ReadingCritically1LanguageandCulture藍(lán)純1/50OrientationWhatdoesthiscourseaimat?ReadingCriticalthinkingLanguageCultureEnglishandChinese2/50Whatareyousupposedtodobeforeclass,inclassandafterclass?Preview:readthetwotextscarefully,developyourownvocabularylist,finish“Preparatorywork”,getreadyforthetasksin“Criticalreading”and“Interculturalreflection”.Activeparticipationinallthein-classactivities.Activecontributiontoalltheteamwork,finishingalltheexercisesintheunitbeforetheendofthestudyoftheunit.3/50Whatarewegoingtodointhiscourse?12unitstobecovered(leavingoutUnits1,6and12)3-5researchprojectsineachunit4/50Howareyougoingtobeassessed?Youwillhave3assessmentsaltogether,oneattheendofevery4units.Yourclassroomattendanceandparticipationwillalsobetakenintoaccount.5/50Correspondence:beiwailanchun@126.com班郵班長電話6/50Unit2FunctionsoflanguageInthisunitweshallconsideraquestionthatwetendtotakeforgranted,thatis,whatlanguageisfor.Reflectinguponthisquestionwillhelpdeepenourunderstandingofthebasicfeaturesoflanguageandpavethewayfortheinvestigationoflanguageinuse,languagelearning,andtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthinking.7/50Whatdoyouthinklanguageisfor?Whatdoyouthinkarethemainfunctionsoflanguage?8/50Backgroundinformation1.Whatdoyouknowabouttheauthor,JeanAitchison?E'meritusRupertMurdochProfessorofLanguageandCommunication,UniversityofOxford.9/5010/50Mainpublications:Newmedialanguage.LondonandNewYork:Routledge,.Wordsinthemind:Anintroductiontothementallexicon.

3rdedition.OxfordandNewYork:BasilBlackwell,.TheArticulateMammal:Anintroductiontopsycholinguistics.4thedition.LondonandNewYork:Routledge,1998.Theseedsofspeech:Languageoriginandevolution.Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne:CambridgeUniversityPress,1996.11/50Mainresearchinterests:(Socio-)historicallinguistics:Thedescription,implementationandcausationoflanguagechange,withparticularreferencetocurrentchanges.Languageandmind:Languageacquisition,speechcomprehension,speechproduction,withparticularreferencetolexicalstorageandretrieval.Languageandthemedia:Thelanguageusedbythemedia,andtheeffectofthemediaonlanguage,withparticularreferencetolanguagechange,languageandpower,therelationshipofmedialanguagetolanguageinliterature.12/502.TheSeedsofSpeech:LanguageOriginandEvolution,Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne:CambridgeUniversityPress,1996;andbyFLTRPin.13/50《言語萌發(fā)—語言起源與進(jìn)化》199614/50Thewholebookconsistsoffourparts,namely,Puzzles,Origin,Evolution,andDiffusion.TextA“WhatisLanguagefor”isfromthefirstpart“Puzzles”.Theotherthreequestionsaddressedinthispartare:Howdidlanguagebegin?Whydolanguagesdiffersomuch?Islanguageanindependentskill?15/50Part2,‘Origin',exploreshowlanguageprobablyoriginated.Part3,‘Evolution',examineshowlanguagemighthaveevolved.Part4,‘Diffusion',considersthespreadoflanguageovertheworld,anddiscusseswhylanguageshavenotbecomeunlearnablydifferentfromoneanother.16/503.JohnLocke(1632-1704)Britishphilosopher,Oxfordacademicandmedicalresearcher.HewaswidelyknownastheFatherofClassicalLiberalismandwasalsomemorizedasoneofthefirstBritishempiricists(英國經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義).Hisworkgreatlyaffectedthedevelopmentofepistemology(認(rèn)識論)

andpoliticalphilosophy.17/5018/50Majorworks:(1689)ALetterConcerningToleration(1689)TwoTreatisesofGovernment(1690)AnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding(1693)SomeThoughtsConcerningEducation19/504.LordByron(1788-1824)EnglishpoetandaleadingfigureintheRomanticMovement.HistwobestknownlongnarrativepoemsareDonJuanandChildeHarold'sPilgrimage.Hisothermajorpoemsinclude:Pro'metheus,ShewalksinBeauty,WhenweTwoparted,Darkness,andAndThouartDead,asYoungandFair.20/5021/505.BronislawMalinowski(1884-1942)Malinowskiisrememberedasthefatherofthefunctionalistschoolofanthropologyandforhisroleindevelopingthemethodsandtheprimacyofanthropologicalfieldworkaswell.HefirstrosetoprominentnoticethroughhisstudiesofPacificIslanders,especiallythoseconductedamongtheTrobriandIslanderswhosemarriage,tradeandreligiouscustomshestudiedextensively.HisbestknownworksincludeArgonautsoftheWesternPacific

(1922),CrimeandCustominSavageSociety

(1926),

TheSexualLifeofSavagesinNorth-WesternMelanesia

(1929),andtheposthumouslypublished

Magic,Science,andReligionandOtherEssays

(1948).22/5023/50CriticalreadingIntroduction(paras.1-5)Multiplepurposes(paras.6-8):Languageisnotusedforonesolepurpose,butformultiplepurposes.Whatislanguagenotgoodat?(paras.9-20)Aconveyerofinformation?(paras.9-12):Althoughlanguageisconventionallyregardedasaconveyerofinformation,itisonlymoderatelygoodatthis.Tosaytheveryleast,itispooratconveyingspatialinformationandinformationaboutfeelings.Apropensityforlying(paras.14-20):Althoughlyingisnotgoodandisoftendiscouraged,languageneverthelessenablesustolieandtheskilloflyingisavaluableoneforitinvolvesdisplacementanduponwhichliteratureisbuilt.Whatislanguagegoodat?(paras.21-28)Talkingforthesakeoftalking(paras.21-24):Languageisparticularlygoodatpromotinginteractionbetweenpeople.Smoothtales(paras.25-28):Languageisalsogoodatpersuasionbothinprivateandpubliclife.24/50Howdoestheauthorstarteachsection?Howdoestheauthorendeachsection?25/50TenerifeaircraftaccidentMarch27,1977.TwoBoeing747s,operatedbyKLM(荷航)andPanAm(泛美),collideonafoggyrunwayatTenerife,inSpain’sCanaryIslandskilling583people.TheKLMjetdepartedwithoutpermissionandstruckthePanAmjetasittaxiedalongthesamerunway.Confusionoverinstructionsandablockageofradiotransmissionscontributedtothecrash.26/50MaxMüller(1823-1900)German-bornphilologist(語言學(xué)者，文件學(xué)者)andOrientalist,wholivedandstudiedinBritainformostofhislife.HewasoneofthefoundersofthewesternacademicfieldofIndianstudies(Indology)andthedisciplineofcomparativereligion.TheSacredBooksoftheEast,a50-volumesetofEnglishtranslations,waspreparedunderhisdirection.27/5028/50Para.7(5)wordplayandpoetry–thepoeticfunctionLanguageisanobjectoflove,andasourceofpleasure.29/5030/5031/50Para.7(6)Talkingaboutlanguage:themetalinguisticfunctionLanguagealone,ofallsignsystems,isendowedwiththepowerofself-interpretation.Languagealonecantakeitselfasobjectofanalysisandestablishacircular,reflexiverelationship.32/50a)Thedogisbarking.b)Thedogisthesubjectoftheverbisbarking.她是個(gè)漂亮小姑娘。老師讓我們用“漂亮”造句。

33/5034/50Unit2音頻視頻\ThereIsAPleasureInThePathlessWoodsreadbyJeanAked.mp3Unit2音頻視頻\ThereisapleasureinthepathelesswoodsreadybyHansOstrom.mp3Unit2音頻視頻\Matilda-WhoToldLies,andwasBurnedtoDeath.mp435/50GeorgeOrwellEricArthurBlair(1903–1950),whousedthepennameGeorgeOrwell,wasanEnglishnovelist,essayist,journalistandcritic.Hisworkismarkedbylucidprose,awarenessofsocialinjustice,oppositiontototalitarianism,andoutspokensupportofdemocraticsocialism.OrwellisperhapsbestknownforhisnovelNineteenEighty-Four(1949)andtheallegoricalnovella

AnimalFarm(1945).In,TheTimesrankedhimsecondonalistof"The50greatestBritishwriterssince1945".Orwell'sworkcontinuestoinfluencepopularandpoliticalculture,andmanyofhisneologisms,including

coldwar,BigBrother,ThoughtPolice,Room101,Memoryhole,

doublethink,andthoughtcrime,haveenteredtheEnglishlanguage.36/5037/50ExplorationApartfromthefunctionsoflanguagelistedbyAitchisoninthetext,canyouthinkofmore?Doyouthinkallthefunctionsoflanguageareequallyimportant?Ifnot,whichfunction(s)doyoufindmorebasicthantheothers?Ithastraditionallybeenassumedthatoneutteranceistypicallydesignedtorealizeonefunction.Toputitinanotherway,thereexistsaone-utterance-to-one-functioncorrespondence.Doyouagreewiththisview?38/50Languagechangesallthetimeatthelevelsofsounds,wordsandsentencestructures.Whatdoyouthinkistherelationshipbetweenthesechangesandthefunctionsoflanguage?Aresomechangesmotivatedorcausedbysomefunctions?39/50Introduction(paras.1-5)Multiplepurposes(paras.6-8):Languageisnotusedforonesolepurpose,butformultiplepurposes.Whatislanguagenotgoodat?(paras.9-20)Aconveyerofinformation?(paras.9-12):Althoughlanguageisconventionallyregardedasaconveyerofinformation,itisonlymoderatelygoodatthis.Tosaytheveryleast,itispooratconveyingspatialinformationandinformationaboutfeelings.Apropensityforlying(paras.14-20):Althoughlyingisnotgoodandisoftendiscouraged,languageneverthelessenablesustolieandtheskilloflyingisavaluableoneforitinvolvesdisplacementanduponwhichliteratureisbuilt.Whatislanguagegoodat?(paras.21-28)Talkingforthesakeoftalking(paras.21-24):Languageisparticularlygoodatpromotinginteractionbetweenpeople.Smoothtales(paras.25-28):Languageisalsogoodatpersuasionbothinprivateandpubliclife.40/50SummaryThisisanewcourseusinganewcoursebook.Everybodyisgropingforhis/herway.Giveyourselftime.41/50Someadvice:Gettingholdoftheoverallstructureofthetextismoreimportantthantryingtopindownthestructureofeveryindividualsentence.Understandingthemainideaofthewholetextismoreimportantthantryingtograsptheexactmeaningofeveryindividualsentenceoreverysingleword,esp.whenthetextisverylong.42/50Onthewhole,youneedtostrikeabalancebetweenreadingindepthandreadingextensively,andbetweenqualityofreadingandquantityofreading.Eachtextonlyoffersyouastartingpointofalongjourney.Understandingthetextshouldnotbeyourdestination.Doingtheexercisesineachunitandpreparingfortheassessmentsarenotaimsinthemselves.YouraimshouldbetocultivateyourEnglish,yourunderstandingoflanguageandculture,yourcriticalthinkingandyourcreativity.43/50Towriteashortsummaryforeverytextyouhavelearnedisausefullearningstrategyandishighlyrecommended.44/50SummaryofTextA,Unit2Languageservesmanydifferentfunctions,someofwhichmaybemorebasicthanothers.Amongthemanydifferentfunctions,languageisgoodatsome,suchasinteractionandpersuasion,andpooratothers,suchastranferringspatialinformationorinformationofemotion.Thismightshedsomelightontheoriginoflanguage.45/50Howcanyouassessyour