備戰(zhàn)2022年高考英語閱讀理解專項突破

技能2詞義猜測題

解題指導(dǎo)素養(yǎng)提升

題型特點

詞義猜測題是歷年高考必考題型。常見的考查形式有：①猜測某個詞、短語或句子的含義；②推斷某

個常見的多義詞或短語在具體語境下的意思；③判斷文中的某個代詞指代的對象；④解釋英語中特定的表

達(dá)（諺語、俚語等）。

正確選項特征

1.相應(yīng)詞語的同義詞語。

2.對相應(yīng)語句、語塊的解釋、復(fù)運或概括。

干擾選項特征

1.對原相應(yīng)表達(dá)方式的不正確改寫。

2.半對半錯。

3.曲解原意。

常見的設(shè)問方式有：

Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto44...."?

Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheword)..."?

Wh；Udoestheunderlinedword/phrase/expression4t.../'referto/mean?

Whodoest4.Hrefertointhetext?

典例剖析

規(guī)律技巧1：根據(jù)上下文邏輯猜測。要特別注意需猜測詞義的詞句前后出現(xiàn)的表示因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或遞進(jìn)

等邏輯關(guān)系的詞語飛

[真題典例1](2021?新高考IC篇節(jié)選)

Whentheexplorersfirstsetfoolupon(hecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithan

astonishingvarietyofwildlife.NaliveAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.

Unfortunatelyjttooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartof

thesercsources.Millionsofwaterfowl（水禽）werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverly

ambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasing

populations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat（棲息地）.

29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword4tdecimatenmeaninthefirstparagraph?選項出處

A.Acquire.原文未提

B.Export.原文未提

C.Destroy.一段②③句

D.Distribute.原文未提

［路徑一］從問（題干）的角度解答一一如何得出正解

第1步：題干的關(guān)鍵信息為decimate和thefirstparagmph。根據(jù)理解原文的三大方法，我們回到原文?段③

句。該句提到，不幸的是，探險者和隨后而來的殖民者僅用了幾十年時間，就將這些資源中的一大部分

decimate.o由本句尚無法得知decimate一詞的意思，但由句首的Unfortunately（不幸的是）一詞可知，本句與

上句之間應(yīng)為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故需聯(lián)系上文。

第2步：一段②句指出，美洲原住民妥善地保護(hù)著這些珍貴的自然資源。由于③句與②句應(yīng)形成轉(zhuǎn)折，因

此，③句中的decimate的釋義應(yīng)與②句中的hadtakencareof（保護(hù)）的釋義相反。備選項中Destroy（破壞）代

人后符合語意，且能夠與②句中的hadtakencareof形成對照。C項是對原文的合理推斷，同時可排除A、B、

D三項。

第3步：己由第2步得出正確答案，因此，第3步省略。

規(guī)律技巧2：根據(jù)上下文線索，如打比方、舉例子、作比較、下定義等猜測。

［真題典例2］（2021-3月天津C篇節(jié)選）

Thepoignancy（酸楚）ofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhathadpushedhim

tomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceit

withabaseballuniform,!sawhimleavingbehind（helayerthatnolongerservedhimjustasourlizardhad.Neither

ofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwas

different.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.

43.Theunderlinedpartkllcavingbehindthelaycr"inParagraph8canbeunderstoodas.選項出處

A.lettinggoofthepast八段末句

B.lookingforanewjob八段⑥句

C.gettingridofabadhabit原文未提

D.givingupanopportunity原又未提

I路徑一］從問（題干）的角度解答——如何得出正解

第1步：題干的關(guān)鍵信息為leavingbehindthelayei?和Paragr叩1】8。根據(jù)理解原文的三大方法，我們可以定

位到第八段第2句。該句提到，當(dāng)作者看著喬丹脫下籃球服，換上棒球服時，看到他離開了不再為他服務(wù)

的那層（球衣），就像我們的蜥蜴一樣。據(jù)此可初步得知作者用蜥喝蛻皮來比喻喬丹退役，但還無法完全確認(rèn)

答案。

第2步：瀏覽上下文，尤其是首尾句可知此處應(yīng)是作者看到喬丹放下過去，A項符合語境。

第3步：已由第2步得出正確答案，因此，第3步省略。

規(guī)律技巧3：根據(jù)語境判斷代詞（this,that,it,they,one,which等）或助動詞（do,does,did等）的指代對象。仔細(xì)分析

指代詞上下文（就近原則），找最近的名詞、短語或句子;以之替換該指代詞，看其意思、邏輯是否通順，

再比對選項確定最佳答案。

［真題典例3］（2020?新高考IC篇節(jié)選）

Inthemid-1990s.TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physically

brokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,slillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowritean

articleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.

Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,C/?asi〃gtheSea:LostAmongthe

GhostsofEmpireinCentralAba,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsof

liveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ltisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrange

land,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:RustamJiistranslator,alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorful

EnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent.andastringofforeignaidworkers.

9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword<4that"inparagraph2referto?選項出處

A.Developingaseriousmentaldisease.一段②句

B.TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.原文未提

C.WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.一段①句

D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.一段③句

［路徑一］從問（題干）的角度解答一一如何得出正解

第1步：題干的關(guān)鍵信息為that和Paragraph2。根據(jù)理解原文的三大方法，我們可以定位到第2段。根據(jù)畫

線詞所在句無法得知that的指代對象。

第2步：根據(jù)就近原則，that通常指代上文的事物或現(xiàn)象。瀏覽上文，根據(jù)第一段③句可知，出于對烏茲別

克斯坦這個國家的興趣，他回到了這里，目的是寫一篇關(guān)于咸海是如何消失的文章。所以畫線詞that指代

上文中提到的“寫文章”這件事，故選D項。

第3步：已由第2步得出正確答案，因此，第3步省略。

［路徑二］從答（選項）的角度解答一如何反向印證，排除干擾項

A答案：

第I步：根據(jù)本項關(guān)鍵詞mentaldisease可定位到第一段②句：TomBissell因為身體狀況令人堪憂和神志不

清不得不離開（烏茲別克斯坦）。

第2步：畫線詞上下文提到：這一次的造訪可不只是……那A么筒單，他做的其實更多。因為ChasingtheSea:

LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia這本書講述的是他從塔什干到卡拉帕爾克斯坦的公路旅

行……這與"發(fā)展成嚴(yán)重的精神疾病”邏輯不通，故排除。

第3步：略

B答案

本項講述內(nèi)容無法在原文中獲取定位，且原文并未提及TomBissell在中亞做導(dǎo)游，故排除。

C答案

第I步：根據(jù)本項關(guān)鍵詞volunteer可定位到第一段①句：提到TomBissell作為志愿者在烏茲別克斯坦教英

語。此時無法確定that是指代“做志愿者”。

第2步：聯(lián)系下文，七個月后離開了，出于對C這個國家的興趣，幾年后Tom回到了這里，打算寫一篇關(guān)

于咸海是如何消失的文章，所以判斷此次造訪的收獲與“做志愿者”相去甚遠(yuǎn)，故排除。

第3步：略

D答案

第1步：根據(jù)本項關(guān)鍵詞writeanarticle可定位到第一段③句：提到Tom第二次來到烏茲別克斯坦的目的是

要寫一篇關(guān)于咸海是如何消失的文章。

第2、3步：聯(lián)系下文以及本文主旨可知，實際上Tom回到烏茲別克斯坦遠(yuǎn)不止寫一篇文章，他寫了一本書

敘述其在該國旅行中的見聞，并對這本書進(jìn)行了簡要介紹，所以畫線詞that指代上文提到的“寫文章”，

故選D項

限時訓(xùn)練應(yīng)用體驗

Passage1（2021?全國?高考真題）

IhaveworkedasakeeperattheNationalZoo,Parisfor11years.SpotandStripearethefirsttigercubsthat

haveeverbeenbornhere.Globally,athirdofSumatrancubsinzoosdon'tmakeittoadulthood,soIdecidedto

givethemround-the-clockcareathome.

I'vegottwochildren—theyoungerone,Kynan,wasextremelyhappyaboutthetigersarriving-butallofus

reallylookedforwardtobeingpartoftheirlivesandwatchingthemgrow.Iwasn'tworriedaboutbringingthem

intomyhomewithmywifeandkids.Thesewerecubs.Theyweighedabout2.5kgandweresosmallthatthere

wasabsolutelynorisk.

Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduring(heday,butwhenwewere

asleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'dUD【Omiachicf.We'dcomedowninthemorning

tofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.

Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredtolookafterthem.Therewere

sometoughtimesandIjustfeltextremelytired.Iwasgratefulthatmyfamilywastheretohelp.Wehadtohavea

bitofaproductionlinegoing,makingup"tigermilk”,washingbabybottles,andcleaningthefloors.

WhenSpotandStripewerefourmonthsold,theywerelearninghowtoopendoorsandjumpfences,andwe

knewitreallywastimefor(hemtogo.Ilwashardfbrustofinallypartwith(hem.Forthefirstfewdays,Kynan

wasalwaysabitdisappointedthatthecubsweren'tthere.

I'mnotsadaboutit.I'mhands-onwiththemeverydayatthezoo,andIdolookhackveryfondlyonthetime

thatwchadthem.

1.Whydidtheauthorbring(hetigercubshome?

A.Toensuretheirsurvival.B.Toobservetheirdifferences.

C.Toteach(hemlifeskills.D.Toleithemplaywithhiskids.

2.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"getuptomischief^meaninparagraph3?

A.Behavebadly.B.Losetheirway.C.Sleepsoundly.D.Misstheirmom.

3.Whatdidtheauthorthinkofraisingthetigercubsathome?

A.Boring.B.Tiring.C.Costly.D.Risky.

4.Whydidtheauthordecidetoser.dSpotandStripebacktothezoo?

A.Theyfrightenedthechildren.B.Theybecamedifficulttocontain.

C.Theyannoyedtheneighbours.D.Theystartedfightingeachother.

Passage2(2021?北京?高考真題)

Hundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedlast

December:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobalcollapse.Researchersin

manyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario（情景）thiscenlury”.

Asurveyofscientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmight

createglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapseiswellunderway.

Thecallfbrpublicengagementwith（heunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolled

pandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalso

unthinkable（hataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovensodisastrouslylackingin

flexibility.

Theinternationalscholars'warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmight

happen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththeir,thedangers

ofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories（簽署者）ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe

“ecologicalfbotprint^^concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtoma.ntainagiven

lifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,<4itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,

possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,Johnsonsaidinanemail.

“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits/'theDecemberwarninglettersays,“canwe

havethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandhann”.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearclikelyto

beignored.Wcallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,

Manisavictimofdope（麻醉品）

Intheincurableformofhope.

Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent（執(zhí)著）onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.

“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,,5theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseethere

tomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”

5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“germane“inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Scientific.B.Credible.

C.Original.D.Relevant.

6.Asforthepublicawarenessofg'obalcollapse,theauthoris.

A.worriedB.puzzled

C.surprisedD.scared

7.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?

A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.

B.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageof(hepoem.

C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.

D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.

Passage3(2021?全國?高考真題)

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithan

astonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.

Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartof

theseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverly

ambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousethecvcr-incrcasingpopulations,

greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.

In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednation

tookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.

UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuck

Stamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding"Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDes

Moines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauof

BiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.

About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundto

purchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensures

(hislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934.betterthanhalfabilliondollars

hasgoneintothatFund(opurchasemore(han5millionacresofhabitat.Littlewonder(heFederalDuckStamp

Programhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.

8.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?

A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.

C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.

9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?

A.Acquire.B.Export.

C.Destroy.D.Distribute.

10.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?

A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.

C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.

11.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TheFederalDuckStampStoryB.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem

C.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting

Passage4（2021?福建泉州,模擬預(yù)測）

Peopletodayarenotunfamiliarwithtermsuchas"goingeco-friendly"and"sustainablelifestyle".However,

（hereexistsagroupofsceptics（懷疑論者）whobelievethatgoingeco-friendlyismerelyafad（?時的風(fēng)尚）.1

disagreewiththisviewpoint.Goingcco-fricndlyisnotmerelyafadanditdocs,infact,changethebeliefsand

attitudesofpeople.

Thelong-termpresenceofenvironmentalorganisationsshowstheeffortsthatpeoplehavemadetowardsgoing

eco-friendly.OrganisationssuchasWorldWildlifeFundadvocatepeopletogoeco-friendly.Thehighinvolvement

oftheorganisationsandtheparticipantsisthusastrongindicatorthatgoingeco-friendlyisnotmerelyafadbuta

trendthatcanlastdecades.

Anotherstrongindicatoristheemergenceofsustainableproductsinmanyindustries,suchasorganicproduce

andelectricvehicles.Theconsumerdemand,coupledwitheco-conscious（環(huán)保意識的）businesses,isbehindthe

sharpincreaseinsuchproducts.Thisshowsashiftinthebeliefsandattitudesofpeopletowardsadoptinga

sustainablelifestyle.Thus,itseemsquitecertainthatgoingeco-friendlyisnotmerelyafad.

Whilesomepeoplewhobroadcasttheireco-friendlypracticesarecriticisedfbrjusthopingtoprojectan

eco-consciousimage,thereareanumberofcelebritieswhohavebeenpractisingthezero-waslelifestyleforyears.

Forthosewhodosofbryears,andnotmeredaysormonths,itisindeedacommitmentthatcanonlycomewitha

（ruechangeinbeliefsandattitudestowardscaringfortheearth.

Thecalltosavetheearthlookssettostay.Withthedevelopmentoftechnologyandtheappearanceofmany

platformsadvocatinggoinggreen,peoplearcmorewillingtochangetheirbeliefsandattitudeswhentheycanlearn

aboutandappreciatethepositiveimpactoftheworkofdifferentenvironmentalorganisationsandindividuals.Itis

hopedthattheseeffectswillgoalongwayinensuringthatourplanetwillremainasuitableplacetolivein.

12.WhydoestheauthormentionWorldWildlifeFund?

A.Toappreciateitsenvironmentalefforts.

B.Tbencouragepeopletogoeco-friendly.

C.lbevidencetheuniversalrecognitionofgoinggreen.

D.Tohighlightthedifficultyinchangingpeople'sattitudes.

13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"emergence"meaninparagraph3?

A.Suddendisappearance.B.Sharpincrease.

C.Gradualdevelopment.D.Limitedapplication.

14.Whatdoestheauthorexpectoftechnologydevelopment?

A.Itmaydiscouragepeoplefromsustainablelifestyle.

B.Itmayboostthebusinessoforganicproduce.

C.Itwillbeusedtoprojectaneco-consciousimage.

D.Itwillpromoteenvironmentalawareness.

15.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthistext?

A.Toprovegoingcco-friendlyalastingtrend.

B.Topopularizetheeco-fricndlyproducts.

C.Toofferstrategiestogoeco-friendly.

D.Toadvertiseforeco-friendlyplatforms.

Passage5（2021?山東省實驗中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測）

Everyyeararoundtheworldsome2.2millionbooksarepublished.Formostoftheseauthorsthewriting

processhasrelativelybeenunchangedsinceMarkTwain'sdayinthelate19thcentury.Plotoutlinesandideasare

wriitcndowntobedeciphered（解讀）,developedandrefinedovertime.

Thesedays,however,technologyisincreasinglymakingthelifeofanauthoralittleeasier.ForMichaelGreen,

anovelist,theneedtousetechnologytosimplifyandstreamlinethewritingprocesscamewhenhewasinthe

micdlcofwritinghisfirstbook.

“IhadallthesedocumentsonthedeeperaspectsoftheworldIwascreating.Iwasworriedaboutbeingableto

keeptrackofitall.That'swhenIswitchedintomymoredatascience-mindedapproachtosolvingacomplex

problemwithalotofdifferentpieces."TheendresultwasthatMr.GreencreatedLynit,a