專題三閱讀理解

——主旨大意題

【題型把握】

閱讀理解旨在考查考生理解不同題材和體裁的書面材料以及從中獲取信息的能力。要求

考生能讀懂有關(guān)日常生活的簡(jiǎn)短文字材料，例如公告、說明、廣告以及書、報(bào)紙、雜志中關(guān)于

一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文段。要求考生能夠理解主旨要義;理解文中具體信息;根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞

和短語(yǔ)的含義;做出判斷和推理;理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu);理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。細(xì)節(jié)理

解題大都比較容易，只需要認(rèn)真閱讀題目，細(xì)心比對(duì)原文就能解答正確。對(duì)于這種題目，要

認(rèn)真解題，盡量不丟分。本講義著重講解主旨大意題的解題技巧。

【考綱解讀及命題趨勢(shì)】

1.主旨大意題考查的是考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,

對(duì)整篇文章的主旨大意有一個(gè)較為清晰的印象。

2.主旨大意題分為標(biāo)題類和主題類。

⑴標(biāo)題類，要求考牛選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題：

⑵主題類，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。

主旨大意題主要考查形式有三種：文章大意類、段落大意類及標(biāo)題歸納類。主旨大意題在近

三年全國(guó)卷中每套題均有涉及，雖然比重不大，但是難度較高，是大部分學(xué)生容易失分的

題目類型，應(yīng)給予足夠的重視，爭(zhēng)取閱讀得滿分。

【解題技巧】

1.首先找出文章的主題句，然后根據(jù)文章主題句確定文章大意。

2.如果沒有主題句再尋找全文重復(fù)性強(qiáng)的關(guān)鍵詞或者概括全文。

3.解題時(shí)我們可以利用逆轉(zhuǎn)思維，即如果我們作為作者按這個(gè)大意或標(biāo)題寫這一篇文章或這

一段文章該寫哪方面內(nèi)容，然后對(duì)比原文和選項(xiàng)，從而做出正確的判斷。

【知識(shí)清單】

一.命題方式

主旨大意題主要考查考生對(duì)所讀材料(或所讀材料片段)中心思想或標(biāo)題的概括。做這類題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)

通讀全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同時(shí)注意文章的主題句，因?yàn)橹黝}句表達(dá)了文章的中心思想，而其

他句子均圍繞主題句展開。主題句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句處，但有時(shí)也位于段

落中間(通常是第一段或最后一段的中間)。主旨大意題的考查形式有很多，如概括標(biāo)題、主題、段意、中

心思想等。常見的設(shè)問方式有：

Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

Whatisthe…paragraphmainlyabout?

Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

Whatmaybethebesttitleforihctext?

Whatcanbeasuitabletitlefor(hetext?

二.選項(xiàng)特征

正確選項(xiàng)特征

1、涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。

2、范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。

3、精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。

干擾選項(xiàng)特征

1、以偏概全

2、主題過大

3、斷章取義

4、無(wú)中生有

三,常用解題方法

技巧1速讀文章，明確主題

速讀文章，抓住文章主題句或關(guān)鍵詞。考生應(yīng)抓住反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫主題詞。

(1)主題句的特征

①首段出現(xiàn)具體例子或假設(shè)時(shí)，例子或假設(shè)后面的內(nèi)容往往體現(xiàn)文章主旨：

②作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)陳述的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞或短語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞；

③段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞或短語(yǔ)(如however,but,otherwise,though等)時(shí)，該詞或短語(yǔ)后的句子很可能

是主題句。

(2)尋找主題句

①主題句在段首

主題句在段首的文章結(jié)構(gòu)是先點(diǎn)明主題，然后圍繞這一主題進(jìn)行分析，用演繹法闡述觀點(diǎn),在議論文、

科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種方式。

②主題句在段中

當(dāng)主題句被安排在段落中間時(shí)，通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引

申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、論證或展開。

③主題句在段尾

主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù)，層層推理論證，最后得出結(jié)論，即段落的主題。

［全國(guó)12020D1

Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshave

foundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthe

cityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplaces

weredecoratedwithhouseplants.

32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.

B.Abigfallincrimerales.

C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.

D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.

【答案】D

【詳解】根據(jù)第-一段中的positiveeffects及所舉的兩個(gè)例乎（綠化多的區(qū)域犯罪率低以及綠植多的辦公區(qū)域

員工的工作效率更高）可知，本段主要介紹的是綠色植物給人們帶來的益處。故選D項(xiàng)。

技巧2瞻首顧尾，定位中心句

每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句成為該段主題句的概率往往最大。將首段的中心句與各段第一句

串關(guān)在一起，常常可以得出文章的中心思想。

此外，文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)也有助于定位中心句。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有按時(shí)間順序組織的結(jié)構(gòu)或“分述一總說”

結(jié)構(gòu)。按時(shí)間先后順序說明某一件事或某一理論的發(fā)展過程的文章，主題句通常在首段或末段；采用“分

述——總說”結(jié)構(gòu)的文章，前幾段分述，末段總結(jié)，這類文章主題句常在末段。

［全國(guó)II202OB］

Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelp（heirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelp

childrenwithmath-relatedskills.

Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesalhomeand

foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat

54monthsofage.

ThefindingswerepublishedirthejournalDevelopmentalScience.

27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Amathematicalmethod.

B.Ascientificstudy.

C.Awomanpsychologist.

D.Ateachingprogram.

【答案】B

【詳解】本文主要圍繞一項(xiàng)研究展開說明，具體介紹了它的研究對(duì)象、研究方法及研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，最后還提到

A.Smartpigs:goodplayersB.Flexiblenoses:fungames

C.Oralmands:piglearnersD.Pigplayers:learningpotential

【答案】

1.D

【分析】

本文為一篇說明文。一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，豬可以通過自己的鼻子來使用操縱桿完成一些游戲，并且能夠意

識(shí)到光標(biāo)是跟隨自己移動(dòng)操縱桿而移動(dòng)，這個(gè)研究是一個(gè)巨大的突破，讓我們更有可能了解豬是如何與我

們和環(huán)境互動(dòng)的。

1.主旨大意題。縱觀全文，尤其是第一段的第一句"Timetoloadupsonicpopulargames:newresearchindicates

pigspossessthementalcapabilitytoplayvideogames.（是時(shí)候去玩一些流行的游戲了：新的研究表明豬擁有

玩電子游戲的心理能力）”；倒數(shù)第二段"Thesefindingsarethelatesttohighlighttheintelligenceofpigs.Not

onlyhavetheybeenshowntousemirrorstofindhiddenfood,butstudieshavealsodemonstratedhowpigscanbe

taughtto，e'and*sifafteroralmands.（這些發(fā)現(xiàn)是強(qiáng)調(diào)豬的智力的最新發(fā)現(xiàn)。研究不僅展示了它們使用鏡子

來尋找隱藏的食物，而且還展示了如何教會(huì)豬在聽到口頭指令后‘過來'和'坐下）”，以及最后一段最后一

句"Wethereforehaveamoraldutytounderstandhowpigsacquireinformation,andwhattheyarecapableof

learningandremembering,becauseitultimatelyoffersthepotentialforhowtheyunderstandtheirinteractionswith

usandtheirenvironments.（［±|jlL我們有道德責(zé)任去了解豬是如何獲取信息的，以及它們有能力學(xué)習(xí)和記憶

什么，因?yàn)檫@最終為它們?nèi)绾卫斫馀c我們和環(huán)境的互動(dòng)提供了可能）“可知，作者闡述會(huì)打電子游戲的豬，

反映了動(dòng)物們豬是可以接受人類對(duì)它們更好的訓(xùn)練并有所互動(dòng)的，它們有著學(xué)習(xí)潛能，所以D項(xiàng)“Pigplayers:

learningpotential（做游戲的豬：有學(xué)習(xí)潛能）“適合做文章的標(biāo)題,故選D項(xiàng)。

B

Videoconferencinghasbeenaroundformorethan20years.UntiltheCOVID19pandemic,though,you

wouldfindthatmanypeopleneedingtoattendameetingremotelywouldbecallingfromarealconferenceroom

fulloftheirteammates.Today,we'reroutinelyholdingvideoconferencesthatare100%virtual.And:hisis

creatingaproblemthattechnologycan'tfix.

Theproblemisus,specificallythefactthatwehaven'tevolvedsociallytothepointwherewecanbearmuch

separation.Somuchofourwellbeingandworkproductivityisdecidedonhowclosewearephysically.The

removalofthatforanyperiodoftimecanbeseverelydamaging.Onesurprisingvictimofsocialdistancingis

laughter.

NormallypeoplelaughaboutIXtimesperday.And97%ofthattimewe'relaughingwithothers—weare

30timesmorelikelytolaughwithothersthantolaughalone.Thinkaboutit:howoftenwhenyouandyour

friendslaughatsomethingthatisactuallyfunny?Researchshowsthat80%ofwhatpeoplelaughatisreallynot

thatfunny.

Sowhydopeoplelaugh?Theylaughinordertolaughwithothers.Justaseveryonestartsyawningwhenjust

onepersonyawns,mostpeoplecan'thelpbutlaughwhenthosearoundthemdo.ThisiswhyTVedyshowsoften

useprerecordedlaughtracks.

Laughinginresponsetootherpeople'slaughingisnotjustabehavioralphenomenon.Whenwelaugh,our

bodyproducestwokeychemicals:endorphinwhichhelpsrelievepainandsetsofffeelingsofpleasure,and

dopaminewhichcanimprovelearning,inotivationandatieniion.Infact,studiesshowthatpeoplecanstand15%

merepainsimplybylaughingforafewminutesbeforehand.Laughterisalsoassociatedwithhigherinotivation

andproductivityatwork.

Intoday'shomcalonc,virtualtcamworld,thisisexactlywhatyouasateamleadershouldbedoing:fbryour

teammemberstostayhealthyandproductive,youneedtogetthemIolaughmoreandstressless.

I.WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Themotivationbehindlaughter.B.Thechemicalsregardinglaughter.

C.Themechanismoflaughter.D.Thesignificanceoflaughter.

【答案】

1.D；

【分析】

本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了笑的重要性。

I.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段的“Whenwelaugh,ourbodyproducestwokeychemicals:endorphinwhichhelps

relievepainandsetsofffeelingsofpleasure,anddopaminewhichcanimprovelearning,motivationandattention.

Infact,studiesshowthatpeoplecanstand15%morepainsimplybylaughingforafewminutesbeforehand.

Laughterisalsoassociatedwithhighermotivationandproductivityatwork.（當(dāng)我們笑的時(shí)候，我們的身體會(huì)產(chǎn)

生兩種關(guān)鍵的化學(xué)物質(zhì)：內(nèi)啡肽，它可以幫助緩解疼痛并引發(fā)愉悅感，還有多巴胺，它可以提高學(xué)習(xí)能力、

動(dòng)力和注意力。事實(shí)上，研究表明，僅僅提前幾分鐘笑一下，人們就能多忍受15%）”可知，本段主要介紹

是笑聲的重要性。故選D。

C

Anewtypeofplasticmadedirectlyfromorganicplantwastehasbeencreatedbyscientists.Thenew

materialiseasytomakeandcouldbeusedineverythingfrompackagingandtextiles（紡織品）tomedicineand

electronics.

TheresearchersinSwitzerlandhavealreadyusedthetechniquetomakepackagingfilms,fibresthatcanbe

usedforclothesorothertextilesandthreadsfor3Dprinting.

Conventionalplasticissowidespreadbecausemakingitbineslowcost,heatstability,mechanicalstrength

andprocessability,（heresearcherssay.Untilnow,few,ifany,alternativeplasticshavemanagedtomatchor

surpassconventionalplasticintheseaspects,whichisvitaliftheyare（obeusedmorewidely.

Tomaketheplastic,scientists,tcooked,,woodandotherplantwasteininexpensivechemicalstomakea

plasticprecursor（前身）.Thesugarstructurestayspletewithinthemolecular（分子）structureoftheplastic,

makingthechemistrymuchcheaperthanothertypesofalternativeplastic.

Baekin2016,theresearchersfoundoutthatif（heyaddedanaldehyde（乙醛）chemicaltheycouldstabilize

partsoftheplantmaterialtoavoidtheirdestructionduringextraction.Butnow,theyareusingglyoxylicacid,a

solidorganicsubstancethatoccursnaturallyandisusedinindustry.Theteamcouldsimplyfasten“sticky”groups

ontobothsidesofthesugarmolecules,whichallowedthemtoactasplasticbuildingblocks.Usingthissimple

technique,theycouldturnuptoaquarteroftheweightofagriculturalwaste,or95percentofpurifiedsugarinto

plastic.

“Theplastichasveryexcitingproperties,notablyfbrapplicationslikefoodpackaging?'ProfessorJeremy

LautenbacherfromtheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnology,whocreatedtheplastic,said.4*Whatmakesthe

plasticuniqueisthepresenceofthepletesugarstructure.Thismakesitincrediblyeasytomakebecauseyoudon't

havetochangewhatnaturegivesyou,anditissimpletobreakdownbecauseitcangobacktoamoleculethatis

alreadyplentifulinnature.^^；

I.What'sthemainideaofthelastparagraph?

A.Thenewtypeofplasticcontainssugarstructure.

B.Thenewtypeofplasticiseasytomake.

C.Thenewtypeofplasticissimpletobreakdown.

D.Thenewtypeofplastichassplendidfeatures.；

【答案】

1.D

【詳解】

這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了科學(xué)家們發(fā)明了一種直接由有機(jī)植物廢物制成的新型塑料。這種新材料易于

制造，可用于包裝、紡織品、醫(yī)藥和電子產(chǎn)品等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域；

I.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中"Theplastichasveryexcitingproperties,notablyfbrapplicationslikefood

packaging”（這種塑料具有非常令人興奮的特性，特別是在食品包裝等應(yīng)用中）和“Whatmakestheplastic

uniqueisthepresenceofthepletesugarstructure.Thismakesitincrediblyeasytomakebecauseyoudon'thave

tochangewhatnaturegivesyou,anditissimpletobreakdownbecauseitcangobacktoamoleculethatis

alreadyplentifulinnature."“（這種塑料的獨(dú)特之處在于它具有完整的糖結(jié)構(gòu)。這使得它的制作非常容易，

因?yàn)槟悴恍枰淖兇笞匀唤o你的東西，而且它很容易分解，因?yàn)樗梢曰氐阶匀唤缰幸呀?jīng)豐富的分子中。）

可知，最后一段主要講的是這種新型塑料有很好的特點(diǎn)。故選D項(xiàng)；

D

AwomaninYunnanhasbeenleadinganeffortover（hepastdecadetohelpchildrenontheautisnn（自閉

癥jspectrum,LiYingxuereports.SinceshefoundedLookatMe,achildren'sdevelopmentcenterinKunming,

Yunnanprovince,in2010,ShaJingmei,38,hasfocusedhereffortsonhelpingkidson(heautismspectrum.

Childrenwithautismarelike“peopleinsideabottlewhocanclearlyseetheworldoutside,butcan'tgetout

ofthebottletomunicatewithothers,shesays,addingthatinorder:ohelpthechildren,peopleshouldtryto

understandthemfirst."Childrenwithautismwillnotbehavethesamewayasotherchildren.Whenmeetingthem

onthestreet,pleasedon'tlookatthemwithadiscriminatorylook.Sometimestheyjustneedakindlookwhich

canmakethemlesspsychologicallytenseandstrcssfi.il/'Shasays.

MaShiyan,28,directorofLockatMe,remembersthetimeshejoinedSha'steam4yearsagoandwasata

losswhenaboygotemotional.Shacameandeasilysmoothedtheboy'semotions.MahaslearnedalotfromSha

andistouchedbyherpositiveenergywhetherdealingwithchildrenorthedifficultieswhenrunningthetraining

center/'Shaknowstheconditionofeachchildatourcenter,andwhenwediscussonechild'scase,shecanoften

associateitwithanotherkid'scase,"Masays.

WhennamingthetrainingcenterLooka(Me12yearsago,Shasaysshehopessocietywouldpaymore

attentiontochildrenon(heautismspectrum.Now,shehasfurthered(hegoaltohelpthechildrentakecareof

(hemselves,aswellashavejobstosustain.Someoftheolderchildrenfromthecenterhavefoundjobsinalocal

coffeepanyoratabar.Inthefuture,Shaaimstofindmorejobsforsuchchildren.

Workinginspecialeducationmeansdealingwithdifferentchailonges,andthismakesShafeelsheis

alive."Youarcthinkingofhowtosolvedifferentproblemseachday/shcsays.；

1.What'sthemainideaofthepassage?

A.ShaJingmcihasconcentratedallhereffortstohelpchildrenwithautism.

B.AwomancalledShaJingmeifoundedLookatMetohelpthoseinneed.

C.ShaJingmeiappealstothewholesocietytofocusonchildren.

D.Childrenwithautismneedtobecaredforbythewholesociety.

【答案】

1.A

【詳解】

本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。主要介紹了沙靜梅一直致力于幫助自閉癥兒童的故事；

知，LookatMe培訓(xùn)中心主要是為自閉癥兒童培養(yǎng)融入社會(huì)的能力。故選D項(xiàng)；

1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中“AwomaninYunnanhasbeenleadinganeffortoverthepastdecadetohelp

childrenon(heautismspectrum,LiYingxuereports.SinceshefoundedLookatMe,achildren'sdevelopment

cenlerinKunming,Yunnanprovince,in2010.ShaJingmei,38,hasfocusedhereffortsonhelpingkidsonthe

aulismspecirum.(據(jù)李映雪報(bào)道，在過去的1年里，云南的一名婦女一直在努力幫助自閉癥兒童。38歲的

沙靜梅2010年在云南省昆明市創(chuàng)辦了LookatMe兒童發(fā)展中心，此后她一直致力于幫助自閉癥兒童）”再

根據(jù)后文，.主要講述了沙靜梅的努力和LookatMe兒童發(fā)展中心的成就以及最后一段“Workinginspecial

educationmeansdealingwithdifferentchallenges,andthismakesShafeelsheisalive."Youarethinkingofhow

cosolvedifferentproblemseachday,“shesays.（在特殊教育領(lǐng)域工作意味著要應(yīng)對(duì)不同的挑戰(zhàn)，這讓沙覺得自

己還活著?！澳忝刻於荚谒伎既绾谓鉀Q不同的問題，”她說.）“可知，本文主要講述了沙靜梅集中她所有的

精力幫助自閉癥兒童的故事。故選A項(xiàng)。

E

FromtheconcerthallsofEuropetothetechindustriesoftheUnitedStates,C.J.Santoshascreatedastory

acrosstheglobe.

BominBrazil,SantosmovedtoSwitzerlandaltheageofi8,andearneddegreesinbothmusicperformance

andbusinessadministrationthere.Duringhisnext10yearsof“inlense”careerasaprofessionalmusician,he

spentmostofhistimeontheroad."IhadthehonortoperforminthetopconcerthallsinEurope,“Santossaid."Il

reallyworemeouttobeconstantlytravelingandperforming,butitallowedmetosectheworldandunderstandit

initsfulldiversity.Thiswasauniqueexperience,andIcarryitsbenefitswithmetothisday”

Throughtheseexperiences,Santoswasabletobccfluentinsixlanguages.Withtheseskillsunderhisbelt,

Santosworkedwithhiswife,whoisalsofluentinfourlanguages,todevelopasmalltranslationbusiness.

“Runningitwithnopriorbusinessexperiencewasachallengingbutexcitingleamingbydoing

experience,44Santossaid."Inaddition,thetranslationindustryexperiencedamassivedigitaltransformationinthe

lastdecade.”

MBA/M.S.ughtSantostoanMBA/M.S.programinbusinessanalyticsandinformationmanagement,where

hegotrichexperience,knowledgeandperspectivesindifferentindustries.Theprogramprovidedhimwith

somethingheclearlyenjoysinlife:variety“Ithelpedmetakethemostadvantageofthetranslationindustry's

digitaltransformation.WhatIgainedfromtheprogramismorethanwhatImanagedinthe15yearsinEurope/'

headded.

AsSantoscontinuestogrowhisbusiness,he'salsoworkingasanadvisor.tkThcworld'sdigital

transformationhasadvancedathighspeed,''hesaid."Tome,it'sveryexcitingtobeavaluableresourcetothose

whoneedhelptojumponboardthedigitalexpress.”：

1.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?

A.ThegreatvarietySantosenjoysinlife.

B.Theapplicationofdigitaltransformation.

C.ThebenefitsSantosgotfromtheprogram.

D.Santos'sviewpointontranslationindustry.；

【答案】

I.C

【詳解】

本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了C.J.Santos從歐洲的音樂廳到美國(guó)的科技產(chǎn)業(yè)的經(jīng)歷；

1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段“MBA/M.S.ughtSantostoanMBA/M.S.programinbusinessanalyticsand

informationmanagement,wherehegotrichexperience,knowledgeandperspectivesindifferentindustries.The

programprovidedhimwithsomethingheclearlyenjoysinlife:variety.4ithelpedmetakethemostadvantageof

thetranslationindustry'sdigitaltransformation.WhatIgainedfromtheprogramismorethanwhatImanagedin

the15yearsinEurope,headded.（這使桑托斯獲得J‘商業(yè)分析和信息管理的MBA/M.S.項(xiàng)R,在那里他獲得

了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，知識(shí)和不同行業(yè)的觀點(diǎn)。這個(gè)項(xiàng)FI為他提供了他在生活中顯然很享受的東西：多樣性。”它

幫助我充分利用了翻譯行業(yè)的數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型。我從這個(gè)項(xiàng)目中獲得的東西比我在歐洲15年所管理的還要

多，”戶可知，本段主要介紹桑托斯從這個(gè)項(xiàng)目中得到的好處。故選C；

F

ResearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbarahavedesignedaonefootdevicethatcanjump

morethan30metersintheair,threetimesthecurrentrecordforajumpingrobot.

“Themotivationcamefromascientificquestion,theleadauthorElliotW.Hawkers,amechanicalengineer

atUCSantaBarbara,saysinastatement.kvWewantedtounderstandwhatthelimitswereonengineeredjumpers.M

“Manymechanicaljumpingsystemsarebasedonbiologicaljumpers—orthoseintheanimalkingdom,but

animalshavelimitstotheirjumpingabilitybasedonhowmuchenergytheycanproduceinastroke（4攵縮）of

theirmuscle,CharlesXiao,aresearcherinHawkes'lab,saysinthestatement.

Researchersinthisstudytookadifferentapproach,usingamotortotakemultiplestrokesandincreaseihe

amountofstoredenergyin（hespring.Thesmallmotorwindsupalinethatpressesthespring,whichismadeof

carbonfiberpressionbows（壓縮弓）andrubberbands.Whenareleasemechanismisunlocked,thedevice

launchesintotheair.

Becausethestoredenergyisgreater,thisdevice'sspringtomotorratio（比率）isalsolargerthanwhat,sseen

intheanimalkingdombyabout100times.Thedeviceislightweightandaerodynamic,whichallowsittojump

theheightofalOstorybuildingandincreaseitsspeedfromzeroto60mphinninemeterspersecond.

WhilethiskindofdevicecouldbeusedtonavigatedifficultlandsontheEarth,researcherssayitcouldreach

heightsevengreateronthemoon,wheregravityisweaker.

“OntheEarthjumpingrobotscouldovereobstaclespreviouslyonlynavigatedbyflyingrobotswhile

collectingvisionbaseddataofthegroundbelow,“writetheauthors.Onthemoon,thejumpsofthepresented

jumperwouldbeevenhigher:125metershighwhilecoveringhalfakilometerinasinglebound.；

I.Whatdoesparagraph4mainlytalkabout?

A.Howthedeviceworks.

B.Whoisinfavoroftheidea.

C.Whenthemechanismisunlocked.

D.Whatcauses（hedevicetojumphigh.；

【答案】

1.A

【詳解】

本文是一篇說明文。一款新研發(fā)的機(jī)器人裝置可以跳超過30米高，在月球上可跳至125米高，可用于幫

助人類進(jìn)行月球勘測(cè)；

I.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段第一句"Researchersinthisstudytookadifferentapproach,usingamotortolake

multiplestrokesandincreasetheamountofstoredenergyinthespring.（研究人員采用了一種不同的方法，使用

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行重復(fù)沖程來增大彈簧里存儲(chǔ)的能量）”以及最后一句"Whenareleasemechanismisunlocked,the

devicelaunchesintotheair.（當(dāng)釋放機(jī)制打開，設(shè)備就會(huì)彈射到空中）“可知，第四段主要介紹該裝置的運(yùn)作過

程,故選A；

【高考真題】

A

[全國(guó)甲2022B]

Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilar

shapc-rccognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-ycar-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshave

provedskilfulattoolusewhilekepiinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwith

anutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftlieboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfive

differentlyshaped“keys"tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect"key"wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanother

yearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（對(duì)稱的）shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethata

shapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan"allocentricframeofreference,\In

theexperiment,Goffin'scockatooswereabletoselecttherightcoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisual

recognitionalone.Where（rial-and-errorwasused,thecockatooscidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.This

indicatesthatGoffin'scockatoosdoindeedpossessanalloceniricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsin

space,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyon

visualclues（線索），oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.

I.Whichcanbeasuitabletitlefbrthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers

B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

C.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers

D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters

【答案】

1.D

【詳解】

本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，即鳳頭鸚鵡具有與兩歲兒童相似的形狀識(shí)別能力。

1.D主旨大意題。通讀全文,尤其是第一段第一句Goffin'scockatoos...havesimilarshapc-rccognitionabilities

toahumantwo-year-old.可知，本文主要介紹了研究人員通過實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)風(fēng)頭鸚鵡具有與兩歲兒童相似的形狀

識(shí)別能力。由此可知，D項(xiàng)（鳳頭鸚鵡：熟練的形狀分類者）最適合作本文標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。

B

[全國(guó)新高考I2021.C]

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithan

astonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.

Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartof

theseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl（水禽）werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverly

ambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousethecvcr-incrcasingpopulations,

greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat（棲息地）.

In1934,with（hepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct（Act）,anincreasinglyconcernednation

lookfirmactiontoslop（hedestructionofmigratory（遷徙的）waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.

UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuck

Stamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding"Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDes

Moines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauof

BiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.

About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundto

purchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensures

thislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstoe.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshas

goneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStamp

Programhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.

I.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TheFederalDuckStampStory

B.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem

C.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowl

D.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting

【答案】

1.A

【詳解】

由于大量探險(xiǎn)家和定居者的到來，北美水禽被大量捕殺，且其棲息地遭到嚴(yán)重破壞，為此政用于1934年

通過法案以防止對(duì)野生動(dòng)物和濕地的破壞，并取得明顯成效。

1.A主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了北美水禽等野生動(dòng)物遭遇獵殺及其棲息地被破壞后，

政府通過一項(xiàng)法案以防止破壞的持續(xù)發(fā)生，并取得了明顯成效。文章第二、三段介紹了聯(lián)邦鴨票的起源、

具體做法及成效，尤其是文章第三段最后一句起到點(diǎn)題的作用。故A項(xiàng)（聯(lián)邦鴨票的故事）適合作為本文標(biāo)

題，

C

[全國(guó)新高考I2021D]

Popularizationhasinsoniccaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional（情感的）intelligence.Many

peoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannot

bemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“people

skills.^^Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthem

movefarbeyondski11-basedemotionalintelligence.

Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskills（hatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbad

purposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbestto

helpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnot

necessarilymakeoneamoralperson.

Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonably

support,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectof

thispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis（重視）onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothers

interestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublic

andresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.

Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattention

willexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatiningdecades,

advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives（視角）fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.

Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.

1.Whatdocsthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?

A.Itsappealtothepublic.

B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.

C.Itspracticalapplication.

D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.

【答案】

1.B

【詳解】

本文主要介紹了大眾在某些情況下曲解了“情商”這一概念的原本含義，很多人誤認(rèn)為情商是無(wú)法用智商測(cè)

試衡量的所有優(yōu)良品質(zhì)，而研究表明，般煉情感技能有可能促成一些優(yōu)良品質(zhì)，但大部分優(yōu)良品質(zhì)的修成

遠(yuǎn)不止如此。

1.B主旨大意題。通讀最后一段并根據(jù)最后一段中的wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterest

inthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion和Itisourhopethatining...可知，最后一段主要闡述了對(duì)于

未來有關(guān)情商的研究的期待。

D

[全國(guó)乙2021?C]

You'veheardthatplasticispolluting(heoceans—between4.8and12.7million(onnesenterocean

ecosystemseveryyea