EnglishforUnmannedaerialvehicle無(wú)人機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)intermediate[??nt??mi:di?t]hierarchical[?ha???rɑ:k?kl]chunk[t???k]trajectory[tr??d?ekt?ri]odometry['?d?m?tr?]photogrammetry[f??t?'gr?m?tr?]gimbal['d??mb?l]tunable['tju:n?bl]swarm[sw?:m]counterterrorism['ka?nt??ter?r?z?m]WordsReview中間的，中級(jí)的;分層的;按等級(jí)劃分的厚厚的一塊;相當(dāng)大的數(shù)量或部分軌道;軌線測(cè)程法;照相測(cè)量法萬(wàn)向節(jié)可調(diào)諧;可調(diào)的;擠滿;云集，涌往;成群地移動(dòng)或出現(xiàn)以恐怖反恐怖主義，報(bào)復(fù)性恐怖主義;withstand[w?e?st?nd]munition[mju:'n??n]augur[??:g?(r)]warfare [?w?:fe?(r)]scenarios[s?'nɑ:ri:??z]Exteroceptive[?ekst?r?'sept?v]airborne[?e?b?:n]WordsReview經(jīng)受，承受，禁得起;軍需品，軍火預(yù)示，預(yù)兆，預(yù)言戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài);斗爭(zhēng)，沖突;情節(jié);劇本;感受外界刺激的（如視覺(jué)與聽(tīng)覺(jué)）的;空運(yùn)的，飛機(jī)載的;航空的;空氣所帶的;第一部分第二部分介紹無(wú)人機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)的注意事項(xiàng)介紹無(wú)人機(jī)的市場(chǎng)趨勢(shì)Unit

1:Unmannedaerialvehicle——Markettrends

、DevelopmentconsiderationsandApplications第三部分介紹無(wú)人機(jī)的應(yīng)用predominantly[pr??d?m?n?ntli]nascent[?n?snt]ethology[i:'θ?l?d??]ornithopter[??:n?'θ?pt?]albeit[??:l?bi:?t]physiological[?f?z??'l?d??kl]susceptible[s??sept?bl]atmospheric[??tm?s?fer?k]NewWords占主導(dǎo)地位地;顯著地;占優(yōu)勢(shì)地;初生的;初期的;開(kāi)始形成的;發(fā)生中的;動(dòng)物行動(dòng)學(xué)，道德體系學(xué);撲翼飛機(jī);雖然;即使;生理的;生理學(xué)的;易受影響的;易受感染的;可以接受的;大氣的;大氣引起的;有…氣氛的

versatility[?v?:s?'t?l?t?]wary[?we?ri]submerge[s?b?m?:d?]assassinate[??s?s?ne?t]diplomatic[?d?pl??m?t?k]convoy[?k?nv??]humanitarian[hju:?m?n??te?ri?n]pigeons ['p?d??nz]dementia[d??men??]NewWords多才多藝;多用途;可轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)性;易變;謹(jǐn)慎的，小心翼翼的;警戒的淹沒(méi);把…浸入;沉浸;暗殺，行刺;中傷外交上的;外交人員的;護(hù)航;護(hù)送人道主義的;博愛(ài)的;慈善的鴿子癡呆TheUAVglobalmilitarymarketisdominatedbypioneersUnitedStatesandIsrael.TheUShelda60%military-marketsharein2006.Itoperatedover9,000UAVsin2014.From1985to2014,exporteddronescamepredominantlyfromIsrael(60.7%)andtheUnitedStates(23.9%);topimporterswereTheUnitedKingdom(33.9%)andIndia(13.2%).

NorthropGrumman

andGeneralAtomicsarethedominantmanufacturersonthestrengthoftheGlobalHawkandPredator/Marinersystems.Part1----Markettrends全球無(wú)人機(jī)軍用市場(chǎng)是由先鋒美國(guó)和以色列主導(dǎo)。2006年，美國(guó)占有60%的市場(chǎng)份額。從1985至2014年，出口的無(wú)人機(jī)主要來(lái)自以色列和美國(guó)；最大的進(jìn)口國(guó)是英國(guó)和印度。(基于)TheleadingcivilUAVcompaniesarecurrently(Chinese)DJIwith$500mglobalsales,(French)Parrotwith$110mand(US)3DRoboticswith$21.6min2014.

AsofFebruary2016,about325,000civiliandroneswereregisteredwiththeU.S.FAA,thoughitisestimatedmorethanamillionhavebeensoldintheUnitedStatesalone.UAVcompaniesarealsoemergingindevelopingnationssuchasIndiaforcivilianuse,althoughitisataverynascentstage,afewearlystagestartupshavereceivedsupportandfunding.Part1----MarkettrendsAnimalimitation–EthologyFlapping-wing

ornithopters,imitatingbirdsorinsects,arearesearchfieldin

microUAVs.Theirinherentstealthrecommendsthemforspymissions.

撲翼機(jī)模仿鳥(niǎo)類和昆蟲(chóng)，是微型無(wú)人機(jī)的一個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域。他們固有的隱身性能使得他們適合間諜任務(wù)。TheNanoHummingbirdiscommerciallyavailable,whilesub-1gmicroUAVsinspiredbyflies,albeitusingapowertether,can"land"onverticalsurfaces.納米蜂鳥(niǎo)已經(jīng)商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)了，而受蒼蠅啟發(fā)研制的sub-1g微型無(wú)人機(jī)，雖然使用了系繩，能夠在垂直表面降落。Part2—DevelopmentconsiderationsEndurance

UAVenduranceisnotconstrainedbythephysiologicalcapabilitiesofahumanpilot.無(wú)人機(jī)續(xù)航不受人類飛行員生理能力的限制。Becauseoftheirsmallsize,lowweight,lowvibrationandhighpowertoweightratio,

Wankelrotaryengines

areusedinmanylargeUAVs.Theirenginerotorscannotseize;theengineisnotsusceptibletoshock-coolingduringdescentanditdoesnotrequireanenrichedfuelmixtureforcoolingathighpower.Theseattributesreducefuelusage,increasingrangeorpayload.Part2—Developmentconsiderations

由于它們尺寸小、重量輕、振動(dòng)低和高效重比，Wankelrotary發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在許多大型無(wú)人機(jī)上得到應(yīng)用。其發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子不卡；而且發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在下降時(shí)對(duì)沖擊冷卻不敏感，在功率高時(shí)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不需要富油混合來(lái)進(jìn)行冷卻。這些特性減少了燃料使用，增加了航程或者負(fù)載。Hydrogenfuelcells,usinghydrogenpower,maybeabletoextendtheenduranceofsmallUAVs,uptoseveralhours.Microairvehiclesenduranceissofarbestachievedwithflapping-wingUAVs,followedbyplanesandmultirotorsstandinglast,duetolower

Reynoldsnumber.在微型飛機(jī)續(xù)航上，最好的是撲翼機(jī)，然后是固定翼飛機(jī)，最后是多軸無(wú)人機(jī)，是由于越來(lái)越低雷諾數(shù)。Part2—DevelopmentconsiderationsSolar-electricUAVs,aconceptoriginally[??r?d??n?li]championedbytheAstroFlightSunrisein1974,haveachievedflighttimesofseveralweeks.太陽(yáng)電能的無(wú)人機(jī)，最早是1974年由AstroFlightSunrise提倡的，已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了數(shù)周的飛行時(shí)間記錄。Part2—Developmentconsiderations

Solar-poweredatmosphericsatellites("atmosats")designedforoperatingataltitudesexceeding20

km(12miles,or60,000feet)foraslongasfiveyearscouldpotentiallyperformdutiesmoreeconomicallyandwithmoreversatilitythan

lowearthorbit

satellites.Likelyapplicationsinclude

weathermonitoring,

disasterrecovery,

earthimaging

andcommunications.大氣的；并可能更經(jīng)濟(jì)地執(zhí)行任務(wù)，且比低軌道衛(wèi)星具有更多功能?？赡艿膽?yīng)用包括天氣監(jiān)測(cè)、災(zāi)難恢復(fù)、地球影像和通信。Part2—Developmentconsiderations

ElectricUAVspoweredbymicrowavepowertransmissionorlaserpowerbeamingareotherpotentialendurancesolutions.由微波傳送或者激光輻射供電的電動(dòng)無(wú)人機(jī)是其他可能的續(xù)航解決方案。AerospaceUAVsarenowinusebyairlinesandMROsforaircraftmaintenance.InJune2015EasyJetbegantestingUAVsinthemaintenanceoftheirAirbusA320s

andinJuly2016attheFarnboroughAirshow,Airbus(manufactureroftheA320),demonstratedtheuseofUAVsforthevisualinspectionofanaircraft.

However,someaircraftmaintenanceprofessionalsremainwaryofthetechnologyanditsabilitytoproperlycatchpotentialdangers.然而，一些航空維修專家對(duì)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)及無(wú)人機(jī)正確抓住潛在危險(xiǎn)保留警惕意見(jiàn).Part3—ApplicationsReconnaissance

The

Tu-141

"Swift"reusableSoviet

reconnaissance

droneisintendedforreconnaissancetoadepthofseveralhundredkilometersfromthefrontlineat

supersonic

speeds.

The

Tu-123

"Hawk"isasupersoniclong-rangereconnaissancedrone(UAV)intendedforconductingphotographicandsignalsintelligencetoadistanceof3200

km;itwasproducedbeginningin1964.

TheLa-17P(UAV)isareconnaissanceUAVproducedsince1963.Part3—Applications圖141”Swift”可重用蘇聯(lián)偵察無(wú)人機(jī)以超聲速想要對(duì)前線至幾百公里的縱深進(jìn)行偵察。圖123“Hawk”是一架超聲速長(zhǎng)航程偵察無(wú)人機(jī)，其主要用來(lái)執(zhí)行3200公里長(zhǎng)的攝影和信號(hào)情報(bào)工作Attack

MQ-1Predator

UAVsarmedwith

Hellfiremissiles

havebeenusedbytheU.S.asplatformsforhittinggroundtargets.ArmedPredatorswerefirstusedinlate2001,mostlyaimedatassassinatinghigh-profileindividuals(terroristleaders,etc.)insideAfghanistan.

UAVsavoidpotentialdiplomaticembarrassmentwhenamannedaircraftisshotdownandthepilotscaptured.Part3—ApplicationsCivil

Civilusesincludeaerialcropsurveys,

aerialphotography,searchandrescue,

inspectionofpowerlinesandpipelines,

countingwildlife,

deliveringmedicalsuppliestootherwiseinaccessibleregions,

anddetectionofillegalhunting,

reconnaissanceoperations,

cooperativeenvironmentmonitoring,

borderpatrolmissions,

convoyprotection,

forestfiredetectionandmonitoring,

surveillance,

coordinatinghumanitarianaid,

plumetracking,

landsurveying,

fireandlarge-accidentinvestigation,

landslidemeasurement,

illegallandfilldetection,

thecon