:formintheprocess71Coal:formintheprocessCoal:沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件72沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件72沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件73沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件73DoLab6.1DoWS6.1GotoLab6.1Goto6.2NotesDoLab6.1GotoLab6.1Goto74DoLab6.1GotoLab6.1Goto感恩的心，感謝有你！

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文檔有價，知識無價感恩SedimentaryRocks95%oftheEarth’svolumeisigneousandmetamorphicrocksbu75%oftheEarth’ssurfaceiscoveredbysedimentsorsedimentaryrocks.Derivedfrompre-existingrocks:1.detrital/clasticrocks:mineralgrainsorrockfragments(mechanicalorbiologicalweathering)2.chemical:dissolved&precipitatedminerals(chemicalweathering).SedimentaryRocks95%oftheEa76SedimentaryRocks95%oftheEaEx:granite:Quartz+Fs+BiotiteWeathering:Mech/bio quartzsandclaysTransport River,wind,iceDepositionBeachdeltaoceanlithificationCementedRock sandstoneshaleEx:granite:Quartz+Fs77Ex:granite:Quartz+FsSedimentaryRocksSedimentaryRocks78SedimentaryRocksSedimentaryREx:granite:Qtz+Caplag’Fs+BiotiteWeathering:Chem’ calciumTransport solutioninriverDepositionoceanlithificationprecipitationRock limestoneEx:granite:Qtz+Caplag’F79Ex:granite:Qtz+Caplag’F沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件80沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件80TerminologyPrecipitation:oppositeofdissolve:aqueoustosolidlithification:materialsarecompactedand/orcementedtogethertoformrock.Rounded:angularfragmentsbecomerounded(&smaller)throughabrasionastheyaretransportedTerminologyPrecipitation:oppo81TerminologyPrecipitation:oppoRoundingRounding82RoundingRounding82Deposition:ice,wind,orwaterdeposit/dropsedimentinriverbed,moraine,lake,beach,ocean,etc.Facies:adistinctsedimentorrocktypeSorting:processbywhichparticlesareseparatedaccordingtosize(&density)ClaywithclaySandwithsandGravelwithgravelWater&windareexcellentsorters,iceispoorDeposition:ice,wind,orwate83Deposition:ice,wind,orwateSortingSorting84SortingSorting84Gravel Sand Silt Clay facies facies facies facieshighlowriverEnergygravellake/oceandeltabeachsandsiltclaysortedhighlowriverEnergygravellake/o85highlowriverEnergygravellake/o沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件86沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件86沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件87沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件87Porespace=porosity=voidsbetweenparticlesClay80%sand20%mixture5%WellsortedPorespace=porosity=voids88Porespace=porosity=voidsPorosityPorosity89PorosityPorosity89Compaction:weightofoverlyingsedimentcompressessediments,forceswateroutand“glues”/lithifiesmudsiltstone&shaleCementation:weatheredsilica,calciteandironoxidesdissolvedinwaterprecipitateinporespacestocement/lithifyparticlestogether.Friable:rockiseasilycrumbled(likedrycake)Compaction:weightofoverlyin90Compaction:weightofoverlyinFissile:rockbreakseasilyalongcloselyspacedparallellinesLikecleavageinrockFissile:rockbreakseasilyal91Fissile:rockbreakseasilyalFissileFissile92FissileFissile92SedimentaryRocks1.Detrital/Clastic2.Chemical3.BiochemicalSedimentaryRocks1.Detrital/C93SedimentaryRocks1.Detrital/C1.Detrital/ClasticDetritus=solidparticlesorpre-existingrocksClastic=composedofrockfragments1.Detrital/Clastic941.Detrital/Clastic1.DetritalSedimentsizedescriptionrocknameGravel >2mm roundedconglomerate gravel angular breccia gravelSand1/16

–2mm(mostlyQtz)sandstoneMud<1/16mmsilt siltstone silt&claymudstone

<1/256mm clayclaystone

shaleSedimentsizedescription95SedimentsizedescriptionSandstone=Sst:sandyRedsandstone:withlotsofKFs(pinkFs)=arkosesstSiltstone:grittywithwetmudsmellShale:greasywithwetmudsmellSandstone=Sst:sandy96Sandstone=Sst:sandySandston沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件97沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件97沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件98沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件98沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件99沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件99沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件100沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件100沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件101沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件101沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件102沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件102沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件103沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件103沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件104沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件104沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件105沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件105沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件106沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件106SiltstoneSiltstone107SiltstoneSiltstone107沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件108沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件108沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件109沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件109沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件110沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件1102.Chemical:originatefromsubstancestakenfromsolutionfromchemicalweatheringThesechemicalsareextractedfromlakeoroceanwatervia:i)precipitation(Ex;dryinglakebed)Ii)organisms(coralreef)BUTthisisabiochemicalrock!2.Chemical:originatefromsu1112.Chemical:originatefromsuDeathValleySaltFlatsDeathValleySaltFlats112DeathValleySaltFlatsDeathVDeadSeaDeadSea113DeadSeaDeadSea113沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件114沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件114TextureCompositionRockNameVariescalciteCaCO3limestone/LstVariesdolomiteCaMgCO3dolostoneCrystallinegypsumCaSO4rockgypsumCrystallinehaliteNaClrocksaltcarbonateTextureComposition115TextureCompositionTravertine:LstthatprecipitatesoutofhotspringsbutisrareLst:mostisbiochemicalDolostone:formsfromLstthatisalteredin:i)verysalinelagoonsii)whereLsthasbeenupliftedabovethewatertableandfreshwaterwithMgleechesthroughreplacingtheCaLstDolostoneCaCO3CaMgCO3HClTest!BarelyfizzesFizz!!!Travertine:Lstthatprecipita116Travertine:Lstthatprecipita沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件117沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件117沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件118沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件118沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件119沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件119沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件120沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件120沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件121沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件121沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件122沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件122TravertineTerracesinTurkeyTravertineTerracesinTurkey123TravertineTerracesinTurkeyTEvaporites:(rockgypsumandrocksalt)precipitatefromland-lockedlakesandseaswheretheevaporationraisesthesalinitytothesaturationpoint.VerysaltywaterevaporationGypsum&halitecrystalsEvaporites:(rockgypsumandr124Evaporites:(rockgypsumandrRockgypsum:white-pink-grey,massiveortabularcrystals,H=2,whitestreakRocksalt=halite:colourless,cubiccrystals,saltytaste,H=2-3Silvite=KCl=potash:afertilizerformedfromevaporationonvast,shallowseasinSaskatchewanRockgypsum:white-pink-grey,125Rockgypsum:white-pink-grey,GypsumGypsum126GypsumGypsum126GypsumThinsectionGypsumThinsection127GypsumThinsectionGypsumThin沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件128沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件128沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件129沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件129沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件130沉積巖石學(xué)(Sedimentary-Rocks)課件1303.BiochemicalTextureCompositionRockNameClastic-calciteCaCO3limestone/Lstcrystalline chalk:microscopic

coquina:shellsFine quartz chertFine- carbonC coalcrumbly3.Biochemical1313.Biochemical3.Biochemical13Limestone:accumulationofbillionsofskeletonsofcorals,shellfi`sh,algae,etc.Originallyasaragonitewhichalterstocalcite.Forms:Massive:shellsbrokenandgroundintopowderbeforelithificationSugary=cry