AnIntegratedCourseinInternationalBusinessEnglish國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)綜合教程全套可編輯PPT課件Chapter1ABriefIntroductiontoInternationalBusiness國(guó)際商務(wù)簡(jiǎn)介Ⅰ.ExplanatoryNotesonTechnicalTerms1.economicsurplus—經(jīng)濟(jì)盈余2.portfolio—有價(jià)證券（清單）3.aparentcompany—母公司(又稱控股公司，總公司，即通過(guò)參入制來(lái)控制其他公司活動(dòng)的大公司，受母公司控制的公司大致分為branch.Subsidiary)4.turnkeyproject—由承包商一手承包辦理的工程5.expropriation—征收（私人財(cái)產(chǎn)）或剝奪（某人之地產(chǎn)等）6.contemplate—在心中打算，企圖7.extraterritorial—治外法權(quán)的8.collection—收款，托收9.correspondentbank—代理銀行，往來(lái)銀行10.insurancepolicy—保險(xiǎn)單11.insurancecertificate—保險(xiǎn)憑證12.weightmemo(note)—重量單，磅碼單13.institutional—慣例的，團(tuán)體的14.multilateral—多邊的，多方的15.implement—實(shí)行，實(shí)施16.legislation—立法17.adjudication—審判官，裁判員Ⅱ.LanguagePoints（語(yǔ)言要點(diǎn)）

(Teachersshouldnotethathereweonlygiveyousomeofthelanguagepoints,youmayaddsomebyyourself.)1.Buttodayithasamoretechnicaldefinition,whichistheproduction,distribution,andsaleofgoodsandserviceforaprofit.

但是，今天商業(yè)有更為科學(xué)的定義，它是指為了利潤(rùn)而進(jìn)行貨物和勞務(wù)的生產(chǎn)、分配和銷售的一種活動(dòng)。2.Forexample,amachinetoolissoldtosomeoneinexchangeformoneyoramechanicoffersaservicebyrepairingamachinetoolformoney,whichwecallsales.

例如，將一臺(tái)機(jī)床賣給某人成交得錢，或者一個(gè)機(jī)修工提供修理機(jī)床的服務(wù)而得錢，我們都稱之為銷售。

Which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句為修飾主句的定語(yǔ)從句，which代表主句意義，注意譯文。在科技英語(yǔ)與商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中，經(jīng)常有由代表整個(gè)主句意義的關(guān)系代詞which引出一個(gè)定語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)和主句譯成排比句。E.g.Thesungivesuslightandheat,whichmakesusliveontheearthpossibly.

太陽(yáng)給了我們光和熱，這就使得我們有可能生活在地球上。3.giveriseto…使產(chǎn)生，引起，導(dǎo)致

E.g.…(以下例句由任課老師給出)4.differentsovereignpoliticalunits

不同的主權(quán)政治團(tuán)體5.coverawiderangeof…包括……的廣大范圍6.Internationaltransactionsinphysicalgoodsinvolveproductsfrommining,petroleum,agriculture,andmanufacturingactivities.

物質(zhì)商品中的國(guó)際交易涉及礦產(chǎn)品、石油產(chǎn)品、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)。7.Transactionsinservicesareextensiveintheconstruction,hotel,tourism,businessconsulting,andretailingandwholesalingsectors;

服務(wù)行業(yè)中的交易擴(kuò)大到建筑、旅館、旅游、商業(yè)洽談以及零售和批發(fā)部門；8.Transactionsinintangiblesoccurinfieldssuchastechnology,trademarks,andcross-borderdatatransmission.

無(wú)形商品交易發(fā)生在技術(shù)、商標(biāo)、跨國(guó)界資料的傳遞這樣一些領(lǐng)域里。9.Foreigndirectinvestmentsaredefinedasinvestmentsthatgivetheinvestoreffectivecontrolandareaccompaniedbymanagerialparticipation.

所謂國(guó)外直接投資被人們解釋為使投資者有效地控制企業(yè)并參與管理的投資。10.Directinvestmentmaybefinancedinanumberofwaysotherthanthroughcapitalmovementsabroad.

直接投資可以用許多方式來(lái)提供資金，而不是通過(guò)國(guó)外資金的運(yùn)動(dòng)。11.Withoutmakingforeigndirectinvestmentcommitments,firmscanengageininternationalbusinessthroughexportingandimporting,licensingofnonaffiliatedforeignfirms,saleoftechnology,foreignmanagementcontracts,andsellingturnkeyprojects.

沒(méi)有進(jìn)行國(guó)外直接投資交托的公司，也可以從事國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)。通過(guò)出口和進(jìn)口、非分支機(jī)構(gòu)的國(guó)外公司的許可，銷售技術(shù)，國(guó)外管理合同以及銷售由承包商完全包辦的工程來(lái)進(jìn)行。12.Thespecialriskelementsconfrontedininternationalbusinessactivityincludefinancial,political,regulatory,andtaxrisks.

國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)面對(duì)的特別風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素包括金融、政治、規(guī)章和稅務(wù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。13.Theneedhasbecomerecognizedforacontinuingbusinessintelligenceactivityofconsiderablecomplexitytoidentifyandpredictinternationalrisks.人們逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到繼續(xù)進(jìn)行相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的商務(wù)情報(bào)活動(dòng)來(lái)辨認(rèn)和預(yù)計(jì)國(guó)際風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是必要的。（payattentiontothetranslation.）14.Therefore,theworldbusinessperson,unlikethewhollydomesticbusinessperson,hastotakeintoaccountcomplexanddiverselegalconstraints.因此，世界商人完全不像國(guó)內(nèi)商人，必須重視復(fù)雜的和各種法律約束。hastotakeintoaccount(consideration)…必須考慮。15.Eachinternationaltransactionraisesthepossibilityoftheextraterritorialextensionofthedomesticlawsofthehomeandhoststates,whichmayresultinpotentialconflicts.每宗國(guó)際貿(mào)易都增加了本國(guó)和東道國(guó)內(nèi)部法律延伸到境外實(shí)行的可能性，這可能引起潛在的爭(zhēng)端。16.Whenremittanceisadoptedininternationaltrade,thebuyeronhisowninitiativeremitsmoneytothesellerthroughabankaccordingtothetermsandtimestipulatedinthecontract.對(duì)外貿(mào)易的貨款如采用匯付，由買方按合同約定的條件和時(shí)間，將貨款通過(guò)銀行主動(dòng)匯給賣方。17.Thesellerissuesadraft,towhichtheshippingdocumentsareattached,forwardsthedrafttoabankinhisplace(i.e.,theremittingbank),makesanapplicationforcollectionandentruststheremittingbanktocollectthepurchasepricefromthebuyerthroughitscorrespondentbankabroad(i.e.,thecollectingbank).由賣方開(kāi)具匯票并隨附單據(jù)，把它交給當(dāng)?shù)劂y行（托收銀行或受托銀行）并提出托收申請(qǐng)，委托該銀行通過(guò)它在進(jìn)口地的代理行（代收銀行），代向進(jìn)口人收款。18.Becausetheremittingbankinstructsthecollectingbanknottopartthedocumentswiththelatteruntilthedraftisacceptedorpaid,manyofthedifficultiesmentionedin“ShipmentatfirstandSettlementlater”areremovedbythismethod.因?yàn)橥惺浙y行指示代收銀行直到買方承兌或支付匯票后才向他交單，這種方法排除了“先出后結(jié)”的許多弊病。19.Itiscomposedofateamofmanagerswhohavechargeoftheorganizationatalllevels.管理班子由負(fù)責(zé)各級(jí)組織的經(jīng)理們組成，他們的任務(wù)是確保公司目標(biāo)的執(zhí)行和追求企業(yè)有效經(jīng)營(yíng)。

Becomposedof…由……組成20.Inordertoadequatelyandefficientlyperformthesemanagementfunctions,managers

needinterpersonal,organizational,andtechnicalskills.

為了能確切有效地執(zhí)行管理的這些功能，經(jīng)理們須要具有交際能力、組織能力和懂得一定的技術(shù)。21.ThestructureoftheWTOisdominatedbyitshighestauthority,theMinisterialConference,composedofrepresentativesofallWTOmembers,whichisrequiredtomeetatleasteverytwoyearsandwhichcanmakedecisionsonallmattersunderanyofthemultilateraltradeagreements.

世界貿(mào)易組織的最高權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)，是由其全體成員國(guó)的代表組成的部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議。部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議至少每?jī)赡暾匍_(kāi)一次，可根據(jù)多邊貿(mào)易協(xié)議中的任何一項(xiàng)協(xié)議對(duì)所有的問(wèn)題做出決定。(根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)用語(yǔ)法翻譯法引導(dǎo)學(xué)生翻譯此長(zhǎng)句。)Ⅲ.KeystoTestYourself（練習(xí)答案）1.ComprehensionQuestions1)What’sthedefinitionofbusinesstoday?

Today,businesshasamoretechnicaldefinition,whichis

theproduction,distributionandsalesofgoodsand

servicesforprofit.2)What’sthebasicpurposeofbusinessactivities?

Thebasicpurposeofbusinessactivitiesiscreatingprofit

oreconomicsurplus.3)Whatfeaturesdoesinternationalbusinessdealwith?

Internationalbusinessasafieldofmanagementtraining

dealswiththespecialfeaturesofbusinessfeaturesof

businessactivitiesthatcrossnationalboundaries.

4)What’sthescopeofinternationalbusinessactivities?

Thescopeofinternationalbusinesscoversawiderangeof

significantbusinesssectors.Internationaltransactionsin

physicalgoodsinvolveproductsfrommining,petroleum,

agriculture,andmanufacturingactivities.Transactionsin

servicesareextensiveintheconstruction,hotel,tourism,

businessconsulting,andretailingandwholesalingsectors;

infinancialareassuchascommercialandinvestment

banking,securities,andinsurance;inairandocean

transportation;andincommunicationsmediasuchasradio,

television,telegraph,telephone,magazines,books,newspapers,newsservices,andmovies.163

Transactionsinintangiblesoccurinfieldssuchastechnology,trademarks,andcross-borderdatatransmission.Internationalbusinessactivitiesalsoincludeanextensiverangeofoptionalmethodsavailabletofirmsfordoingbusinessinternationallythatinvolvedifferentdegreesofforeigndirectinvestmentcommitments.5)What’sthedefinitionofforeigndirectinvestments?Foreigndirectinvestmentsaredefinedasinvestmentsthatgivetheinvestoreffectivecontrolandareaccompaniedbymanagerialparticipation.6)Whatdothespecialriskelementsconfrontedininternationalbusinessactivitiesinclude?Thespecialriskelementsconfrontedininternationalbusinessactivitiesincludefinancial,political,regulatoryandtaxrisks.7)Howdowetreattheinternationalrisk?Itisnecessarytoidentifyandpredicateinternationalrisk.Ideallyinternationalrisksshouldbeanalyzedforunderlyingcausalforces,andprojectionsintothefutureshouldbeformulatedintermsofprobabilitiesandquantifiedintermsofpotentialcosts.8)Whyisinternationalbusinesslawacreatureofdomesticlaw?

Becauseeachinternationaltransactionraisesthe

possibilityoftheextraterritorialextensionofthe

domesticlawofthehomeandhoststates,thismay

resultinpotentialconflicts.Internationalbusiness

activitymayalsorequireconsultingthetraderulesof

regionalgroupliketheEuropeanCommonMarket.

Finally,therearemultilateralandbilateraltreaties

betweenthehomeandhoststatesthatmightimpinge

oninternationalbusinesses.9)Pleasesaysomethingaboutthemanagementfunctionsininternationalbusiness.(Omitted)10)WhatlawsandregulationsoninternationalbusinessdoesChinahave?(Omitted)11)Whatdoestheword“credit”mean?What’sthecommercialcredit?

Theword“credit”meanswhotakestheresponsibility

ofpayingmoneyandsurrenderingtheshipping

documentswhichrepresentthetitletothegoodsin

handingoverthetransactedgoodsandpayingthe

abovesaidmoney.Remittanceandcollection

belongstocommercialscredit.12)Whatwaysofremittancecanthebuyeradoptwhenhesendsthemoneytotheseller?

Thebuyercanadoptthreedifferentwaysof

remittance:MailTransfer(M/T),TelegraphicTransfer

(T/T)andDemandDraft(D/D).13)Whatiscollection?

Collectionisthesecondmodeofpaymentin

internationaltrade.Thesellerissuesadraft,towhich

theshippingdocumentsareattached,forwardthe

drafttoabankinhisplace(i.e.,theremittingbank),

makesanapplicationforcollectionandtrustthe

remittingbanktocollectthepurchasepricefromthebuyer

throughitscorrespondentbankabroad(i.e.,thecollecting

bank).14)WhatdoesD/Pmeanininternationalbusiness?

D/Pisshortfor“DocumentsagainstPayment”andapaymentmethodunderwhichtheexporteristoshipthegoodsorderedanddelivertherelativeshippingdocumentstothebuyerabroadthroughtheremittingbankandthecollectingbankwithinstructionsnottoreleasethedocumentstothebuyeruntilthepaymentforthegoodismade.15)Whatdoes“PackingList”mean?

PackingListismadeoutbyasellerwhenasaleiseffectedinforeigntrade.Itisadocumentthatindicatesthenameofthegoods,thenetweight,thegrossweightandthecompleteinnerpackingspecificationsandcontentsofeachpackage.16)WhatistheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)?

TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)wasestablishedon1January1995.Itisthelegalandinstitutionalfoundationofthemultilateraltradingsystem.Itprovidestheprincipalcontractualobligationsdetermininghowgovernmentsframeandimplementdomestictradelegislationandregulations.Anditistheplatformonwhichtraderelationsamongcountriesevolvethroughcollectivedebate,negotiationandadjudication.17)WherearetheheadquartersoftheWTO?

TheWTOisbasedinGeneva,Switzerland.18)WhatarethefundamentalfunctionsoftheWTO?

Itsessentialfunctionsare:

—administeringandimplementingthemultilateralandplural-lateraltradeagreementswhichtogethermakeuptheWTO;

—actingasaforumformultilateraltradenegotiations;

—seekingtoresolvetradedisputes;

—overseeingnationaltradepolicies;and

—cooperatingwithotherinternationalinstitutionsinvolvedinglobaleconomicpolicy-making.19)WhatisthehighestauthorityoftheWTOandhowoftenisitrequiredtomeet?

ThestructureoftheWTOisdominatedbyitshighestauthority,theMinisterialConference,composedofrepresentativesofallWTOmembers,whichisrequiredtomeetatleasteverytwoyearsandwhichcanmakedecisionsonallmattersunderanyofthemultilateraltradeagreements.2.TranslatethefollowingeconomictermsintoEnglish:1)商品交換或貿(mào)易

exchangeortradeforgoods2)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)舞臺(tái)

theworldeconomicscene3)國(guó)外直接投資

foreigndirectinvestment4)多國(guó)企業(yè)multinationalenterprises5)商業(yè)和投資銀行commercialandinvestmentbanking2.TranslatethefollowingeconomictermsintoEnglish:6)有價(jià)證券投資portfolioinvestments7)金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)financialrisk8)支付差額balance-of-payment9)法律文件alegaldocument10)有效經(jīng)營(yíng)effectiveoperationoroperateeffectively3.Readthefollowingpassageandfillintheblankswithappropriatewords.Investmentinonecountry

individualsandorganizations

anotherisanimportantaspectofinternationalbusiness.Investmentmaybefor

intheformofsecuritiesordirectcapitalintheformofproductivefacilities.Colonialismand

haveoftenbeendescribedintermsofpowerfulnationsexploitingthe

andnaturalresourcesofweaker,less-developedcountries.Whilesomeexploitation

stillremain,mostdevelopingaswellas

nationsnowsubstantiallycontrolthetypes,

andownershiptermsofinvestments

byforeigners.byfromportfolioimperialismchangeshumandevelopedscopesmadeMuchofthe______privateinvestmentisnowmadebymultinational__________(MNCs).Technicaldistinctionsin__________suchglobalcorporationsaresometimesmadetoreflect_______multinationalinvestments_____operationsaremadeexclusivelybyanexecutive______fromonenationorbya__________ofdifferentnationalinvestmentleaders.Clearly,thesemultinationalorganizations_____amajorroleinworldtradeandinvestments________oftheirdemonstratedmanagementskills,_________,financialresources,andrelatedadvantages.globalcorporationsclassifyingwhetherandgroupcombinationplaybecausetechnologyMNCs,nevertheless,must________frequentlygovernmentalandother______whocontendthatsuchfar-flungcompaniesareableto________oravoidnationalregulationbyvirtueoftheirabilityto______new(andattimesold)investmentsfromonecountrytoanother.Somegovernmentshaveadoptedexacting_____whichMNCsmustfollowintheircountries,themostcommonofwhichrequiresamajorityorsignificant________ofdomesticasopposedtoforeignownership.confrontcriticsminimizeshiftrulesminority4.TranslatetheFollowingPassageintoEnglish，thenAnswertheFollowingQuestions:

管理職能本世紀(jì)初，一位名叫亨利?法約爾的工業(yè)家曾撰文指出管理者應(yīng)履行五項(xiàng)管理職能：計(jì)劃、組織、指揮、協(xié)調(diào)和控制。50年代中期，兩位教授把計(jì)劃、組織、人事安排、指揮和控制作為一本管理教科書(shū)的編寫框架，該書(shū)成為隨后20年中最暢銷的管理類教科書(shū)。當(dāng)今最流行的管理教材仍然按管理的職能編排，但這些職能通常已被概括為最基本的四項(xiàng)，即計(jì)劃、組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和控制。下面我們簡(jiǎn)要闡述每一項(xiàng)職能的含義。translation:ManagementFunctionsIntheearlypartofthiscentury,aFrenchIndustrialistbythenameofHenriFayolwrotethatallmanagersperformfivemanagementfunctions:theyplan,organize,command,coordinate,andcontrol.Inthemid-1950s,twoprofessorsusedthefunctionsofplanning,organizing,staffing,directing,andcontrollingastheframeworkforatextbookonmanagementthatfortwentyyearswasthemostwidelysoldtextonthesubject.Themostpopulartextbooksstillcontinuetobeorganizedaroundmanagementfunctions,althoughthesehavebeengenerallycondensedtothebasicfour:planning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling.Let’sbrieflydefinewhateachofthesefunctionsencompasses.如果你心中沒(méi)有特定的目標(biāo)，那么無(wú)論什么途徑也無(wú)法使你到達(dá)目的地。既然創(chuàng)建組織是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)某一目標(biāo)，則必須有人來(lái)擬定這一目標(biāo)以及實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的途徑。管理者正是這樣的人。計(jì)劃職能包括：確定組織的目標(biāo)，制定實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)的全面戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃，建立一套統(tǒng)一的計(jì)劃體系來(lái)綜合和協(xié)調(diào)企業(yè)的動(dòng)作。Ifyoudon’thaveanyparticulardestinationinmind,noroadwillgetyouthereeventually.Sinceorganizationsexisttoachievesomepurpose,someonemustdefinethatpurposeandthemeansforitsachievement.Managementisthatsomeone.Theplanningfunctioninvolvesdefininganorganization’sgoals,establishinganoverallstrategyforachievingthesegoals,anddevelopingacomprehensivehierarchyofplanstointegrateandcoordinateactivities.管理者也負(fù)責(zé)策劃企業(yè)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)，我們稱之為組織職能。它包括確定做什么、誰(shuí)來(lái)做、怎樣分工、誰(shuí)向誰(shuí)匯報(bào)及決策應(yīng)由哪一管理層作出等。每個(gè)組織都是由人組成的。管理者的職責(zé)就是指揮和協(xié)調(diào)這些人，這便是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職能。當(dāng)管理者激勵(lì)下屬、指揮下屬的行動(dòng)、選擇最有效的溝通渠道、解決員工間的糾紛時(shí)，他們即在履行領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職能。Managersarealsoresponsiblefordesigninganorganization’sstructure.Wecallthisfunctionorganizing.Itincludesdeterminingwhattasksaretobedone,whoistodothem,howthetasksaretobegrouped,whoreportstowhom,andatwhatleveldecisionsaremade.Everyorganizationincludespeople,andmanagement’sjobistodirectandcoordinatethesepeople.Thisisthefunctionofleading.Whenmanagersmotivatesubordinates,directtheactivitiesofothers,selectthemosteffectivecommunicationchannel,orresolveconflictsamongmembers,theyareengaginginleading.管理者履行的最后一項(xiàng)職能是控制職能。確定了目標(biāo)（計(jì)劃職能）、制定了計(jì)劃（計(jì)劃職能），形成了組織結(jié)構(gòu)（組織職能），招聘、培訓(xùn)了人員并作了動(dòng)員工作（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職能）之后，依然可能出差錯(cuò)。為了確保一切能按原計(jì)劃進(jìn)行，管理者必須監(jiān)控機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)行。計(jì)劃的實(shí)施情況必須與預(yù)先制定的目標(biāo)進(jìn)行比較，如果出現(xiàn)較大的偏差，管理者有責(zé)任予以糾正。這一監(jiān)控、比較、糾正的過(guò)程也就是我們所說(shuō)的控制職能。Thefinalfunctionmanagersperformiscontrolling.Afterthegoalsareset(planningfunction),theplansformulated(planningfunction),thestructuralarrangementsdelineated(organizingfunction),andthepeoplehired,trained,andmotivated(leadingfunction),somethingmaystillgowrong.Toensurethatthingsaregoingastheyshould,managementmustmonitortheorganization’sperformance.Actualperformancemustbecomparedwiththepreviouslysetgoals.Ifthereareanysignificantdeviations,itismanagement’sjobtogettheorganizationbackontrack.Thisprocessofmonitoring,comparing,andcorrectingiswhatwemeanbythecontrollingfunction.1)Whatfunctionsdomanagersusuallyperform?Allmangersperformfivemanagementfunctions:theyplan,organize,command,coordinate,andcontrol.2)What’stheroleofmanagementinanorganization?Ifyoudon’thaveanyparticulardestinationinmind,anyroadwillnotgetyouthereeventually.Sinceorganizationsexisttoachievesomepurpose,someonemustdefinethatpurposeandthemeansforitsachievement.Managementisthatsomeone.3)WhyiscontrollingFunctionnecessary?Afterthegoalsareset(planningfunction),theplansformulated(planningfunction),thestructuralarrangementsdelineated(organizingfunction),andthepeoplehired,trained,andmotivated(leadingfunction),somethingmaystillgowrong.Toensurethatthingsaregoingastheyshould,managementmustmonitortheorganization’sperformance.Actualperformancemustbecomparedwiththepreviouslysetgoals.Ifthereareanysignificantdeviations,itismanagement’sjobtogettheorganizationbackontrack.Thisprocessofmonitoring,comparing,andcorrectingiswhatwemeanbythecontrollingfunction.ThanksChapter2

BusinessOrganizations

商務(wù)組織Ⅰ.ExplanatoryNotesonTechnicalTerms(專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ))1.proprietorship—所有權(quán)2.stockholder—股東，持股人3.partnership—合伙企業(yè)4.entity—實(shí)體5.bankruptcy—破產(chǎn)6.joint-stockcompany—合股公司7.dividend—紅利，股息8.bylaw—附則，細(xì)則9.treasurer—司庫(kù)，財(cái)務(wù)長(zhǎng)10.comptroller—主計(jì)長(zhǎng)，總會(huì)計(jì)師Ⅱ.LanguagePoints(語(yǔ)言要點(diǎn)）

(Teachersshouldnotethathereweonlygiveyousomeofthelanguagepoints,youmayaddsomebyyourself.)1.underavarietyofformsofbusinessorganization.

以各種不同的商務(wù)組織形式

Under—據(jù)，依照，以……為依據(jù)

e.g.Underthetermsofagreement,thegoodsshouldbedeliveredinOctober.2.Thefactorstobeweighedinmakingthedecision

在做出決定時(shí)需權(quán)衡的因素

tobeweighedin…不定式的被動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)修飾factors。

E.g.ThemachinetobedesignedandmadeinourfactorywillbeexportedtoAmerica.

我們廠設(shè)計(jì)和制造的機(jī)器將出口到美國(guó)。3.Ageneralpartnership

is

anassociationoftwoormorepersonstocarryon,asco-owners,abusinessforprofit.

一般合伙企業(yè)是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的個(gè)人以共同所有者的身份，為從事盈利性的商業(yè)活動(dòng)而組成的組織。

1）association社團(tuán)，協(xié)會(huì)，行業(yè)組織

2）tocarryon,asco-owners,abusinessforprofit隔離不定式（不定式與賓語(yǔ)之間加狀語(yǔ)）4.Also,thepartnersmaytakeadvantageofvariousbusinessdeductionsfortaxpurposes.

并且合伙人也可以享受多種稅收優(yōu)惠。

takeadvantageof…享受……的優(yōu)惠

5.Aprimarydifferencebetweenthetwoisthatordinarilypreferredstockholdersareentitledtoreceivetheirdividendsbeforecommonstockholders.

兩者（普通股東和優(yōu)先股東）最主要的區(qū)別是優(yōu)先股股東可以在普通股股東之前獲取股息。

Beentitledtodo…有權(quán)做……6.Todayfew,ifany,countriesareeconomicallyself-sufficient.

當(dāng)今，幾乎沒(méi)有國(guó)家在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是自給自足的。(注意省略部分的譯文。)7.Aroughestimate

suggeststhatthe300largestTNCsownorcontrolatleastone-quarteroftheentireworld’sproductiveassets,worthaboutUS$5trillion.

粗略的估計(jì)表明300家最大的跨國(guó)公司擁有、或者控制著全世界生產(chǎn)性資產(chǎn)的四分之一，價(jià)值伍萬(wàn)億。

Productiveassets生產(chǎn)性資產(chǎn)

WorthaboutUS$5trillion價(jià)值五萬(wàn)億美元8.BecauseTrannationalityhasmanydimensionsandcanbeviewedfromseveralperspectives-economic,political,legal,etc.,TNChasthefollowingfeatures:

跨國(guó)公司因?yàn)槠淇鐕?guó)性具有多個(gè)尺度，能從多個(gè)角度來(lái)看——如經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、法律以及其他等等，跨國(guó)公司具備下列特征：

transnationality=transnationalcompany跨國(guó)公司

manydimensions多角性，多種尺度9.Aspercapitaincomeincreases,aslevelsofeducationincreaseandasthegrowthincommunicationstechnologyincreasesawarenessofalternativelifestyles,therearerisingexpectationswithregardtomatterssuchashousing,welfare,recreation,andmedicine.

收入的增加、教育水平的增長(zhǎng)和通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展使人們對(duì)生活方式有更大的選擇，對(duì)諸如住房、福利、娛樂(lè)和醫(yī)療方面的需求逐步增加。1）percapita人均，每人，按人頭2）ascapitaincome隨著人均收入……3）aslevelsofeducationincrease隨著教育水平的提高4）asthegrowthincommunicationtechnologyincreases隨著通訊技術(shù)的發(fā)展5）awarenessofalternativelifestyles選擇生活方式的意識(shí)6）risingexpectations增長(zhǎng)著的愿望7）withregardto關(guān)于8）suchas…諸如……9）welfare福利10）recreation娛樂(lè)10.ThereexistssomeevidencethatforeigndirectinvestmentbyTNCsandtheforeignexchangethatTNCsprovidecanimprovetheeconomicperformanceofthecountriesinwhichtheyoperate.一些事實(shí)說(shuō)明，跨國(guó)公司的直接投資和資本往來(lái)可顯明地促進(jìn)東道國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。復(fù)合句，用語(yǔ)法引導(dǎo)翻譯法。指導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解和翻譯。1)主句thereexistssomeevidence2)第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句用以修飾主句的主語(yǔ)。這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句有兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)foreigndirectinvestment和foreignexchange，謂語(yǔ)是canimprove3)第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句thatTNCsprovide修飾第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)。4)Inwhich引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾countries5)Perfomance經(jīng)營(yíng)，業(yè)績(jī)，履行11)Althoughintheorytransnationalcorporationscanfostersocialdevelopmentindevelopingcountriesbytransferringmanagementskillsaswellasresearchanddevelopment(R&D)capacities,inpracticetheirrecordinthisfieldismixed.雖然在理論上跨國(guó)公司可以通過(guò)傳遞管理技術(shù)和研發(fā)知識(shí)來(lái)推動(dòng)社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，但實(shí)踐的效果喜憂參半。

1)fostersocialdevelopment推動(dòng)社會(huì)的發(fā)展

2)bytransferringmanagementskillsaswellasresearchanddevelopmentcapacities.通過(guò)傳遞管理技術(shù)和研發(fā)能力（來(lái)推動(dòng)社會(huì)的進(jìn)步）

3)bemixed摻和，結(jié)合，喜憂參半Ⅲ.KeystoTestYourself（練習(xí)答案）1.ComprehensionQuestions1)Whatarethemajordisadvantagesofsoleproprietorship?Soleproprietorshiphasthefollowingdisadvantages:First,theownerisexposedtounlimitedliability.Thatmeanstheownerispersonallyliableforalldebtsofthebusiness.Thesedebtsmaybeincurredasaresultofacontractobligationorasaresultoftortliability.Second,thesoleproprietorshipisnormallynotinthebestpositiontoraiselargesumsofmoneybecauseitsabilitytorepayloansislimitedbytheassetsoftheindividualproprietor.Thethirddisadvantageisthesoleproprietorship’slackofcontinuity.2)Whatarethechiefdifferencesbetweengeneralpartnershipandlimitedpartnership?Thechiefdifferencesbetweengeneralpartnershipandlimitedpartnershiparethat:(1)oneormorepartnersinthelimitedpartnershiphavelimitedliability—thatis,theirliabilityislimitedtotheextentoftheirinvestmentinthepartnership-whereasallpartnersinageneralpartnershiphaveunlimitedliability.(2)Limitedpartnershavenocontrolovertheeverydaymanagement.3)Isgeneralpartnershipalegalentity?Althoughgeneralpartnershipisregardedasanentityinitselfinthecourseofday–to–daybusinessactivities,thecommonlawdoesnotrecognizeitalegalentity,butusuallyasanaggregationofindividuals.Thus,apartnershipisnotafictionalpersonwithadistinctlegalexistenceapartfromitsmembers.4)Whyisitdesirabletohavearticlesofpartnershipasfaraspartnershipisconcerned?

Becausetheexistenceofsuchanagreement(articlesofpartnership)helpstoavoidconflictbyclarifyingtherightsandresponsibilitiesoftheparties.)5)Whathastobedealtwithbetweendissolutionandterminationofapartnership?

Thefollowinghastobedealtwith:

Theliquidationofthepartnershipistobecarriedout;

Businessaffairsaretobeputinorder;

Receivablesaretobecollected;

Accountingsaretobemade;

Paymentstocreditorsaremade;

Theremainingassetsaredistributedtothepartners.6)Whyarethelimitedpartnersinalimitedpartnershiplikeshareholdersinacorporation?

Becausetheyareprimarilyinvestorsandcannottakeanactiveroleinthedailymanagementoroperationofthebusiness.7)Whatarethemainadvantagesanddisadvantageofjoint-stockcompany?

Advantages:Joint-stockcompaniescanbecreatedwithlittleformalitywithnospecificcharteringrequirementsandnoinitialcapitaloutlay.

Majordisadvantage:Theshareholdersofthejoint-stockcompanyarepersonallyliableforalltheassociation’sobligations.Conversely,theysharetheprofitsinproportiontotheircontrollinginterestinthecompany.8)Whyisacorporationaseparatelegalentityforallpurposes?

Becauseacorporationisanartificialbeingcreatedbylegislation.Assuch,acorporationcanpurchase,hold,andsellpropertyinitsownname.Itentersintocontractsinitsownname.Itcanbesuedandcansueinitsownname.Itisatax-payingentity.9)Whichfeaturemakesacorporationattractivetoinvestors?Why?

Thefeaturethattheshareholdersenjoylimitedliabilitymakesacorporationattractivebecauseashareholdercanloseonlywhatheorsheinvests.Creditorscannotreachthepersonalassetsoftheshareholdertosatisfythedebt.10)Makeabriefcomparisonbetweensoleproprietorship,partnershipandcorporation.BusinessOrganizationsOwnershipManagementControlLiabilityExposureDurationTax-payingEntitySole-proprietorshipSelfSelfunlimitedlimitedYesPartnershipPartnersPartnersUnlimitedlimitedNoCorporationShareholdersBoardofdirectors/officerslimitedperpetualYes2.TranslatetheFollowingEconomicTermsintoEnglish:1)獨(dú)資企業(yè)

soleproprietorship 2)普通合伙企業(yè)

generalpartnership 3)法人

fictionalperson4)合股公司joint-stockcompany5)董事會(huì)boardofdirectors

6)國(guó)有公司publiccorporation7)資本攤繳capitalcontribution

8)多數(shù)股權(quán)controllinginterest9)優(yōu)先股股東preferredstockholder

10)公司章程articlesofincorporation3.ReadtheFollowingPassageandFillintheBlankswithAppropriateWords: