一、常見重點問題答疑I.AnswerstoFrequentlyAskedKeyQuestions1.請簡述“水溶液凈化”的定義，并結(jié)合實例說明其兩大核心目的在生產(chǎn)中的具體體現(xiàn)。1.Pleasebrieflydescribethedefinitionof"aqueoussolutionpurification"andillustratetheconcretemanifestationsofitstwocorepurposesinproductionwithexamples.解答：Answer:（1）定義：水溶液凈化是指通過特定工藝將溶液中主體金屬與雜質(zhì)元素分離的過程，是濕法冶金中連接浸出與后續(xù)工序的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。(1)Definition:Aqueoussolutionpurificationreferstotheprocessofseparatingthehostmetalandimpurityelementsinthesolutionthroughaspecificprocess.Itisakeylinkconnectingleachingandsubsequentprocessesinhydrometallurgy.（2）兩大核心目的及體現(xiàn)：(2)Twocorepurposesandmanifestations:①控制雜質(zhì)含量：例如鋅電積工序要求電解液中Cu≤0.5mg/L、Co≤3mg/L，凈化需通過鋅粉置換等工藝將這些雜質(zhì)去除至限值以下，避免其降低電流效率或影響析出鋅質(zhì)量。①Controlimpuritycontent:Forexample,thezincelectrowinningprocessrequiresCu≤0.5mg/LandCo≤3mg/Lintheelectrolyte.Purificationneedstoremovetheseimpuritiesbelowthelimitthroughzincdustprecipitationandotherprocessestoavoidreducingcurrentefficiencyoraffectingthequalityofprecipitatedzinc.②富集有價金屬：例如硫酸鋅溶液凈化中，可通過針對性工藝回收銅、鎘等伴生金屬作為副產(chǎn)品，提高資源綜合利用率。②Enrichmentofvaluablemetals:Forexample,inthepurificationofzincsulfatesolution,associatedmetalssuchascopperandcadmiumcanberecoveredasby-productsthroughtargetedprocessestoimprovethecomprehensiveutilizationrateofresources.2.凈化后液的指標對后續(xù)電積工序至關(guān)重要。以鋅電積為例，若凈化后液中鈷含量超標（如＞5mg/L），會對電積過程造成哪些具體影響？2.Theindicatorofthepurifiedliquidiscrucialtothesubsequentelectrowinningprocess.Takingzincelectrowinningasanexample,whatspecificimpactswillithaveontheelectrowinningprocessifthecobaltcontentinthepurifiedliquidexceedsthestandard(suchas>5mg/L)?解答：鋅電積中鈷含量超標（＞5mg/L）會導致：Answer:Excessivecobaltcontentinzincelectrowinning(>5mg/L)willleadtothefollowing:（1）鈷在陰極析出，降低析出鋅的純度，影響產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量；(1)Cobaltprecipitatesatthecathode,whichreducesthepurityofprecipitatedzincandaffectsproductquality;（2）增加陰極極化，降低電流效率，增加電能消耗；(2)Increasecathodicpolarization,reducecurrentefficiencyandincreasepowerconsumption;（3）可能形成鈷的氧化物附著在電極表面，導致電極腐蝕或剝鋅困難；(3)Oxidesthatmayformcobaltadheretotheelectrodesurface,causingelectrodecorrosionordifficultyinzincstripping;（4）長期積累會導致電解液成分失衡，引發(fā)槽電壓升高、短路等故障，影響生產(chǎn)連續(xù)性。(4)Long-termaccumulationwillleadtotheimbalanceofelectrolytecomposition,causecellvoltageincrease,shortcircuitandotherfaults,andaffectthecontinuityofproduction.3.硫酸鋅溶液凈化的核心目的是“滿足鋅電積要求”，請列舉該過程中需重點去除的3種雜質(zhì)，并說明對應(yīng)的凈化方法及目的。3.Thecorepurposeofzincsulfatesolutionpurificationisto"meettherequirementsofzincelectrowinning".Pleaselistthe3impuritiesthatneedtoberemovedduringthisprocess,andexplainthecorrespondingpurificationmethodsandpurposes.解答：Answer:（1）銅（Cu）：采用鋅粉置換法（CuSO?+Zn=ZnSO?+Cu↓），目的是避免銅在陰極析出影響鋅純度。(1)Copper(Cu):Thezincdustprecipitation(CuSO?+Zn=ZnSO?+Cu↓)isusedtopreventcopperprecipitationatthecathodefromaffectingthepurityofzinc.（2）鎘（Cd）：通過鋅粉置換（CdSO?+Zn=ZnSO?+Cd↓），防止鎘降低電流效率及導致鋅產(chǎn)品雜質(zhì)超標。(2)Cadmium(Cd):Throughzincdustprecipitation(CdSO?+Zn=ZnSO?+Cd↓),cadmiumispreventedfromreducingcurrentefficiencyandcausingimpuritiesinzincproductstoexceedthestandard.（3）鈷（Co）：添加黃藥（如丁基黃藥）形成難溶沉淀，或用銻鹽活化鋅粉置換，目的是消除鈷對電積的極化干擾，保障電流效率。(3)Cobalt(Co):Addxanthate(suchasbutylxanthate)toforminsolubleprecipitate,orreplaceitwithantimonysaltactivatedzincpowder.Thepurposeistoeliminatethepolarizationinterferenceofcobaltonelectrowinningandensurecurrentefficiency.二、常見難點問題答疑II.AnswerstoFrequentlyAskedDifficultQuestions1.鋅冶煉與稀有金屬（如鍺）冶煉中，凈化目的的側(cè)重點有何不同？請分別舉例說明。1.Whatisthedifferenceinthefocusofpurificationpurposebetweenzincsmeltingandraremetalsmelting(suchasgermanium)?Pleasegiveexamplesrespectively.解答：Answer:（1）鋅冶煉：凈化側(cè)重“控制雜質(zhì)含量”。例如鋅浸出液凈化以去除銅、鎘、鈷等有害雜質(zhì)為核心，確保后續(xù)電積能產(chǎn)出合格鋅產(chǎn)品，對雜質(zhì)的“去除”要求高于“回收”。(1)Zincsmelting:Purificationfocuseson"controllingimpuritycontent".Forexample,zincleachatepurificationfocusesonremovingharmfulimpuritiessuchascopper,cadmium,andcobalttoensurethatsubsequentelectrowinningcanproducequalifiedzincproducts,andtherequirementsfor"removal"ofimpuritiesarehigherthan"recovery".（2）稀有金屬冶煉：凈化側(cè)重“富集有價金屬”。例如鍺冶煉中，浸出液凈化的核心是通過萃取、離子交換等工藝將低濃度鍺（通常＜100mg/L）富集至高濃度（可達g/L級），為后續(xù)提純提供便利，對目標金屬的“富集效率”要求更高。(2)Raremetalsmelting:Purificationfocuseson"enrichmentofvaluablemetals".Forexample,ingermaniumsmelting,thecoreofleachatepurificationistoenrichlow-concentrationgermanium(usually<100mg/L)tohighconcentration(uptog/Llevel)throughextraction,ionexchangeandotherprocesses,whichprovidesconvenienceforsubsequentpurification.Therequirementsfor"enrichmentefficiency"oftargetmetalsishigher.2.若某溶液中含有Fe3?、As3?等雜質(zhì)，后續(xù)工序為萃取提鋅（萃取劑對鐵、砷敏感），應(yīng)選擇哪種凈化方法？請說明選擇依據(jù)。2.WhichpurificationmethodshouldbeselectedifasolutioncontainsimpuritiessuchasFe3?andAs3?,andthesubsequentprocessisextractionofzinc(theextractantissensitivetoironandarsenic)?Pleasespecifythebasisforselection.解答：應(yīng)選擇“中和水解法”（控制pH值3.5-4.0）。Answer:"Neutralizationhydrolysismethod"shouldbeselected(controlpHvalue3.5-4.0).（1）依據(jù)：Fe3?、As3?在該pH條件下會水解生成Fe(OH)?、As(OH)?沉淀，可通過過濾去除；(1)Basis:Fe3?andAs3?willhydrolyzetoformFe(OH)?andAs(OH)?precipitatesunderthispHcondition,whichcanberemovedbyfiltration;（2）優(yōu)勢：該方法能高效去除鐵、砷（去除率＞95%），且不會引入新雜質(zhì)，避免萃取劑因鐵、砷“中毒”而失效，符合后續(xù)萃取工序?qū)θ芤杭兌鹊囊蟆?2)Advantages:Thismethodcanefficientlyremoveironandarsenic(removalrate>95%)withoutintroducingnewimpurities,preventingtheextractantfromfailingduetoironandarsenic"poisoning",andmeetingtherequirementsforsolutionpurityinsubsequentextractionprocesses.3.某工廠擬采用“黃藥沉淀法”去除溶液中的鈷雜質(zhì)，后續(xù)工序為鋅電積。請判斷該方法是否合理，并說明理由。3.Afactoryplanstousethe"xanthateprecipitationmethod"toremovecobaltimpuritiesinthesolution,andthesubsequentprocessiszincelectrowinning.Pleasejudgewhetherthismethodisreasonableornotandexplainthereasons.解答：合理。Answer:Reasonable.（1）理由：黃藥（如乙基黃藥）與