1第四講│詞義猜測(cè)題一、題型解讀詞義猜測(cè)題是高考英語閱讀理解題中一種常見的題型。通過對(duì)近幾年江蘇高考英語閱讀理解題的分析統(tǒng)計(jì)可以看出詞義猜測(cè)題一般有12題。常見的考查方式有詞義猜測(cè)題考點(diǎn)1猜測(cè)詞義題考點(diǎn)2猜測(cè)短語題考點(diǎn)3猜測(cè)指代題考點(diǎn)4猜測(cè)句意題二、設(shè)問方式詞義猜測(cè)題著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義的能力這也是一個(gè)從“已知”得出“未知”的過程即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是該詞或短語前后的句子)進(jìn)行推理有時(shí)還需要依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來猜測(cè)詞義常見的命題形式有·Theunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraphmeans“________”.·Whichofthefollowingwordsistheclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthelastparagraph?·Theunderlinedword“hunch”inParagraph2canbestbereplacedby“________”.·Whatdoesthephrase“knockoff”inParagraph1mean?·Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans“________”.·Theword“it”inthelastsentencerefersto“________”.三、常見生詞類型在英語閱讀訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試中的生詞障礙往往會(huì)成為學(xué)生理解的“絆腳石”這些“絆腳石”的出現(xiàn)大致分五類1.舊詞新義考查詞匯表中未出現(xiàn)的詞義如NearbyistheIndianapolisracecoursewherethenation’smostfamouscarraceisheldeachyearonMay30th.我們學(xué)過course的意思是“過程課程”等在此顯然不符句意。根據(jù)上下文course是汽車賽舉行的地方可推斷course在該句是“車道”或“跑道”的意思。22.合成詞、轉(zhuǎn)化詞與派生詞如shopliftingheartbrokencomputer-literatedecision-thinkingimperfect等3.“靈活”的常用詞增多這些詞必須根據(jù)具體的上下文語境才能正確理解4.“新鮮”的外國人名、地名、專有名稱增多這些詞有些帶有一定的文化背景5.超綱生詞。猜測(cè)詞義題[典例](2017·全國卷Ⅲ·閱讀C)GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStatesbuttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920swolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanadawheretherewerefewerhumansaround.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inParagr-aph2mean?A.Tested.B.Separated.C.Forcedout.D.Trackeddown.答案C[詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)本段后兩句可知因?yàn)槿祟惖陌l(fā)展侵占了灰狼的領(lǐng)域灰狼逐漸向北遷徙由此推斷灰狼被人類排擠走了。]【技巧點(diǎn)撥】如何解決詞義猜測(cè)題1.根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義。如果生詞由定語從句、同位語(同位語前常有orsimilarlythatistosayinotherwordsnamelyorrathersay等)或同位語從句來定義或使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)后的內(nèi)容或引號(hào)中的內(nèi)容加以解釋理解這些定義或解釋就是在理解詞義。2.根據(jù)對(duì)比、比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。在一個(gè)句子或段落中如有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或兩種現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比性描述我們可以從生詞的對(duì)立面猜測(cè)其詞義。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞語主要有unlikenotbuthoweverdespiteinspiteofincontrast等。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有while引導(dǎo)的并列句。表示比較關(guān)系的詞語主要有similarlylikejustasalsoaswellas等。3.通過構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義。生詞的前綴、后綴、復(fù)合詞的各部分詞性的變化都可以暗示出詞義。3(1)不管這個(gè)詞多超綱根據(jù)上下文都能得出其意思(2)不管這個(gè)詞多熟悉都要通過上下文得出其在特定場(chǎng)合的意思。猜測(cè)短語題[典例](2017·江蘇高考·閱讀B)Beforebirthbabiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother’svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning(胎教)birdscouldrule__the__roost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAukOrnithologicalAdvancessomemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch(孵化).New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom’scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.58.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“________”.A.betheworstB.bethebestC.bejustasbadD.bejustasgood答案B[本段一開始提到嬰兒在辨別母親的聲音方面能力非常強(qiáng)然后用了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞“But”說明其后的內(nèi)容“鳥類在胎教方面”應(yīng)該是做得最好。故選B。]【技巧點(diǎn)撥】如何解決猜測(cè)短語題猜測(cè)短語題要利用出現(xiàn)短語的上文與其意義上的聯(lián)系或下文進(jìn)一步的敘述來猜測(cè)它的意思或利用文章中所出現(xiàn)的與短語意思相反的內(nèi)容來猜測(cè)其語意。猜測(cè)指代題[典例](2017·全國卷Ⅰ·閱讀C)Someoftheworld’smostfamousmusiciansrecentlygatheredinParisandNewOrleanstocelebratethefirstannualInternationalJazzDay.UNESCO(UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization)recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusicitssignificanceanditspotentialasaunifying(聯(lián)合)voiceacrosscultures.DespitethecelebrationsthoughintheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolderandthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.It’sJasonMoran’sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter’sartistic4adviserforjazzMoranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazzmakethemusicmoreaccessibleandpreserveitshistoryandculture.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagraph3referto?A.Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.B.Theproductionofjazzgrowingfaster.C.Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.D.Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.答案C[代詞指代題。根據(jù)前文DespitethecelebrationsthoughintheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolderandthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations可知盡管UNESCO為爵士樂設(shè)了紀(jì)念日但美國的爵士樂聽眾依然在減少并且年齡在老化爵士樂沒能將年輕一代人連接起來。再結(jié)合It’sJasonMoran’sjobtohelpchangethat(是JasonMoran的工作幫助改變那一情況)可推測(cè)that指代的是前文中爵士樂在年輕一代人中失去吸引力的現(xiàn)象。故選C。]【技巧點(diǎn)撥】如何解決猜測(cè)指代題此類題目應(yīng)注意代詞指代的總原則——代詞通常指代上文已提到的內(nèi)容。代詞指代要注意在數(shù)、格、邏輯、意義、位置等方面與之接近的名詞。就位置而言代詞所指代的名詞通常在本句或其上句中。只有好好把握代詞指代所在段落或前面段落的整體意思問題才能迎刃而解。猜測(cè)句意題[典例](2017·江蘇高考·閱讀D)Whenitcomestoadaptationitisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandardbuttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.ThisiswhyinpartatleasttheUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat“There__is__no__‘one-size__fits__all’__adaptation.”Neverthelesstherearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.65.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies________.A.adaptationisanever-changingprocess5B.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtimeC.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationformsD.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging答案A[根據(jù)上文中的“Wearetherefore...buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.”可知對(duì)于不斷變化的環(huán)境沒有一個(gè)通用的方法來解決所有這樣的問題。故畫線部分表示的是適應(yīng)環(huán)境也是一個(gè)不斷變化的過程。本題采取的是重述的方法。故選A。]【技巧點(diǎn)撥】如何解決猜測(cè)句意題此類題目通常需要猜測(cè)意思的是一個(gè)具有概括性的句子或是格言、諺語等做題時(shí)只要通過閱讀文章對(duì)原句進(jìn)行語法和詞義上的準(zhǔn)確分析并和答案選項(xiàng)做一番比較不難找出正確選項(xiàng)。一般來說正確選項(xiàng)的意思與原句的意思完全相同只不過是用了其他的英語詞匯表述而已。題組一應(yīng)用文A(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)Washington,D.C.BicycleToursCherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington,D.C.Duration3hoursThissmallgroupbiketourisafantasticwaytoseetheworld-famouscherrytreeswithbeautifulflowersofWashingtonD.C.Yourguidewillprovideahistorylessonaboutthetreesandthefamousmonumentswheretheyblossom.Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms—disappear!WashingtonCapitalMonumentsBicycleTourDuration3hours(4miles)JoinaguidedbiketourandviewsomeofthemostpopularmonumentsinWashington,D.C.ExplorethemonumentsandmemorialsontheNationalMallasyourguidesharesuniquefactsandhistoryateachstop.Guidedtourincludesbike,helmet6cookiesandbottledwater.CapitalCityBikeTourinWashington,D.C.Duration3hoursMorningorAfternoon,thisbiketouristheperfecttourforD.C.newcomersandlocalslookingtoexperienceWashingtonD.C.inahealthywaywithminimumeffort.KnowledgeableguideswillentertainyouwiththemostinterestingstoriesaboutPresidents,Congress,memorials,andparks.Comfortablebikesandasmoothtourroute(路線)makecyclingbetweenthesitesfunandrelaxing.WashingtonCapitalSitesatNightBicycleTourDuration3hours(7miles)JoinasmallgroupbiketourforaneveningofexplorationintheheartofWashington,D.C.GetupclosetothemonumentsandmemorialsasyoubikethesitesofCapitolHillandtheNationalMall.Frequentstopsaremadeforphototakingasyourguideoffersuniquefactsandhistory.Tourincludesbikehelmetandbottledwater.Allridersareequippedwithreflectivevestsandsafetylights.【語篇解讀】本文主要介紹了在華盛頓特區(qū)騎自行車觀光的四條路線、參觀的主要景點(diǎn)和從事的活動(dòng)。1.Whichtourdoyouneedtobookinadvance?A.CherryBlossomBikeTourinWashington,D.C.B.WashingtonCapitalMonumentsBicycleTour.C.CapitalCityBikeTourinWashingtonD.C.D.WashingtonCapitalSitesatNightBicycleTour.答案A[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一條旅行路線介紹的最后一句“Reserveyourspotbeforeavailability—andthecherryblossoms—disappear”可知選擇第一條旅行路線需要提前預(yù)訂。]2.WhatwillyoudoontheCapitalCityBikeTour?A.Meetfamouspeople.B.Gotoanationalpark.C.Visitwell-knownmuseums.D.Enjoyinterestingstories.7答案D[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三條旅行路線介紹中的“Knowledgeableguides...memorialsandparks”可知選擇這條旅行路線的游客可以在觀光過程中聽導(dǎo)游講故事。]3.Whichofthefollowingdoesthebicycletouratnightprovide?A.Citymaps.B.Cameras.C.Meals.D.Safetylights.答案D[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第四條旅行路線是夜間游覽根據(jù)該段介紹的最后一句“Allridersareequippedwithreflectivevestsandsafetylights”可知該路線為夜間騎車觀光的游客提供反光背心和安全燈。]B(2018·蘇北四市高三第一次調(diào)研)TheChocolateMuseumThestoryofchocolatethroughtheages●Experiencechocolate-makingfromcocoabeantochocolatebar●EnjoythesmelltasteandtextureoffreshlymadechocolateOpeninghoursTues—Fri10amto6pmSat&Sunpublicholidays11amto7pmClosedonMondaysChristmasDayandduringCarnivalweek.EntrancefeesAdults$6.00Concessions(over65yearsold)$3.00Groups(of15peopleormore)$5.00MorethanamuseumThePanoramaRestaurantcancaterforallyourcorporateevents:businesslunchesanniversariesweddingsandparties.Groupsof30—300peoplearewelcome.WelcomeToAucklandMuseum“Naumaihaeremai”8AucklandMuseumhasaconstantlychangingfeastoffresheventsandnewexhibitionsreflectingthecultureofNewZealand.Thisyearisnoexception.Clickheretofindoutmore>>LatestnewsBeinspiredbythedaVinciMachinesexhibitionanddesignandbuildyourownoriginalflyingmachine.ThebestentrywillwinthebuddinginventorahelicopterrideoverAucklandforafamilyoffour.Avoidthetrafficenjoyhassle-freeparkingandviewtheexhibitsinpeaceandquietonWednesdayevenings!Opentill730pm.From28Novemberuntil4MarchtherewillbenopublicaccesstotheReadingRoom.Clickheretofindoutmore>>Museumopeninghours10am—5pmdaily(exceptChristmasDay)4.If16adultsincluding3aged70plantovisittheChocolateMuseumhowmuchshouldtheypayatleast?A.$69.B.$78.C.$80.D.$87.答案B[數(shù)字計(jì)算題。根據(jù)第一小篇Entrancefees中的信息可知成年人$6/位大于65歲的人優(yōu)惠價(jià)$3/位大于等于15人以上的團(tuán)隊(duì)$5/位題中可知為16人團(tuán)隊(duì)且有3名大于65歲的人則為滿足15人團(tuán)隊(duì)的15名成員*團(tuán)隊(duì)價(jià)$5剩下的一名大于65歲者*優(yōu)惠價(jià)$378元。故選B。]5.AccordingtotheinformationofAucklandMuseumweknowthat________.A.itopensfrom10amto5pmeverydayB.ithasafeastoffresheventsexceptthisyearC.thewinnerwillflyahelicopterasarewardD.themuseumfocusesonNewZealand’sculture答案D[根據(jù)第二小篇由最后一句括號(hào)中exceptChristmasDay排除A由第一段最9后一句Thisyearisnoexception排除B由Latestnews中段一第二行“ahelicopterride”與選項(xiàng)中“helicopter”沖突一個(gè)是直升機(jī)旅行一個(gè)是直升機(jī)需要仔細(xì)理解排除C。再看段一中thecultureofNewZealand符合D選項(xiàng)故選D。]題組二記敘文A(2018·天津高考)WhenIwas17,IreadamagazinearticleaboutamuseumcalledtheMcNay,oncethehomeofawatercoloristnamedMarianMcNay.Shehadrequestedthecommunitytoturnitintoamuseumuponherdeath.OnasunnySaturday,SallyandIdroveovertothemuseum.Sheasked,“Doyouhavetheaddress”“No,butI’llrecognizeit,therewasapictureinthemagazine.”“Oh,stop.Thereitis”Themuseumwasfree.Weentered,excited.Agroupofpeoplesittinginthehallstoppedtalkingandstaredatus.“MayIhelpyou”amanasked.“No”Isaid.“We’refine.”Tourguidesgotonmynerves.Whatiftheytalkedalongtimeaboutapaintingyouweren’tthatinterestedin?Sallyhadgoneupstairs.Thepeopleinthehallseemedverynosy(愛窺探的),keepingtheireyesonmewithcuriosity.Whatwastheirproblem?Isawsomenicesculpturesinoneroom.SuddenlyIsensedamanstandingbehindme.“Wheredoyouthinkyouare”heasked.Iturnedsharply.“TheMcNayArtMuseum”Hesmiled,shakinghishead.“Sorry,theMcNayisonNewBraunfelsStreet.”“What’sthisplace”Iasked,stillconfused.“Well,it’sourhome.”Myheartjolted(震顫).Iracedtothestaircaseandcalledout,“Sally!Comedownimmediately”“There’ssomereallygoodstuff(藝術(shù)作品)upthere.”Shesteppeddown,lookingconfused.Ipushedhertowardthefrontdoor,wavingatthefamily,saying,“Sorry,pleaseforgiveus,youhaveareallyniceplace.”O(jiān)utside,whenItoldSallywhathappened,shecoveredhermouth,laughing.Shecouldn’tbelievehowlongtheyletuslookaroundwithoutsayinganything.TherealMcNaywassplendid,butwefeltnervousthewholetimewewerethere.VanGogh,Picasso.Thistime,westayedtogether,incaseanythingelseunusualhappened.Thirtyyearslater,awomanapproachedmeinapublicplace.“Excuseme,didyou10everenteraresidence,longagothinkingitwastheMcNayMuseum”“Yes.Buthowdoyouknow?Wenevertoldanyone.”“Thatwasmyhome.Iwasateenagersittinginthehall.Beforeyoucameover,IneverrealizedwhatabeautifulplaceIlivedin.Ineverfeltluckybefore.Youthoughtitwasamuseum.Myfeelingsaboutmyhomechangedafterthat.I’vealwayswantedtothankyou.”【語篇解讀】這是一篇記敘文。作者17歲的時(shí)候和好友去博物館結(jié)果誤闖民宅30年后這家的一位成員認(rèn)出了作者并感謝作者讓她意識(shí)到自己家的美。1.WhatdoweknowaboutMarianMcNay?A.Shewasapainter.B.Shewasacommunityleader.C.Shewasamuseumdirector.D.Shewasajournalist.答案A[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第一段說McNay是水彩畫家(watercolorist)她要求社區(qū)在她死后把她曾經(jīng)居住的地方改成博物館由此判斷她是個(gè)畫家。]2.Whydidtheauthorrefusethehelpfromthemaninthehouse?A.Shedislikedpeoplewhowerenosy.B.Shefeltnervouswhentalkingtostrangers.C.Sheknewmoreaboutartthantheman.D.Shemistookhimforatourguide.答案D[推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息我們把答案定位在第四段。作者和朋友來到這個(gè)博物館然后有人詢問是否需要幫助的時(shí)候作者說導(dǎo)游讓她緊張從這些信息判斷作者誤以為這個(gè)人是導(dǎo)游因此選D。]3.Howdidtheauthorfeelaboutbeingstaredatbythepeopleinthehall?A.Puzzled.B.Concerned.C.Frightened.D.Delighted.答案A[推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干的“被大廳里的人盯著看”判斷本題答案在第四段。該段說當(dāng)作者發(fā)現(xiàn)大廳里的人似乎都喜歡窺探都好奇地盯著自己的時(shí)候心想“他們這是怎么了”(Whatwastheirproblem)。從這些信息推斷選A作者對(duì)此十分困惑。]4.WhydidtheauthordescribetherealMcNaymuseuminjustafewwords?11A.Therealmuseumlackedenoughartworktointeresther.B.Shewastooupsettospendmuchtimeattherealmuseum.C.TheMcNaywasdisappointingcomparedwiththehouse.D.Theeventhappeninginthehousewasmoresignificant.答案D[推理判斷題。第六段說作者和朋友來到真正的McNay博物館但是她們一直覺得緊張害怕又出現(xiàn)先前那種不同尋常的事。由此推斷她們一直想著先前誤闖他人的家的事因此選D。]5.Whatcouldwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.Peopleshouldhavegoodtastetoenjoylife.B.Peopleshouldspendmoretimewiththeirfamily.C.Peopletendtobeblindtothebeautyaroundthem.D.Peopletendtoeducateteenagersatamuseum.答案C[推理判斷題。最后一段這個(gè)女士告訴作者30年前自己還是一個(gè)十幾歲的青少年在作者誤闖她家之前自己從來不知道自己的家有多美麗由此推斷選C“人們往往對(duì)自己身邊的美麗事物視而不見”。]B(2018·山東德州高三一模)Thesummerbeforemydaddiedwemovedhouse.Upuntilthatpointourfamilyhadourownspacetospreadout.Moneywastightsotherewasnotelevisionsetbutweownedaturntableonwhichmydad’srecordsplayedconstantly.MostlyitplayedBobDylan.TracksfromTheBasementTapesandDesirebecameanimportantpartofournewlife.MybrotherandIaged8and10climbedtreesbuilthideawaysandlearnedthewordsofClothesLineSaga.Wewouldchantoverandoverlostinourownjoy.ItwasJanuarywhenmydadleftusforeverbecauseofthecancer.Hewas36goingon37thenthesameageasDylan.Afterwardsourlaughterdisappearedbutwekeptonplayingtherecordswhichbecameouronlyritualofremembrance.ThetwomenbecamesointertwinedinmyheadIstruggledtotellthemapart.Dylanwasmydad’sgifttome.Whatchildwouldn’tbefascinatedbysongsfullofpiratesandseasicksailors?HowdiditfeeltohaveNodirectionhome?FarewellAngelinabecamemyparty-piece.Iwouldsingthisatchurchcheeseandwinestothe12assembledaudience.Alotofdonationsweremade.GrowingupIremainedafanofthemusicbutIwasn’tobsessedwithDylanuntilonedayinearly1995mybrotherboughtusbothticketstoseehimplayatBrixtonAcademy.Londonfeltlikealongwaytogo.ButfinallyseeingDylanstepoutontothestagebroughtasuddenrushofexcitement.IhaveseenDylanacoupleoftimessince.Mybrotherisnotaroundsomuchthesedays.Buthewasupforavisitrecently.Wepassedahappyeveninglaughingandrinkingwhilehissonagednineperformedhisparty-pieceSubterraneanHomesickBluesforus.Hesangitword-perfect.AndsoitgoesonDylan’smusicasagiftpasseddownthegenerations.【語篇解讀】作者講述了對(duì)BobDylan的喜歡和熱愛及BobDylan對(duì)自己家三代人的影響。6.What’stheauthor’spurposeofwritingthepassage?A.Topraisehislatefather.B.Totellabouthisfamilyhistory.C.Toexpresshislongingforfamilyreunion.D.ToshowhisloveforBobDylan.答案D[推理判斷題。根據(jù)文中TracksfromTheBasementTapesandDesirebecame...wasmydad’sgifttome.和Dylan’smusicasagiftpasseddownthegenerations等信息講述了作者從小到大一直以來對(duì)BobDylan的喜歡和熱愛故選D。]7.Theunderlinedword“ritual”inthesecondparagraphmeans“________”.A.passionB.ceremonyC.memoryD.belief答案B[猜測(cè)詞義題。此處指父親去世后我們的笑聲消失了但我們繼續(xù)播放BobDylan的唱片這成了我們唯一的記憶儀式?！皉itual”指儀式與ceremony同義A項(xiàng)為“激情熱情”C項(xiàng)為“記憶”D項(xiàng)為“信任信仰”。故選B。]8.Howdidtheauthorraisemoneyinhischildhood?A.BysingingaDylan’ssongatchurchgatherings.B.Byprovidingcheeseandwinestochurchprayers.C.Byplayingaprivateinchurchperformances.13D.Byacceptingdonationsfromthechurch.答案A[細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)第三段Iwouldsingthisatchurchcheeseandwinestotheassembledaudience.Alotofdonationsweremade.可知作者在童年的時(shí)候通過在教堂聚會(huì)上唱迪倫的歌來籌錢故選A。]9.Therecentvisitoftheauthor’sbrotherindicatesthat________.A.hisnephewwaseverinvitedtoplayinDylan’sconcertB.hisbrotherhasneverseenaliveperformanceofDylanC.Dylan’smusichasinfluencedthreegenerationsofhisfamilyD.SubterraneanHomesickBluesisalwayshisfavoritesong答案C[推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段Buthewasupforavisit...SubterraneanHomesickBluesforus.和Dylan’smusicasagiftpasseddownthegenerations.描述哥哥帶著兒子拜訪BobDylan及兒子演唱他的歌表明BobDylan對(duì)作者一家三代人的影響。故選C。]題組三說明文A(2018·北京高考)PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.Cali-fornia,itshouldbenotedisn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakesthetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,14affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫車)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(責(zé)任與維護(hù)問題).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.【語篇解讀】本文討論了有關(guān)無人駕駛汽車的問題。1.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan________.A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblems15B.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenvironmentD.makesomepeoplelosejobs答案A[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Whilemuchofthedebate...mobilityoptions”以及第三段中的“Dowewanttocopy...withdriverlesscars”可知應(yīng)該注意伴隨無人駕駛汽車出現(xiàn)的問題。故選A。]2.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A.Safety.B.Sideeffects.C.Affordability.D.Management.答案D[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Buthoweverlongittakes...howthetransformationisregulated”可知作者最關(guān)心自動(dòng)駕駛的監(jiān)管問題。故選D。]3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed.B.Replaced.C.Shared.D.Reduced.答案A[詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上下文可知此處表示“考慮到無人駕駛技術(shù)的成本和責(zé)任與維護(hù)問題叫車服務(wù)(公司)將運(yùn)用第一批可使用的商業(yè)無人駕駛汽車”fielded這里引申為“使用應(yīng)用”之意故選A。]4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.答案B[觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Wellthefutureisapparentlynow”第二段中的“Thearrivalof...andmoreshared”以及最后一段中的“Thecomingtechnologicaladvancement...planforit”可知作者對(duì)無人駕駛汽車的未來持積極正面的態(tài)度。故選B。]B(2018·南京市高三三模)Humanityhasbegunwrestlingwiththedangersofglobalthreatssuchasclimatechange.Butfewauthoritiesareplanningforcatastrophicsolarstorms—hugeeruptionsofmassandenergyfromthesunthatdestroyEarth’smagneticfield.InarecentpapertwoHarvardUniversityscientistsestimatethepotentialeconomic16damagefromsuchaneventwillincreaseinthefutureandcouldequalthecurrentU.S.GDP-about$20trillion-150yearsfromnow.Thiskindofstormhashappenedbefore.Theso-calledCarringtonEventin1859themostintensemagneticstormeverrecordedonEarthcausedauroras(極光)intheatmosphereandevendeliveredelectricshockstotelegraphoperators.ButaCarrington-scalestormtodaywouldcausefarmoreharmbecausesocietynowdependssoheavilyonelectricalpowergridscommunicationssatellitesandGPS.InanefforttoquantifythatthreatastrophysicistsAbrahamLoebandManasviLingamoftheHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysicsdevelopedamathematicalmodelthatassumessociety’svulnerability(脆弱性)tosolarstormswillgrowwithtechnologicaladvances.Underthismodelduringthenext50yearsthepotentialforeconomicdamagewilldependprimarilyontherisingoddsofastrongsolarstormovertime.Beyond50yearsourvulnerabilitywillincreasedramaticallywithtechnologicalprogressuntilthelatterlevelsoff.Somescientistsquestionthemodel’spredictions.“Estimatingtheeconomicimpactischallengingnowletaloneinoveracentury”saysEdwardOughtonaresearchassociateattheUniversityofCambridge’sCenterforRiskStudies.Yethewarnsthatuncertaintyshouldnotstopusfrompracticalpreparationssuchasmakingpowergridsstrongerandimprovingearly-warningsystems.LoebandLingamthinkupamuchwiderstrategy:a$100-billionmagneticdeflectorshield(導(dǎo)流板)positionedbetweenEarthandthesun.Thisideaseems“prettypreposterous”howevergiventhatsolarparticlesarriveatEarthfromalldirectionssaysDanielBakerdirectoroftheLaboratoryforAtmosphericandSpacePhysicsattheUniversityofColoradoBoulder.Abetterunderstandingof“spaceweather”—thechangingconditioninEarth’souterspaceenvironmentincludingsolarradiationandparticles—couldhelpfindthebeststrategiesforconfrontingadangeroussolarstormsaysStraceyWormanasenioranalystatconsultingfirmAbtAssociates.“Thisisachallengingbutimportantquestion”Wormansays“thatweneedmoreeyeson.”5.AccordingtoEdwardOughtonwhichofthefollowingaboutsolarstormsisright?17A.Theywillbecomemuchstrongerin150years.B.Technologymakestheirpotentialdamagegrow.C.It’sdifficulttopredicttheirpossibleeconomicdamage.D.Spaceweatherforecastcaneffectivelyhelpdealwiththem.答案C[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題目EdwardOughton提示找到第五段第1、2行Estimatingtheeconomicimpactischallengingnowchallenging同義替換為difficultestimate同義替換為predict故選C。]6.Theunderlinedword“preposterous”inParagraph6means________.A.unreasonableB.practicalC.innovativeD.inflexible答案A[詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第六段第1行提示wilderstrategywilder說明了感情趨向再來看這個(gè)idea$100-billionmagneticdeflectorshieldpositionedbetweenEarthandthesun非常的狂野幾乎不可能所以只能選Aunreasonable“不切實(shí)際的”。]7.Theauthorwritesthepassagemainlyto________.A.reportthedamageofsolarstormsB.remindpeopletoguardagainstsolarstormsC.introducethecharacteristicsofsolarstormsD.analyzethepossiblecauseofsolarstorms答案B[推理判斷題。通讀全文可知作者的情感取向ACD的確是文章的內(nèi)容的一部分但題目問的是作者寫作目的根據(jù)最后一段helpfindthebeststrategiesforconfrontingadangeroussolarstorm最后一句Thisisachallengingbutimportantquestionthatweneedmoreeyeson說明作者在提醒大家阻止solarstorm故選B。]題組四議論文A(2018·天津高考)Giveyourselfatest.Whichwayisthewindblowing?Howmanykindsofwildflowerscanbeseenfromyourfrontdoor?Ifyourawarenessisassharpasitcouldbe,you’llhavenotroubleansweringthesequestions.Mostofusobservedmuchmoreaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Achild’sdayisfilledwithfascination,newnessandwonder.Curiositygaveusallanaturalawareness.Butdistinctionsthatweresharptousaschildrenbecomeunclearweare18numb(麻木的)tonewstimulation(刺激),newideas.Relearningtheartofseeingtheworldaroundusisquitesimplealthoughittakespracticeandrequiresbreakingsomebadhabits.Thefirststepinawakeningsensesistostoppredictingwhatwearegoingtoseeandfeelbeforeitoccurs.Thisblocksawareness.OnechillynightwhenIwashikingintheRockyMountainswithsomestudents,Imentionedthatweweregoingtocrossamountainstream.Thestudentsbegancomplainingabouthowcolditwouldbe.Wereachedthestream,andtheyunwillinglywalkedahead.Theywerealmostknee-deepwhentheyrealizeditwasahotspring.Latertheyalladmittedthey’dfeltcoldwateratfirst.Anotherblocktoawarenessistheobsession(癡迷)manyofushavewithnamingthings.Isawbirdwatcherswhospottedabird,immediatelylookeditupinfieldguides,andsaid,a“ruby-crownedkinglet”andcheckeditoff.Theynolongerpaidattentiontothebirdandneverlearnedwhatitwasdoing.Thepressuresof“time”and“destination”arefurtherblockstoawareness.Iencounteredmanyhikerswhowereheadedtoadistantcampgroundwithjustenoughtimetogettherebeforedark.Itseldomoccurredtothemtowanderabittotakeamomenttoseewhat’saroundthem.Iaskedthemwhatthey’dseen.“Oh,afewbirds”theysaid.Theyseemedbentontheirdestinations.Natureseemstounfoldtopeoplewhowatchandwait.Nexttimeyoutakeawalk,nomatterwhereitis,takeinallthesights,soundsandsensations.Wanderinthisframeofmindandyouwillopenanewdimensiontoyourlife.【語篇解讀】這是一篇議論文。隨著年齡的增長我們對(duì)大自然開始變得麻木。本文作者告訴我們?nèi)绾螁拘炎约旱挠^察力。1.AccordingtoParagraph2,comparedwithadults,childrenaremore___