SectionⅡDiscoveringUsefulStructures限制性定語從句語法導(dǎo)圖語法講練限制性定語從句一、定語從句的種類依據(jù)定語從句與先行詞之間關(guān)系的緊密程度，我們將定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。1．限制性定語從句限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不行缺少的定語，用于修飾和限定先行詞。假如去掉，主句的意思就不完整。這種從句和主句的關(guān)系特別親密，兩者之間不用逗號分開；關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略。引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which，as；關(guān)系副詞有where，when，why。D典例呈現(xiàn)Weknewthescientistwhohadstudiedtheproblem.我們了解那個探討過該問題的科學(xué)家。(若把從句去掉，則不明白是哪位科學(xué)家)MyfriendlentmethestorybookthatIwantedverymuchtoread.我摯友把那本我特別想看的故事書借給了我。TheschoolwhereIstudiedonlytwoyearswasthreekilometersaway.我僅僅在那里讀了兩年的學(xué)校有三公里遠(yuǎn)。YouknowthelittleItalianrestaurantwhichImentionedinmyletter?你知道我在信中提到的那家意大利小餐館嗎？2．非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不是特別親密，只是對先行詞或主句做些附加說明，假如去掉，主句的意思仍舊完整。這種從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞與引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞略有不同。除that和why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句外，其他都可以。D典例呈現(xiàn)WeknewthephysicalscientistHawkins，whohadstudiedtheproblem.我們了解物理科學(xué)家霍金斯，他探討過該問題。(若把從句去掉，仍舊知道是哪位科學(xué)家)Herfather，whohasalotofmoney，wisheshertostudyabroad.她父親很有錢，希望她出國學(xué)習(xí)。J即學(xué)即練1推斷下面句中畫線從句是限制性定語從句還是非限制性定語從句(1)Peoplewholiketotakephysicalexerciselivelonger.限制性定語從句(2)Hisdaughter，whoisstudyinginBostonnow，iscominghomenextweek.非限制性定語從句(3)Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastnight.限制性定語從句(4)I'veinvitedJimtohaveadinnertonight，wholivesinthenextflat.非限制性定語從句二、限制性定語從句的用法1．用that，不用which的狀況只能用that先行詞是不定代詞all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等或者先行詞被不定代詞所修飾時(shí)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或theonly，thevery(恰恰，正好)，thelast，all，no，few，little，any等修飾時(shí)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)D典例呈現(xiàn)Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosayforyourself?你有什么要為自己說的嗎？ThisisoneofthemostexcitingfootballgamesthatIhaveeverseen.這是我看過的最激烈人心的足球競賽之一。Thisistheonlythingthatwecandonow.這是我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事情。Thescientistandhisachievementsthatyoutoldmeaboutareadmiredbyusall.你告知我的那位科學(xué)家和他所取得的成就為我們?nèi)咳怂磁濉即學(xué)即練2單句語法填空(1)Nowallthatisurgentlyneededismoneyandhands.(2)Onaregularday，studentsattheschoolsometimescomeuptohimtosaythey'renotfeelingwellorothertimestotellhimaboutsomethingthathappenedatbreak.(3)ThethirdplacethatwearegoingtovisitisHangzhou.(4)Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.2．用which，不用that的狀況只能用which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞時(shí)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時(shí)若兩個定語從句中一個用了關(guān)系代詞that，另一個宜用whichD典例呈現(xiàn)Theirhousewaswashedawaybythefloods，whichmadethemsad.他們的房子被洪水沖走了，這讓他們很難受。Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.動物園是展覽各種動物的公園。Whensomeoneissayingsomethingwithwhichheagrees，theaverageEuropeanwillsmile.一般的歐洲人，在聽到別人說他贊同的事情時(shí)，會微笑。J即學(xué)即練3單句語法填空(1)LastnightIsawafilm，whichwasaboutthewildanimals.(2)Creatinganatmosphereinwhichemployeesfeelpartofateamisabigchallenge.(3)Itisatrulydelightfulplace，whichlooksthesameasitmusthavedone100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages.3．關(guān)系代詞作動詞的間接賓語時(shí)，用to或for，無關(guān)系代詞時(shí)，也要用to或forD典例呈現(xiàn)Whoisthegirlthathegavetheflowerto?他把花送給的那個女孩是誰？TheladyIwrotethepoemforwasmysister.我為之寫詩的那位女士是我妹妹。J即學(xué)即練4單句語法填空(1)Whoisthecleverteenthattheteacherofferedgreatadvicetoyesterday?(2)Thecustomerthewaiterbroughtabowlofriceforisaworkerinthenearcompany.4．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句的留意事項(xiàng)(1)介詞＋關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，先行詞指人，關(guān)系代詞用whom，不行以用who或that；先行詞指物，關(guān)系代詞用which，不能用that。正式英語中，介詞可置于從句之首，whom或which之前。但假如介詞后置，則不受這種限制，限制性定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞還可以省去，尤其在口語中。D典例呈現(xiàn)Doyouknowthewomantowhomtheteacheristalking?→Doyouknowthewoman(that/who/whom)theteacheristalkingto?你相識正和老師談話的那個婦女嗎？Thisisthegreatwritertowhomourteacherwasreferring.這是我們老師提到的那位宏大的作家。Heaskedaquestiontowhichtherewasnoanswer.他問了一個沒有答案的問題。(2)有些固定的動詞短語在定語從句中作謂語動詞時(shí)，該動詞短語中的介詞一般不放到關(guān)系代詞前，常見的此類動詞短語有l(wèi)ookfor，listento，lookafter，takecareof等。D典例呈現(xiàn)Thisistheintelligentwatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.這是我要找的智能手表。Thelecturewhichthestudentsarelisteningtoisinteresting.學(xué)生們正在聽的講座很好玩。J即學(xué)即練5用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~＋關(guān)系代詞填空(1)Windpowerisanancientsourceofenergytowhichwemayreturninthenearfuture.(2)Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulinthejobsforwhichtheyarebeingtrained.(3)Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstructionofwhichhadtakenmorethanthreeyears.(4)Soonaftergettingoffhishorse，thecaptainappearedatthesecond-floorwindows，fromwherehecouldseenothingbuttrees.(5)Thenewtownishometonearly1,000people,manyofwhomlefttheirvillagesforabetterlifeinthecity.(6)Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe'sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction.5．定語從句中的主謂一樣問題關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，便涉及主謂一樣的問題。定語從句的謂語動詞與其先行詞在人稱和數(shù)上要保持一樣。因此，精確辨識先行詞是解決這一問題的關(guān)鍵。D典例呈現(xiàn)Tomisoneofthestudentswhowerelatethismorning.湯姆是今日早上遲到的那些學(xué)生中的一個。Tomistheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaslatethismorning.在這些學(xué)生中湯姆是今日早上唯一遲到的人。J即學(xué)即練6單句語法填空(1)ThepublicationofGreatExpectations，whichwas(be)bothwidelyreviewedandhighlypraised，strengthenedDickens'statusasaleadingnovelist.(2)Thefactoryused65percentoftherawmaterials,therestofwhichwere(be)savedforotherpurposes.(3)Barbaraiseasytorecognizeasshe'stheonlyoneofthewomenwhowears(wear)eveningdress.6．theway作先行詞且在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，可以用that和inwhich引導(dǎo)或是省略D典例呈現(xiàn)Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbutthewaythat/inwhichhesaidit.使我驚訝的不是他說的什么而是他說話的方式。Ifeelmostangryaboutthewaythat/inwhichI'vebeentreated.我對他們對待我的方式感到生氣。J即學(xué)即練7單句語法填空(1)Scienceandtechnologyhavemademajorchangestothewaythat/inwhich/不填welive.(2)Idon'tlikethewaythat/whichheoftenusestospeaktome.(3)Iwasimpressedbythewaythat/inwhich/不填shedidit.專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Davidhadabraindiseasewhich/thatpreventedhimfromwalkingorrunninglikeotherchildren.2．(2024·全國甲卷)Itishardtonameacomedystarwho/thathasn'tbeenonthestagehere.3．(2024·全國乙卷)SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.4．(2024·全國甲卷)Everyweekendthisis“Wales”premiercomedyclubwherehavingagreattimeistheorderforbothaudiencesandcomedystarsalike.5．ShewasprobablythehardestworkingstudentthatIhaveevertaught.6．Georgiadiddecidetodonatealargebagoftoystoalittlegirlwhosemotherwasunabletopayforherholidayduetoillness.7．Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivitieswheretheycangainexperienceforgrowth.8．Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetimewhenheshouldbeabletobeindependent.9．Today,we'lldiscussanumberofcaseswherebeginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.10．Thereasonwhymanisdifferentfromanimalsisthatmanisgood.Ⅱ.用定語從句合并句子1．Themanlivesoppositeourhouse.Heisaminer.→Themanwho/thatlivesoppositeourhouseisaminer.2．Hewillvisitthefamousdamin2024.Itwasbuiltin1900.→Hewillvisitthefamousdamin2024which/thatwasbuiltin1900.3．Thestudentwillorganizethepartyofourschool.Wesawhimattheschoolgate.→Thestudent(who/whom/that)wesawattheschoolgatewillorganizethepartyofourschool.4．Iwanttotalktotheboys.Theirhomeworkhasn'tbeenhandedin.→Iwanttotalktotheboyswhosehomeworkhasn'tbeenhandedin.5．Istillremembertheday.OnthedayIfirstcametoBeijing.→IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.6．Thechemistoftendoesexperimentsinthelab.Thelabisnotfarfromhere.→Thelabwherethechemistoftendoesexperimentsisnotfarfromhere.7．Hegrewupinthesmalltown.Aftergraduation,hereturnedtothesmalltown.→Aftergraduation,hereturnedtothesmalltownwherehegrewup.8．You'refocusedonthereason.You'redoingitinthefirstplaceforthereason.→You'refocusedonthereasonwhyyou'