可能是SAT老師中，做申請最好的可能是SAT老師中，做申請最好的2017102012ColbyACT30ED1250+，SAT1100+UC70+的同學(xué)，獲得了康涅狄格大學(xué)、雪城大學(xué)、賓GPA2.0StateUniversity70SAT1500+MIT申請文書，真的很關(guān)鍵。源于自己，高于自己的文書才是真“包裝”。同時42-3：要有超越普通中學(xué)生的知識水平和專業(yè)術(shù)語；3長期性2-32-3公益性：只炫耀是不夠的，要有關(guān)心人類和世界的情懷100（主旨精神）8020如昂貴的中介費省下來，讓你的英語老師來做這份工作。如果你對自己的文書有不滿意的地方，可以關(guān)注微信公眾號【美國本科申請】kangkanglaoshi康康老師個人微信 美國本科申請公眾號May康康老師個人微信 美國本科申請公眾號MayQAS11/4/20171111ReadingTest65MINUTES,52QUESTIONSTurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageisadaptedfromGeorgeEliot,Middlemarch.Originallypublishedin1871.Dorotheaandherhusband.Mr.Casaubon,amiddle-agedscholar,areontheirhoneymooninRome.WillLadislaw,anartist,isCasaubon’scousin.“Yes,”saidDorothea,withoutpause;“showhimintothesalon.”HerchiefimpressionsaboutyoungLadislawwerethatwhenshehadseenhimatLowickshehadbeenmadeawareofMr.5Casaubon’sgenerositytowardshim,andalsothatshehadbeeninterestedinhisownhesitationabouthiscareer.Shewasalivetoanythingthatgaveheranopportunityforactivesympathy,andatthismomentitseemedasifthevisithadcometoshake10heroutofherself-absorbeddiscontent—toremindherofherhusband’sgoodness,andmakeherfeelthatshehadnowtherighttobehishelpmateinallkinddeeds.Shewaitedaminuteortwo,butwhenshepassedintothenextroomtherewerejustsigns15enoughthatshehadbeencryingtomakeheropenfacelookmoreyouthfulandappealingthanusual.ShemetLadislawwiththatexquisitesmileofgoodwillwhichisunmixedwithvanity,andheldoutherhandtohim.Hewastheelderbyseveral20years,butatthatmomenthelookedmuchtheyounger,forhistransparentcomplexionflushedsuddenly,andhespokewithashynessextremelyunlikethereadyindifferenceofhismannerwithhismalecompanionatthemuseum,whileDorothea25becameallthecalmerwithawonderingdesiretoputhimatease.

“IwasnotawarethatyouandMr.CasaubonwereinRome,untilthismorning,whenIsawyouintheVaticanMuseum,"hesaid."Iknewyouat30once—but—Imean,thatIconcludedMr.Casaubon’saddresswouldbefoundatthePosteRestante,andIwasanxioustopaymyrespectstohimandyouasearlyaspossible.“Praysitdown.Heisnotherenow,buthewill35begladtohearofyou,Iamsure,"saidDorothea,seatingherselfunthinkinglybetweenthefireandthelightofthetallwindow,andpointingtoachairopposite,withthequietudeofabenignantmatron.Thesignsofgirlishsorrowinherfacewereonlythe40morestriking.“Mr.Casaubonismuchengaged;butyouwillleaveyouraddress—willyounot?—andhewillwritetoyou.”“Youareverygood,”saidLadislaw,beginningtolosehisdiffidenceintheinterestwithwhichhe45wasobservingthesignsofweepingwhichhadalteredherface.“Myaddressisonmycard.ButifyouwillallowmeIwillcallagainto-morrowatanhourwhenMr.Casaubonislikelytobeathome."“HegoestoreadintheLibraryoftheVatican50everyday,andyoucanhardlyseehimexceptbyanappointment.Especiallynow.WeareabouttoleaveRome,andheisverybusy.Heisusuallyawayalmostfrombreakfasttilldinner.ButIamsurehewillwishyoutodinewithus.”55 WillLadislawwasstruckmuteforafewmoments.HehadneverbeenfondofMr.Casaubon,andifithadnotbeenforthesenseofobligation,wouldhavelaughedathimasaBatoferudition.Buttheideaofthisdried-uppedant,thiselaboratorofCONTINUE1CONTINUE1111CONTINUEPAGE4CONTINUEPAGE4460smallexplanationsaboutasimportantasthesurplusstockoffalseantiquitieskeptinavendor’sbackchamber,havingfirstgotthisadorableyoungcreaturetomarryhim,andthenpassinghishoneymoonawayfromher,thissuddenpicture465stirredhimwithasortofcomicdisgust:hewasdividedbetweentheimpulsetolaughaloudandtheequallyunseasonableimpulsetoburstintoscornfulinvective.Foraninstanthefeltthatthestrugglewascausingaqueercontortionofhismobilefeatures,70butwithagoodeffortheresolveditintonothingmoreoffensivethanamerrysmile.Dorotheawondered;butthesmilewasirresistible,andshonebackfromherfacetoo.WillLadislaw’ssmilewasdelightful,unlessyouwere75angrywithhimbeforehanditwasagushofinwardlightilluminatingthetransparentskinaswellastheeyes,andplayingabouteverycurveandlineasifsomeArielweretouchingthemwithanewcharm,andbanishingforeverthetracesofmoodiness.The80reflectionofthatsmilecouldnotbuthavealittlemerrimentinittoo.evenunderdarkeyelashesstillmoist,asDorotheasaidinquiringly,"Somethingamusesyou?""Yes."saidWill,quickinfindingresources.inShakespeare’sTheTempest11Overthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusshiftsbetweenthepointsofviewofDorotheaandLadislawindevelopthecharacters’thoughtsandexploretheiractions.settingsoftheVaticanandtheCasaubons’hotelinRomeinordertoemphasizeDorothea’sisolationfromherhusband.contemptthatLadislawfeelsforMr.CasaubonandtheaffectionhefeelsforDorotheainordertorevealhisinnerconflict.narrator’somniscientperspectiveandthecharacterslimitedperspectivesinordertosuggestthatthecharactersknowfarlessaboutoneanotherthantheybelieve.

22ThepassagesuggestthatwhileatLowick,Ladislawexpresseduncertaintyabouthisprospectsformarriage.choiceofoccupation.leisurepursuits.standingwithinhisfamily33AsusedInline7,"aliveto"mostnearlymeansreliantupon.eagerfor.carefulabout.suspiciousof.Inthepassage.DorothearegardstheoccasionofLadislaw’sarrivalmainlyasachancetoseektemporaryamusementconfessthefullextentofhersadness.strengthenheralliancewithherhusband.makeagoodimpressiononamemberofherhusband’sfamily.55Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines7-12("Shewas...deeds")Lines13-16("Shewaited...usual")Lines16-18("Shemet...tohim")Lines24-25("Dorothea...case")6 969ThecomparisonofLadislaw’sinteractionwithhis“malecompanion”tohisinteractionwithDorothea(lines21-25)mainlyservestorevealtheamountoftimeLerestsLadislawshareswitheach.degreeofself-consciousnessLadislawexperienceswitheach.10enjoymentLadislawderivesfromconversationswitheach.10

ThepassagemakesclearthatLadislawregardsDorotheaasunknowinglyself-centeredneedlesslycautious.physicallyattractive.77Basedonthepassage.Ladislaw’srelationshipwithMr.Casaubonisbestcharacterizedassuperficiallycivil,becauseLadislawfeelsindebtedtoMr.Casaubon.blatantlycompetitive,becauseLadislawandMr.CasaubonshareanobligationtoDorothea.subtlyhostile,becauseLadislawbelievesthatMr.Casaubonhasbeenignoringhim.outwardlyspiteful,becauseLadislawresentsMr.Casaubon’scontrollinginfluence.85

Whatmaineffectdothephrases“gushofinwardlight,”“playingabouteverycurve.”and“touchingthemwithanewcharm.”usedintheseventhparagraph(lines71-82).haveonthenarrator’sdescriptionofLadislaw’ssmile?Theyunderscore.Ladislaw’struefeelingaboutMr.Casaubonconcealedbehindthesmile.TheyemphasizetheenchantingeffectofthesmileonDorothea.TheyreinforceLadislaw’sefforttoamuseDorotheabysmiling.Theyrevealthesmile’spowertobringjoyeventothosewhoareangrywithLadislaw.88Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines2-6(“Herchief...career”)Lines28-32(“Iknew...possible”)Lines45-47(“Butif...home”)Lines55-57(“Hehad...erudition”)Questions11-20arebasedonthefollowingpassages.Passage1isadaptedfromShirleyChisholm,“AddresstotheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,21May1969.”Passage2isadaptedfromPhyllisSchlafly,What’sWrongSchlafly.TheEqualRightsAmendmentwasaproposedamendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionintendedtoprohibitdiscriminationonthebasisofgender.ChisholmwasamemberofCongresswhenshemadeheraddress.Passage1MorethanhalfofthepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisfemale.Butwomenoccupyonly2percentofthemanagerialpositions.Theyhavenotevenreachedtheleveloftokenismyet.Nowomensiton5theAFL-CIOcouncilorSupremeCourt.TherehavebeenonlytwowomenwhohaveheldCabinetrank,andatpresenttherearenone.Onlytwowomennowholdambassadorialrankinthediplomaticcorps.InCongress,wearedowntooneSenatorand1010Representatives.Consideringthatthereareabout31/2millionmorewomenintheUnitedStatesthanmen,thissituationisoutrageousItisforthisreasonthatIwishtointroduce15today15aproposalthathasbeenbeforeeveryCongressforthelast40yearsandthatsoonerorlatermustbecomepartofthebasiclawoftheland—theequalrightsamendment.Letmenoteandtrytorefutetwoofthe20commonestargumentsthatareofferedagainstthisamendment.Oneisthatwomenarealreadyprotectedunderthelawanddonotneedlegislation.Existinglawsarenotadequatetosecureequalrightsforwomen.Sufficientproofofthisisthe25concentrationofwomeninlowerpaying,menial,unrewardingjobsandtheirincrediblescarcityintheupperleveljobs.Ifwomenarealreadyequal,whyisitsuchaneventwheneveronehappenstobeelectedtoCongress?...30 AsecondargumentoftenheardagainsttheequalrightsamendmentisthatitwouldeliminatelegislationthatmanyStatesandtheFederalGovernmenthaveenactedgivingspecialprotectiontowomenandthatitwouldthrowthemarriageand35divorcelawsintochaos.Asforthemarriagelaws,theyaredueforasweepingreform,andanexcellentbeginningwould

betowipetheexistingonesoffthebooks.Regardingspecialprotectionforworkingwomen,I40cannotunderstandwhyitshouldbeneeded.Womenneednoprotectionthatmendonotneed.Whatweneedarelawstoprotectworkingpeopletoguaranteethemfairpay.safeworkingconditions.protectionagainstsicknessandlayoffs,andprovisionfor45dignified,comfortableretirement.Menandwomenneedthesethingsequally.Thatonesexneedsprotectionmorethantheotherisamalesupremacistmythasridiculousandunworthyofrespectasthewhitesupremacistmythsthatsocietyistryingto50cuteitselfofatthistime.Passage2Inthelastcoupleofyears,anoisymovementhassprungupagitatingfor“women’srights.”Suddenlyeverywhereweareafflictedaggressive55femalesontelevisiontalkshowsyappingabouthowmistreatedAmericanwomenare,suggestingthatmarriagehasputusinsomekindof"slavery,"thathouseworkismenialanddegrading,and—perishthethought—thatwomenarediscriminatedagainst.60New“women’sliberation”organizationsarepoppingup,agitatinganddemonstrating,servingdemandsonpublicofficials,gettingwidepresscoveragealways,andpurportingtospeakforsomeAmericanwomen.65 It’stimetosettherecordstraight.TheclaimAmericanwomenaredowntroddenandunfairlytreatedisthefraudofthecentury.ThetruthisthatAmericanwomenneverhaditsogood.Whyshouldwelowerourselvesto“equalrights”whenwe70alreadyhavethestatusofspecialprivilege?EqualRightsAmendmentstatesthat"EqualityofrightsunderthelawshallnotbedeniedorabridgedbytheUnitedStatesorbyanystateonaccountofsex,”Sowhat’swrongwiththat?75Well,hereareafewexamplesofwhat’swrongwithThisAmendmentwillabsolutelyandpositivelymakewomensubjecttothedraft.Whyanywomanwouldsupportsucharidiculousandun-Americanasthisisbeyondcomprehension80 AnotherbadeffectoftheEqualRightsitwillabolishawoman’righttochildsupportandalimony,andsubstitutewhatthewomen’slibbersthinkisamore"equal"policy,that"suchdecisionsshouldbewithinthediscretionof85Courtandshouldbemadeontheeconomicsituationandneedofthepartiesinthecase."presentAmericanlaws,themanisalwaysrequiredtosupporthiswifeandeachchildhecausedtobeboughtintotheworld.Whyshould90womenabandonthesegoodlaws bytradingthemforsomethingsonebulousanduncertainasthe“discretionoftheCourt”?1111InPassage1,ChisholmmentionsthenumberofwomeninCongressmostlikelytogiveoneexampleofaprofessionwithveryfewwomeninit.pointouthowharditisforwomentogetlegislationpassed.suggesthowhardshehasworkedtobecomeamemberofCongress.implythatifthereweremorewomenintheEqualRightsAmendmentwouldhavepassedalready.1212Asusedinline14,"introduce"mostnearlymeansestablish.presentinterjectpreface.

1414InPassage2,Schlafly’suseofquotationmarksAround"women’srights"(line52)and"equal"(line82)chieflyservestostresstheurgencyofthereformsreferredtointhequotations.preventmisunderstandingbyindicatingthatChisholm’sexactwordsarebeingused.suggestthattheexpressionsaretypicallyusedaninsultingway.ridiculetheideologicalpositionsunderlyingtheuseoftheseterms.1515InPassage2,Schlafly’suseofthewords“afflicted,“aggressive,”and“yapping”（lines53-54)servestosupporthermainargumentbyacknowledgingherunderstandingofthecomplexityofthedebateongenderequality.conveyingherimplicitcritiqueofthenatureofAmericanpoliticaldebate.suggestingthatthepositionstakenbyheropponentsareunreasonableandannoying.portrayingheraspersonallyattackedbyheropponentsratherthanchallengedonherargument’smerits.161613InPassage1,Chisholmindicatesthatthefederalgovernmentandmanystategovernmentshavepreviously13passedlawsfocusedonwomen’sworkingconditions.ensuredequalrightsforwomenintheworkplace.reformedmostofthemarriageanddivorcelaws.refusedtoconsiderspecialprotectionsforwomen.

WhichchoicebestsupportstheideathatSchlaflybelievesthatwomen’scircumstancesarealreadysuperiortothoseofmen?Lines59-63(“New…women”）Lines64-66(“It’s...century”）C) Lines67-69(“Why…privilege”)D) Lines70-73(“Theproposed...ofsex”)17 191719AccordingtoSchlaflyinPassage2,theEqualwouldeliminateawoman’srighttothemilitary.beahomemaker.havecustodyofherchildren.18BasedonPassage1,ChisholmwouldmostlikelyrespondtoSchlafly’sassertioninlines66-67ofPassage2(“Thetruth...good”)with18concern,becauseofthepolarizingnatureofsuchperspectivesonwomen.disagreement,becauseoftheeconomicplightofmanywomeninthecountry.resignation,becausetherearevalidargumentsonbothsidesofthisissue.dismay,becauseofthenumberofwomeninAmericawhoholdsuchbeliefs.

Basedonthepassages,whichstatementdescribeshowSchlaflywouldmostlikelyrespondtoChisholm’sremarksaboutthemarriageanddivorcelawsofthattime?RevokingthemarriageanddivorcelawsrequiresanamendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution.Activistswhobelievethatmarriageisakintoslaveryoverlookotherilleffectsofgenderdiscrimination.RightsAmendmentshouldcodifygenderequalityinareasotherthanchildsupportandalimonypayments.Currentmarriageanddivorcelawsshouldnotbechangedbecausetheyprovideasignificantbenefittowomen.2020WhichchoicefromPassage2providesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines53-58(“Suddenly…against”）Lines75-76(“This...draft”）Lines86-91(“Under…Court”）Questions21-30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thispassageisadaptedfromwechatkangkanglaoshi"EvenBirdbrainsLearnfromExperience."?2013bySigmaXi,TheScientific:ResearchSociety.Figarowasonlyabirdbrain:acaptivecockatooButwhenAliceAuersperg,cognitivebiologistattheUniversityofVienna,spiedhimwielding10toolshehadspontaneously5inventedfromtwigsandsplinters,shewasamazed.SuchinnovativetoolusewasknowntoexistonlyinprimatesandNewCaledoniancrows.AuerspergfirstsawFigaromake,shorten,andbendsticktoolstorakeinasmallstonehehad10droppedthroughameshpartition.Shereplacedthestonewithaseriesofcashewnutsandobservedhisperformance.Auersperg’sobservationsculminatedinastudyshowingthatcockatooscansolveelaboratemultisteplock15puzzles,withoutintermediatebehavioralreinforcements,andimmediatelytransfertheirnewknowledgetoanovelchallenge.Figaroshowsthatcockatooscan“planinterventionsinthephysicalworldwellaheadofsaysAuersperg’scoauthor,AlexKacelnik,abehavioralecologistattheUniversityofOxford.Figaro’sachievementraisedthequestion,Towhatextentcancockatoosplanahead,completingaseriesofactionstowardamentally25representeddistantgoal withoutsupport?Auerspergandcolleaguesreasonedthatifacockatoomustcompleteachainofactionstoreceiveasubstantialrewardattheend,andifeachactionleadsonlytothepossibilityofachievingthe30nextaction,thenthebirdcouldbeunlikelytoattainthefinalgoalbymeredistance.Randomlyattemptingtheactionsinthelongorder,forexample,wouldleadtofailure.andmechanical35capacities,Auerspergdesignedaboxhousingavisablecashewnutblockedbyfiveinterlockingdevices.Thelockswereconcatenatedsothatthebirdwouldhavetosolvethelockpuzzlefarthestfromtherewardbeforegainingaccesstothenext,40andsoon.Theteammadeeachlockuniquesothattheknowledgerequiredtoopenitwouldbenovel.Auersperg’steambeganbytestingthecockatoos’learningprocesstodiscernwhetherandtowhat

extentthe10birdsintheirstudycouldsolveallfive45puzzleswithoutintermittentrewardsorobservationofbirdalreadytrained.Theresearchershadnoprecedentforpredictinghowmuchtimeandsupportthecockatooswouldrequire.Intheend,onlyonebird,namedPipin,solvedallfivelockswithinthe50numberofsessions,numberoftrials,andamountofusedtodefinesuccess.ButPipincompletedtheentirepuzzle,utterlyunassisted,inonly100minutes a“rapidroutetoperfection,”Auerspergnotes.Theteamsupportedtheothernine55birdswithreinforcementuntiltheyopenedthefivelocks.(youmanyalsogotoformoretestpapers.)Theteamthensubjectedall10birdstoanexperimentdesignedtorevealthenatureoftheir60newlyacquiredknowledge:whetheritwasrote,oritindicatedunderstandingofmechanicalfunctions.Thescientistsremovedorresequencedpartsoftheoriginalpuzzle.Inresponse,"thebirdsimmediatelyapproachedthenowmostrelevantpieceof65equipmentdownstreamfromthegoal,”saysKacelnik.Insteadofrigidlyadheringtotheoriginallocksequence,inotherwords,theystrategizedaccordingtothevariousfunctionsoftheinterlockingmechanisms.70 Thecockatoosexploredthelocksplayfully,usingtheirbills,tongues,andfeet;individualsdifferedinhowtheyopenedthelocks.However,all10birdsprogressedlogically:Oncetheyhadsolvedalock,theyspentnotimeonthatlockinfuture75sessions,butfocusedonthenextchallengeinthechain.Thisstepwiseapproachtothecomplexsequenceshowsthatcockatooscan,withoutreinforcement,workbackwardfromadistantgoal.802121Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistoastudyofcockatoos’filearesearcherstudyingcockatoos’behavior.explainatheoryaboutcockatoosplanningskills.analyzedataoncockatoosmemorizationpractices.22 252225Thecentralideaofthepassageisthatcockatooscanuseknowledgegainedfromobservingotherspeciestoachievetheirowngoals.recallinformationfrompreviousexperiencesandapplyittowhollynewsituations.arecapableofperceivingandcompletingmultipleindependentstepstoaccomplishanobjective.E)Ifyouneedanswersofthistest,pleasecontactwechatE)Ifyouneedanswersofthistest,pleasecontactwechatkangkanglaoshi23Inthecontextofthepassageasawhole,themainfunctionofthefirstparagraphisto23introduceaphenomenonfirstdiscoveredinthestudiespresentedinthepassage.outlinethecontroversythattheanalysispresentedinthepassageisintendedtosettle.explainthehypothesisthattheexperimentsdiscussedinthepassageweredesignedtotest.24describeanincidentthathelpedinspiretheresearchdiscussedinthepassage.24WhichstatementaboutFigaro’sdevelopmentoftoolsisbestsupportedbythepassage?FigarodevelopedtoolsthatweresimilarinappearancetothoseusedbyNewCaledoniancrows.FigarodevelopedtoolsthatenabledhimtothatAuerspergandherFigarodevelopedtoolswithoutpreviouslyobservingothercockatoosusingtools.Figarodevelopedtoolsonhisowninitiativeandtosolveaproblemhehadnotanticipated.

Asusedinline12,"performance"mostnearlymeansactions.efficiency.presentation.imitation.2626Basedonthepassage,onepremiseofthefirstexperimentwasthatpresentingcockatooswithuniquelocksthathadtobesolvedsuccessivelywouldforestalltheobjectionthatthecockatoosweretryingtoachieveintermediategoalsratherthanasinglefinalgoal.bolstertheclaimthatthecockatoosplannedtheiractionsknowingtheywouldnotreceivereinforcementastheyprogressed.reducethepossibilitythatthecockatooscouldsucceedintheexperimentwithoutpossessingtheskillsbeingassessed.ensurethattheexperimentwasevaluatingintellectualcapabilitiesratherthantheirmechanicalcapabilities.2727Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines22-25(“Figaro’s...support”)Lines25-31(“Auersperg...chance”)Lines33-36(“Totest...devices”)Lines36-38(“Thelocks...soon”)28Thefourthandfifthparagraphs(lines33-55)primarilyserveto28

Questions31-41arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.ThispassageisadaptedfromBenBranstetter,“EveryTimedescribethedesignandoutcomeofthefirstlockexperiment.summarizetheviewsofotherresearchersoncockatoointelligence.contrastthefirstlockexperimentwithotherassessmentsofanimalcognition.speculateonthesignificanceoftheresultsofbothlockexperiments.29Asusedinline42,“discern”mostnearlymeans29differentiate.determine.notice.question.30Whichchoicemostaccuratelydescribestheresultsofthefirstlockexperiment?30Onlyoneofthecockatooswasabletoopenallofthelocks,butthatcockatoorequiredsupportfromtheresearcherstodoso.Allofthecockatoosopenedallofthelocks,butonlyonecockatoodidsowithoutsupportfromtheresearchers.Nineofthecockatooswereunabletoopenanyofthelocks,butonecockatooopenedsomeofthelocks.Thecockatoosthatreceivedsupportopenedalllocks,butthecockatoothatdidnotreceivesupportopenedonlysomeofthelocks.

859095100105110115

YouSendSomeoneanEmoji,aLittlePartofLanguageDies.”?2015byDailyDotMedia.Emojiaresmallimagesthataregenerallyusedintextmessaging.Language—whatyou’rereadingrightnow—isentirelymadeupofsymbols.Thewordsyou’rereadingaretranslatedbyyourliteratemindandgiventhemeaningyou’vebeentaughttheyhave.Eventhelettersthemselves,thoughseeminglyabstractnow,oncereliedonliteraltranslations.Theletter“H,”forexample，,comesfromtheEgyptianhieroglyphfor“fence.”Infact,arowofHs—HHHHHH—certainlydragsthismillennia-oldmeaningout.TheEnglishlanguageistheproductofthousandsandthousandsofyearsofsuchsymboliclayering—literalimagesformingsinglesymbolsformingwordslike“heart,”“hearth,”and“hearthstone.”Themoreseparatedithasbecomefromtheobjectsandactionsofthephysicalworld,themoreithasenabledustocommunicatethefullcomplexityoflifeasweknowit.Andwhilelanguageisalwaysevolving—changecanoftenlookalotlikedeterioration—therehasbeenarecentreturntotheliteralsymbolismofthehieroglyphsofold.Emojiarecertainlysymbols,andtheyhavethemeaningwegivethemandnothingelse—justlikelettersandlogos.Buttheirrelianceonphysicalimagery—onsmileyfaces,devilhorns—meanstheylimitusfromleavingthephysicalworld.Theabstractionoflanguageisanecessarytactictofurtherdevelopourunderstandingofthingswecannotsee.Emojimakethismissionallthemoredifficult.ArecentstudydonebyMwouldseemtocontradictme.Thedatingsiteanalyzedthetextingbehaviorof5,600singleAmericansandfoundemojiuseisnotreplacinglanguageasmuchasitisreplacinginflection.LedbyRutgersanthropologistHelenFisher,thestudyfoundtexting‘‘jeopardizesyourabilitytoexpressyouremotion“andemojihavefilledthisholeas”anotherwaytoexpressemotion.”Fiftypercentofthestudy’ssubjectsfound1111CONTINUE10CONTINUE10120125130135140145150155160

emojitoshow“personality”and35percentfeltitmade“expressingfeelings”easier.Easierthanlanguage?Easierthantheinfinitecombinationsandwordsinfrontofyou?Easierthanthewayyouactuallyprocessthoughtsinyourmind,tothepointsomescientistsbelievewedontactuallyhavethoughtsuntilwedeveloplanguage?Whilesarcasmmightbeabitdifficultovertext,I’veneverstruggledwithgettingmymeaningthroughtexttothepointofneedingpre-ordainedcartoonstomakemyfeelingsunderstood.Ofcourse,theemojipoolisalwaysgrowing.Currently,theUnicodeConsortiumrecognizes722distinctemoji,anastonishingamount.However,eventhisimpressivenumberofsymbolsislimitedbyitsverymethodofproduction.Whereasalanguageisbuiltandalteredbyallwhospeakit,emojiiscontrolledbytheelitesofthetechnologyworld.Thishasshownitselfnowhereasstronglyasithasinreactiontothehomogeneityofemojifaces.ThedemandforethnicdiversityamongthecharactersurgedtheConsortiumtoreleaseaveritablecolorpaletteofsmiling,frowning,winking,andsmirkingfaces.WhereastheOxfordEnglishDictionaryrespondstothegrowthoftheEnglishlanguage,emojimustwaititselfforthedecisionsofanunelectedcommittee.Andtherelianceofemojiuponalready-filledlanguagestandardsmeansitcouldactuallyserveasastopsignforthedevelopmentoflanguage.Becauseitcanonlyuseimagesofphysicalitemsoractions—orpre-existingsymbolslikethedollarsign—emojicannevergroworganicallytohelprepresentabstractconcepts.Allitcaneverbeisadirecttranslationofthelanguageswespeaknow.

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Figure1EmojiUseoverTimeonaPopularSocialNetworkingSersviceAdaptedfrom"EmojineeringPart1:MachineLearningforTrends."?2012byInstagram,lnc.Figure2EmojiCategoriesasaPercentageofEmojiUseonaApplication?byTouchType1111CONTINUECONTINUE31 353135Thepassagemostdirectlysuggeststhatinordertoachievethefullestpossibleknowledgeoftheworldpeoplemustbeskilledattranslatingabstractmeaningsintoappropriatesymbols.awareoftherichhistoryoftheirrespectivelanguages.unwillingtouseemojiorothersymboliccharacterswithliteralmeanings.abletocommunicateaboutintangibleaswellasobservablereality.32Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?32Lines11-14(“TheEnglish...hearthstone”)Lines19-24(“And...logos”)Lines24-29(“But...see”)Lines55-57(”Whereas...world”)

Asusedinline46,“develop”mostnearlymeanssetforth.elaborateon.expand.learntouse.3636Inthepassage,theauthorchallengestheclaimthatemotioncanbedifficulttoexpressthroughtextbycitingcurrentresearchthatpresentsacontrastingview.statinganopinionbasedonhispersonalexperiencewithlanguage.distinguishingbetweenemotionalexpressioninwritingandinspeech.assertingtheinadequacyofimagesforrepresentingconcepts.373733Asusedinline29,"mission"cedure.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?A) Lines35-38(“Led...emotion”）B) Lines39-41(“Fifty...easier”）C) Lines46-50(“Whileunderstood"）D) Lines69-73(“Because...concepts”)3434Theauthorrelatesthestudy’sfindingstohisargumentbystatingthattheyappeartoinadvertentlyreinforceit.partiallyinvalidateitopenlyaddressit.directlyopposeit.11111PAGE21PAGE2CONTINUE38 403840Theauthor’sperspectiveontheUnicodeConso